Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Chng 3: X L NC THI BNG

PHNG PHP HA L
3.1. PHNG PHP KEO T TO BNG
3.1.1. Keo t v cc ha cht dung trong keo t
Trong nc tn ti nhiu cht l lng khc nhau. Cc cht ny c th dng phng php x l
khc nhau ty vo kch thc ca chng:
d > 10-4 mm : dng phng php lng lc.
d < 10-4 mm : phi kt hp phng php c hc cng phng php ho hc. Tc
l cho vo cc cht to kh nng dnh kt ko cc ht l lng lng theo => gi l
phng php keo t trong x l nc. thc hin qu trnh ny ngi ta cho vo
nc cc cht phn ng thch hp : Al2(SO4)3; FeSO4; hoc FeCl3.
Thy phn
9 Phn nhm: cho vo nc chng phn ly thnh Al3+ ----------------> Al(OH)3
Al3+ + 3H2O == Al(OH)3 + 3H+
pH ca nc nh hng trc tip n qu trnh thu phn:
pH > 4.5 : khng xy ra qu trnh thu phn.
pH = 5.5 7.5 : t tt nht.
pH > 7.5 : hiu qu keo t khng tt.
Nhit ca nc thch hp vo khong 20-40oC, tt nht 35-40oC.
Ngoi ra cc yu t nh hng khc nh : thnh phn Ion, cht hu c, liu lng
9 Phn st : gm st (II) v st (III):
a. Phn Fe (II) : khi cho phn st (II) vo nc th Fe(II) s b thu phn thnh Fe(OH)2.
Fe2+ + 2H2O == Fe(OH)2 + 2H+
Trong nc c O2 to thnh Fe(OH)3
pH thch hp l 8 9 => c kt hp vi vi th keo t tt hn.
Phn FeSO4 k thut cha 47-53% FeSO4.
b. Phn Fe (III):
Fe3+ + 3H2O = Fe(OH)3 + 3H+
Phn ng xy ra khi pH > 3.5
Hnh thnh lng nhanh khi pH =5.5 - 6.5
c. So snh phn st v phn nhm:

ho tan Fe(OH)3 < Al(OH)3

T trng Fe(OH)3 = 1.5 Al(OH)3
Trng lng i vi Fe(OH)3 = 2.4; Al(OH)3 =3.6
Keo st vn lng khi nc c t huyn ph.
Lng phn FeCl3 dng = 1/3 1/2 phn nhm
Phn st n mn ng ng.

Tuy nhin vic ng dng c th phi xc nh liu lng v loi phn thch hp.
Mc d vy chng ta c th xc nh theo tiu chun TCXD 33 1985 nh sau:
1) X l nc c:
Hm lng cn (mg/l)
< 100
101 200
201 400

Al2(SO4)3 khan (mg/l)

25 35
30 45
40 60
Trang 69

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

401 600
601 800
801 1000
1001 1400
1401 1800
1801 2200
2201 2500

45 70
55 80
60 90
65 105
75 115
80 125
80 130

2) X l nc mu:
Lng phn nhm : PAl = 4 M
+ M: mu ca nc ngun (Co pt)
3) X l nc va c va mu:
- Ta ly gi tr max { (1) v (2)}
- Nu ta dng phn st th ly bng 1/3 1/2 ng vi nhm.
- Khi kim nc thp => lng cht kim ho :
Pk = e1(Pp/e2 Kt + 1 )100/C ( mg/l)

Trong :
o Pk : hm lng cht km ho (mg/l).
o Pp: hm lng phn cn dng keo th(mg/l).
o e1, e2: trng lng ng lng ca cht km ho v phn.
o Kt kim nh nht ca nc ngun.
o 1: kim d phng ca nc.
o C: t l cht km ho nguyn cht(%).
i khi cn phi dng cc tc nhn ph tr keo t : gi l cht tr lng: axit silix, oliacrilamit,
(PPA); polialuminun clorua(PVC)
3.1.2. Cc thit b v cng trnh ca qu trnh keo
3.1.2.1.Cc cng trnh chun b dung dch phn:(nh liu lng phn): bao gm:
Thng ho trn, thng tiu th, thit b nh liu lng cht phn ng.
Cc cng trnh trn u dung dch cht phn ng vi ngun: ng trn, b trn.
Cc cng trnh to iu kin cho phn ng to bng lng xy ra hon ton: ngn
phn ng b phn ng.
Mt s s b tr cc cng trnh chun b phn.
i vi cng trnh c cng sut x l nh:
phn

nc

nc
Bm nh lng
bm vo b ho
trn

Thng ho
trn

Thng tiu
th

Trang 70

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

i vi cng trnh x l c cng sut ln:

phn

nc

nc

Thng tiu
th

Thng ho
trn

Thit b nh
lng phn

T chy

i vi cng trnh x l nc c cng sut va v ln.

Nc

phn

nc

Thng ho
trn

Thng tiu th
nh
lng
1

T chy
xung
trn

3.1.2.1.1. B ho trn phn:

nhim v lng cn, ho tan phn cc.
Nng dung dch phn trong b l 10-17%
Dng kh nn hoc cnh khuy ho tan phn
1
2
3
4

Hnh 2-1: Be pha phen suc bang khong kh nen.

1- Voi nc
2- Ong gio
3- Phen
4-Ghi phen
5- Ong dan dung dch hoa chat
sang be nh lng
6- ong xa

Cng sut : ln hn 20.000 m3/ng.

Gch hoc b tng ct thp.
Sn bng g trn ng khng kh nn
Trang 71

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Lp sn cch: 0.5 0.6mm

Ong khng kh nn chu axt: ng nha, thp n mn,
Vn tc ng: 10 15m/s
Ap lc khng kh nn:8 10l/s.m2
Lu lng gi thi vo b
Qgi = 0.06 .W.F (m3/pht)
W: cng sc kh(l/s.m2)
F : din tch b mt b (m2)
Thi gian pha: 2 3 gi, thi gian lng 2 3 gi
Tng y nghing 45-50o.
ng ng dn nc chn trong 1 gi phi y b.
ng knh ng x cn nh hn 150mm.
Mt trong ph lp chng axt.
Cng sut :5000 20000 m3/ngy ==> trn bng my khuy.

Cu to b pha phn ht vi
cnh khuy phng

Cu to b pha phn qut vi cnh khuy phng

Vt liu: g, nha hoc b tng.
Cnh khuy: kiu phng c s vng quay l 20-30vng/pht, s cnh khuy nh
nht l 2 cnh.
Chiu di cnh lcnh = (0.4 0.45)Bb.
Din tch bn: Sbn = 0.1 0.2 (m2/m3 din tch b).
i vi cng sut nh ==> trn bng phng php th cng.
Cng sut nh hn 500 m3/ng: dng chum vi v khuy bng tay.
Dung tch b ho trn:

Q .n . P p
10000

.b h . y

(m

9 n: thi gian gia hai ln ho tan phn.

Cng sut (m3/ng)
< 1200
1200 10000
10000 50000
> 50000
1000000

n (h)
24
12
8 12
6 8
3
Trang 72

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Pp : phn d tnh cho vo nc (g/m3).

bh : nng dung dch phn ho trn(%).
y :khi lng ring bng 1 tn/m3
3.1.2.1.2. B tiu th:
Nhim v pha long
Nng phn 4 10%.
Dng khng kh nn hoc my khuy, cng sc 3 5 l/s.m2
y c nghing i = 0.005 v pha ng x.
ng knh ng x c d > 100 mm.
Dung tch b :
W

W h .b n
bt

(m

9 bt:nng dung dch phn trong thng ho trn.

S lng cng trnh nn ln hn hoc bng 2 .
3.1.2.2.Thit b nh lng phn:
Nhim v iu chnh t ng lng phn cn thit a vo nc cn x l.
C th phn loi:
Theo chc nng:
nh liu lng khng i: dng cng sut khng i.
nh liu lng theo s thay i tnh cht nc x l.
Theo ch chy ca phn:
nh liu lng t chy.
nh liu lng c p: phn vo ng nc c p lc
Cc loi thit b:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Cu to phao Khavanshi.
B nh lng
Phao nh lng
Ong cao su
Vi dn dung dch
Ong dn dung dch vo b nh lng
Ong thng hi
Ong thu dung dch
Mn chn c l thu.

Khi H khng i, ng knh l mng khng i ==>lu lng khng i

Cng sut : 47 408 l/h.
H = 130 160 mm
ng dng cng sut nh.
ng knh l mng
bng Pb (mm)

Lu lng phn (l/h) ph thuc vo H(mm)

H = 130 mm H = 140 mm
H=150 mm
H=160mm

Trang 73

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

50.5
79
113.5
154.5
202

49
76
109.5
149.5
195.5

47
73.5
105.5
144.0
188

4
5
6
7
8

52
81.5
117.5
159.5
208

3.1.2.3. Thit b pha ch vi:

Cng sut nh c lng vi ln => dng vi sa.
Nng vi ti b pha vi nh hn 5%.
B thng c din tch cho 30-45 ngy.
C th xy bng gch hoc b tng ct thp.
Theo c ch vn hnh:
Theo m: a vo mt ln, thng quay 30 40 pht.
Thng lin tc : a vo thng xuyn timt u.
Trng hp dng vi sa: khuy trn khng ngng vi khng lng.
Khuy bng thu lc: Tc vi < 5 mm/s, b c y hnh chp, nghing 450,
ng knh ng x nh hn 100 mm.
Khuy bng my trn: n > 40 vng/pht.
Trn bng kh nn:
Cng tiu chun cn ly l 8 10 l/s.m2.
Ap lc kh nn: 1 5atm.
Tc vi > 0.8 m/s.
Bm phi t di mc nc, khng t van 1 chiu.
Dung tch b:
W

Q tt . n . P v
10000
.b v . y

Qtt : lu lng tnh ton.

n: s ln gia hai ln pha vi (6 12 h)
Pv : liu lng vi cho vo nc (mg/l).
bv :nng vi sa(5%)
y: khi lng ring ca vi sa(1tn/m3)
3.1.2.3. Kho ho cht:
Cc yu cu:phn, vi, clo cn c d tr vo bo v pha ho cht.
Din tch sn pha:

F kh =

Q . P .T .
10000 . P k . h .G

(m

Q: cng xut trm x l (m3/ng)

P: liu lng ho cht tnh ton.
T: thi gian gi ho cht trong kho.
: tn s tnh n s i li trong kho: =1.3
G0:khi lng ring ho cht:(1.1tn/m3)
Pk: tinh khit ho cht.
h: chiu cao cho php ca lp ho cht:
9 Phn Al cc: 2m
9 Vi cc cha ti: 1.5m
Trang 74

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

9 FeSO4 trong bao giy: 2m

9 Mui n: 2 5 m
3.1.3. Thit b ha trn cht phn ng
3.1.3.1. Phng php trn c hc:
Thi gian trn: 30 60 giy.
B trn hnh vung:
H
2
=
B
1

3.1.3.2. Phng php trn thu lc:

Dng cc loi vt cn xo trn.
Th hin ngay trn ng y ca bm CI.
Chiu di ng y phi to ra 1 tn tht p lc = 0.3 0.4 m.
C cc loi b trn.
3.1.3.2.1. B trn ng:
Dng trong trng hp c dn vi sa kim ho nc
S ti a ca b trn < 15m2
Nguyn tc: nc a x l t di ln (v = 1 1.5m/s) -> chuyn ng ri lm cho nc xo
trn cng ho cht. Nc dng ln vi vn tc vd = 25mm/s.
Sau theo mng -> cng trnh tip theo (vmang = 0.6m/s), thi gian lu: 2 pht.
3.1.3.2.2. B trn c tm chn khoan l
L 1 mng c 3 tm chn thng ng, khoan nhiu l dng chy xoy.
S cho cng sut va v ln.
Vl = 1m/s.
Vcui mng = 0.6 m/s.
Hng l trn cng phi ngp trong nc t 0.1 0.15 m; dl = 20 100mm.
Chiu cao mc nc ngn cui cng = 0.2 0.5 m.
Tn tht:
h=

v2
2 .2 g

thuc(dl/).
Trong :
dl/

dl: ng knh l
: chiu di tm chn
1.0
1.5
0.75
0.71

2.0
0.65

3.0
0.62

3.1.3.2.3. B cha vch ngn c ca thu hp.

Cng xut nh.
Vmng = > 0.6m/s
V hp = 1m/s (tc qua ca hp).
Tn tht p lc qua tm chn h = 0.13m. nh ca thu hp nm su trong nc l 0.1
0.15m.
Khong cch hai vch ngn ly = 2 ln chiu rng.
3.1.3.2.4. B trn c kh
Dng nng lung cnh khuy -> dng chy ri.
Trang 75

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Dng b: hnh vung hoc hnh trn c:

Tc quay: 500 1500 v/pht. Cnh thng: 50 500 v/ pht
H
B

2
1

3.1.4. B phn ng to bng kt ta

3.1.4.1. B phn ng xoy
3.1.4.1.1. B phn ng xoy hnh tr
ng hnh tr t tm b lng ng( cng sut < 3000m3/ng).
Nc c trn u cht phn ng t b trn chuyn qua.
Nc ra khi ming vf = 2 3 m/s.
ng knh vi phun: chn theo tc .
Khong cch t ming phun n thnh b phn ng l 0.2Db.
Db =

4 .Q t
60 . . H . n

Trong :
t: thi gian lu, t = 15 20 pht
H: 2.6 5 m
n: s b phn ng.
Tn tht p lc do vi phun: h= 0.06 vf
3.1.4.1.2. B phn ng xoy hnh phu:
B c dng nh mt ci phiu ln, gc nghing gia 2 thnh b cn ly trong khong
o
o
50 -70 tu theo chiu cao b. Thi gian lu nc trong b ngn t 6 -10 pht (nc c ly
gii hn di v nc mu ly gii hn trn). Tc nc vo b pha di ly bng 0.7
1.2 m/s. Tc nc i ti ch ra khi b lng 4 5 mm/s.
B phn dn nc t b phn ng sang b lng phi tnh n tc nc chy trong
mng, trong ng v qua l khng c ln hn 0.1 m/s i vi nc c v 0.05 m/s i vi
nc mu m bo bng cn c hnh thnh v khng b ph v. Khong cch dn nc
sang b lng cng ngn cng tt.
Trong qu trnh nc dng ln, do tit din dng chy tng dn, nn tc nc s
gim dn. Tc nc phn b khng u trn tit din ngang, tc nc cng ln khi cng
gn tm b v dng nc lun c xu hng phn tn dn dn ra pha thnh b.
u im: hiu qu cao, tn tht p lc trong b nh, dung tch b nh (thi gian lu
nc ngn).
Nhc im: kh tnh cu to ca b phn thu nc trn b mt theo hai yu cu: thu
nc u v khng ph v bng cn, kh xy dng khi dung tch ln.

Hnh : B phn ng xoy hnh phu

1. ng dn nc t ngn tch kh vo b phn ng
2. B phn ng xoy hnh phu
3. ng thu nc sang b lng
4. Mng vng c l chy ngp

Trang 76

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

3.1.4.2. B phn ng kiu vch ngn:

Nguyn l cu to c bn ca b l dng cc vch ngn to ra s i chiu lin tc ca
dng nc. B c cu to hnh ch nht, bn trong c cc vch ngn hng dng nc chuyn
ng zic zc theo phng nm ngang hoc phng thng ng. Pha sau u b phn ng c
mt ngn cho nc chy thng vo b lng ngang khi cn sa cha b phn ng hay khi
khng cn keo t. S lng vch ngn c tnh theo hai ch tiu: dung tch b ph thuc vo
thi gian lu nc v tc chuyn ng ca dng nc gia hai vch ngn. Thi gian lu
nc trong b ly l 20 pht khu x l nc c v 30 -40 pht khi x l nc c mu. Tc
chuyn ng ca dng nc gim dn t 0.3m/s u b xung 0.1m/s cui b. Chiu
su trung bnh ca b l 2 -3m. dc y b l 0.02 -0.03 x cn. Tn tht : h = 0.15 V2
m (m: s ngoc). B c vch ngn ngang : cng sut 30.000 m3/ng. B c vch ngn ng
6.000 m3/ng. Thng Kt hp b lng ngang.
Khong cch gia cc vch ngn khng c nh hn 0.7m nu b c vch ngn ngang v c
th nh hn 0.7m i vi b c vch ngn thng ng.
u im: n gin trong xy dng v qun l vn hnh.
Nhc im: khi lng xy dng ln do c nhiu vch ngn v b c chiu cao tho
mn tn tht p lc trong ton b

Hnh
Hnh
: B
: B
phn
phn
ng
ng
cc
vch
vch
ngn
ngn
ngang
ngang
1. 1.
Mng
Mng
dn
dn
nc
nc
4. 4.
Ca
Ca
a
a
nc
nc
rara

2. 2.
Mng
Mng
xx
cn
cn
5. 5.
Van
Van
xx
cn
cn

3. 3.
Ca
Ca
a
a
nc
nc
vo
vo
6. 6.
Vch
Vch
ngn
ngn
hng
hng
dng
dng

Trang 77

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

3.1.4.3. B phn ng c lp cn l lng:

t ngay phn u b lng ngang.
C B = Blng.
Chia thnh thnh nhiu ngn dc.
y hnh phu.
Tc nc chy trn qua mng : 0.5 0.6 m/s.
Din tch l (l ca mng hng ngang > 25mm) ly bng 30 40 % din tch ca
mng hoc ng phn phi.
Vn tc i ln ph thuc vo SS
SS (mg/l)
< 20
20 50
50 250
250 2500

Vn tc nc ln (mm/s)
0.9
1.2
1.6
2.2

Chiu cao lp cn 3 m.
Thi gian lu: 20 pht
Nc chy t phn ng - > lng phi c thi gian trn (vtrn 0.05m/s)
3.1.4.4. B phn ng c kh
y l chu trnh hay s dng.
B c chia thnh nhiu ngn, mi ngn c b cnh khuy ring bt.
Cc ngn (bung) thng c kch thc: 3.6 x 3.6; 3.9 x 3.9; 4.2 x 4.2
Thi gian lu: 10 - > 30 pht.
Trng thi lm vic ca b phn ng c trng bi: Gradien vn tc

G = 10

Trong :
z: nng lng tiu ph cho 1m3 nc (KGm2/s3).
: nht ca nc (KGm2/s)
250C: =0.0092
9 G = 80 -> 100 l/s
9 Gc = 30 -> 40 l/s
Tc chuyn ng cnh khuy:
Vk =

2R.n
60

Cng sut cn thit quay cnh:

N= 51.C.F.v3 (w)
c: h s tr lc ph thuc chiu di v chiu rng bn cnh khuy.
9 L/b = 5 -> c = 1.2
9 L/b = 20 - > c =1.5
9 L/b 20 -> c =1.9
F: dung tch bn cnh (m2)
Tc tng i ca quay: V= 0.75 Vk

Trang 78

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

V d p dng 1. Tnh b phn ng c kh cho cng trnh x l nc thi dt nhum vi cc thng s

tb

ng-

= 150 m3/ng, COD = 10830 mg/l, BOD = 5956 mg/l, SS = 640 mg/l, Mu = 16000 Pt Co .
B phn ng
-

Th tch b:
V = t*

Trong :

s
Q max

t
-

s
=0,0035*20*60 = 4,2 (m3)
Qmax
s

: Lu lng tnh ton ln nht, Q max = 0,0035 m3/s

: Thi gian lu nc, t = 20 pht (Thc nghim)

Kch thc be:

Chn chiu cao b: H = 1,3 (m)
Tit din b:
F=

V 4,2
=
= 3,23 (m2)
H 1,3

Chn b c dng hnh vung.

a =

F =

Chiu rng b (B) = Chiu di b (D) =

3 , 23 = 1, 79 1,8 ( m )

a = 1 ,8 ( m )

Chn chiu cao bo v b: hbv = 0,2 (m)

Chiu cao tng cng (chiu cao xy dng): Hxd = 1,3 + 0,2 = 1,5 (m)
Th tch thc ca b phn ng: D * B * H = 1,8 * 1,8 *1,5 = 4,86 (m3)
-

Loi cnh khuy: Chn loi cnh khuy 2 bn, i xng qua trc, khuy quanh trc thng ng

Nng lng:
C

G = 10

Trong :

Vi

Z=

N
V

: nht nc thi:

= 0,0092 (N/cm2)

N: Nng lng cho khi nc thi

V: Th tch nc thi. V = 4,2 (m3)

Trang 79

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

G: Gradien s bin i vn tc ca nc trong 1 dn v thi gian. G khng ln hn
-1

-1

800 (s ). Chn G = 800 (s )

N =
-

G 2 *V *
800 2 * 4 , 2 * 0 , 0092
=
= 247 (W )
100
100

Din tch cnh khuy:

C:

N = 51 * c * F * v 3

N
247
=
51 * c * v 3
51 * 1, 2 * 4 ,953

F =
Trong :

= 0 , 034 ( m 2 )

c: H s ph thuc kch thc bn cnh. Chn

L
= 5 c = 1,2
B

F: Din tch tit din cnh khuy

v: Vn tc cnh khuy,
v = 0,75*vk = 0,75*6,594 = 4,95 (m/s)
Vi:

vk: Vn tc tuyt i ca cnh khuy

vk =
Vi:

2 * R * n 2 * 3,14 * 0,45 * 140

=
= 6,594(m / s)
60
60

R: Bn knh vng khuy. Chn 2R = 50 60% chiu rng b

Chn R = 0,45 (m)
n: S vng cnh khuy, n = 140 vng/pht (Thc nghim)

Din tch 1 bn cnh khuy:

f =
C:

F 0,034
=
= 0,017(m2 )
2
2
L
=5
B

B*L=

f = 0 , 017 ( m 2 )

Vy:

Chiu rng bn cnh khuy: B = 0,06 (m)

Chiu di bn cnh khuy: L = 0,3 (m)

0,15

0,3

0,06

0,45

Cnh khuy b phn ng

Trang 80

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Cc thng s thit k b phn ng
STT

Tn thng s

S liu dng thit k

n v

Chiu di b (L)

1,8

Chiu rng b (B)

1,8

Chiu cao b (H)

1,5

Thi gian lu nc

20

pht

Th tch xy dng b

4,86

m3

Chiu rng 1 bn cnh khuy

0,06

Chiu di 1 bn cnh khuy

0,3

Bn knh vng khuy

0,45

B to bng
B to bng c xy dng gm 3 ngn vi kch thc bng nhau
-

Thi gian lu nc 1 ngn: t = 15 (pht) (Thc nghim)

Th tch 1 ngn:
V = t* Qs max =0,0035*15*60 = 3,15 (m3)
s
Qmax

Trong :

t
-

: Lu lng tnh ton ln nht,

Q maxs = 0,0035 m3/s

: Thi gian lu nc, t = 15 pht (Thc nghim)

Kch thc 1 ngn:

Chn chiu cao: H = 1,2 (m)
Tit din:
F=

V 3,15
=
= 2,625 (m2)
1,2
H

Chn ngn c tit din vung. a =

F = 2,625 = 1,62(m )

Chiu rng ngn (B) = Chiu di ngn (D) =

a = 1 , 62 ( m )

Chn chiu cao bo v b: hbv = 0,2 (m)

chiu cao tng cng (chiu cao xy dng): Hxd = 1,2 + 0,2 = 1,4 (m)
Th tch thc ca 1 ngn b to bng: D * B * H = 1,62 * 1,62 *1,4 = 3,675 (m3)
-

Xy dng b to bng gm 3 ngn c cng kch thc:

V = D * B * H = 1,62 * 1,62 *1,4 = 3,675 (m3)

Loi cnh khuy: Chn loi cnh khuy gm trc quanh v 4 cnh khuy t i xng nhau qua

trc. Tng din tch bn cnh khuy = 15% din tch mt ct ngang ca b.

fc =
Vi:

15 * f n 15 * 2, 268
=
= 0,34 ( m 2 )
100
100

f n = B * H = 1,62 * 1,4 = 2,268 ( m 2 )

Trang 81

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

-

Din tch 1 bn cnh khuy:

f =

( )

F
0 , 034
=
= 0 , 085 m
4
4

Chn chiu di cnh khuy: L = 1,2 (m)

Chn bn knh vng khuy R1 = 0,45 (m)

2B < 0,45,
Chn

B < 0,225

L 1,2
L
=
= 0,06( m)
= 20 B =
20 20
B
B = 0,06 < 0,225

Chn R2 = 0,225 (m)

R2 = 0,225
0,165
B = 0,06
R1 = 0,45

Cnh khuy b to bng

-

Mi bung t 1 ng c in, tc quay l:

Bung 1: 40 vng/ pht
Bung 2: 20 vng/ pht
Bung 3: 10 vng/ pht

Kim tra cc ch tiu khuy trn c bn:

Bung phn ng 1:
- Dung tch: V1 = 3,675 (m3)
- Tc chuyn ng ca cnh khuy 40 vng/ pht.
- Tc chuyn ng ca bn cnh khuy so vi nc:
V1 = 0,75

V2 = 0,75
Trong :

2 R1 n
2 3,14 0,45 40
= 0,75
= 1,413 (m/s)
60
60
2 R2 n
2 3,14 0,225 40
= 0,75
= 0,7065 (m/s)
60
60
R1, R2: Khong cch t mp cnh khuy n tm trc quay
n: s vng quay, n = 40 vng / pht

- Nng lng cn quay cnh khuy:

N1

= 51 * C * Fc * (V13 + V23 )
= 51 * 1,9 * 0,288 * (1,413 3 + 0,70653) = 88,57 (W)

Trong :

C = 1,9 v L / B = 20
Fc: Tit din ca bn cnh khuy Fc = 1,2*0,06*4 = 0,288 (m2)

Trang 82

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

- Gi tr Gradien vn tc:
G1 = 10 *

= 10 *

N
88,57
= 10 *
= 511,82( S 1 )
*V
0,0092 * 3,675

Bung phn ng 2:
- Dung tch: V2 = 3,675 (m3)
- Tc chuyn ng ca cnh khuy 20 vng/ pht.
- Tc chuyn ng ca bn cnh khuy so vi nc:
V1 = 0,75

2 R1 n
2 3 ,14 0 , 45 20
= 0,7065 (m/s)
= 0 , 75
60
60

V2 = 0,75

2 R2 n
2 3,14 0 , 225 20
= 0,35325 (m/s)
= 0 , 75
60
60
R1, R2: Khong cch t mp cnh khuy n tm trc quay

Trong :

n: s vng quay, n = 20 vng / pht

- Nng lng cn quay cnh khuy:
N2

= 51 * C * Fc * (V33 + V43 )
= 51 * 1,9 * 0,288 * (0,70653 + 0,353253) = 11,07 (W)

- Gi tr Gradien vn tc:

G2 = 10 *

= 10 *

N
= 10 *
*V

11 , 07
= 180 , 95 ( S 1 )
0 , 0092 * 3 , 675

Bung phn ng 3:
- Dung tch: V3 = 3,675 (m3)
- Tc chuyn ng ca cnh khuy 10 vng/ pht.
- Tc chuyn ng ca bn cnh khuy so vi nc:
V1 = 0,75

2 R 1 n = 0 , 75 2 3 ,14 0 , 45 10 = 0,35325 (m/s)

V2 = 0,75

60

60

2 R2 n
2 3 ,14 0 , 225 10 = 0,1766 (m/s)
= 0 , 75
60
60

Trong :

R1, R2: Khong cch t mp cnh khuy n tm trc quay

n: s vng quay, n = 10 vng / pht

- Nng lng cn quay cnh khuy:

N3

= 51 * C * Fc * (V13 + V23 )
= 51 * 1,9 * 0,288 * (0,353253 + 0,1766253) = 1,3 (W)

- Gi tr Gradien vn tc:
G3 = 10 *

= 10 *

*V

= 10 *

1,3
= 62 ( S 1 )
0 ,0092 * 3,675

Cc thng s thit k b to bng

STT

Tn thng s

S liu dng thit k

n v

Chiu di b (L)

1,62

Chiu rng b (B)

1,62

Trang 83

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

3

Chiu cao b (H)

1,4

Thi gian lu nc (t)

15

pht

Bn knh vng khuy (R1)

0,45

Bn knh vng khuy (R2)

0,225

Chiu di cnh khuy

1,2

Chiu rng 1 bn cnh khuy

0,06

3.2. PHNG PHP TRUNG HA

Nc thi sn xut ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip c th cha axit hoc kim. ngn
nga hin tng xm thc v trnh cho qu trnh sinh ha cc cng trnh lm sch v
ngun nc khng b ph hoi, ta cn phi trung ha nc thi. Trung ha cn nhm mc
ch tch loi mt s ion kim loi nng ra khi nc thi. Mt khc mun nc thi c x
l tt bng phng php sinh hc phi tin hnh trung ha v iu chnh pH v 6.6 -7.6
Trung ha bng cch dng cc dung dch axit hoc mui axit, cc dung dch kim hoc oxit
kim trung ha dch nc thi.
Mt s ha cht dng trung ha: CaCO3, CaO, Ca(OH)2, MgO, Mg(OH)2,
CaO0.6MgO0.4,(Ca(OH)2)0.6(Mg(OH)2)0.4,NaOH, Na2CO3, H2SO4, HCl, HNO3,
Ngoi ra, c th tn dng nc thi c tnh acid trung ha nc thi c tnh kim hoc ngc
li. V d nh trong dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut xi m, do c 2 cng on: lm sch b
mt nguyn liu cn m (y l cng on to ra nc thi c tnh kim mnh) v cng an
ty r kim loi (cng on ny li to ra nc thi c tnh acid mnh). Ta c th tn dng 2
loi nc thi ny trung ha ln nhau.

3.2.1. Trung ho bng trn nc thi cha axit v nc thi cha kim.
Phng php ny cho x l nc thi cha axit hoc cha kim trong khu cng nghip c
tp trung lai x l v ch thi ca cc nh my khng ging nhau. Nc thi cha axit
thng c thi mt cch iu ho ngy m v c nng nht nh. Nc thi cha kim
li thi theo chu k, mt hoc hai ln trong mt ca tu thuc vo ch cng ngh.

3.2.2. Trung ho bng cch cho thm ho cht vo nc thi.

Phng php ny dng trung ho nc thi c cha axit. Ngi ta phn bit ba loi nc
thi c cha axit nh sau :

Nc thi cha axit yu (H2CO3, CH3COOH)

Nc thi cha axit mnh (HCl, HNO3), cc mui canxi ca chng d tan trong nc.
Nc thi cha axit mnh (H2SO4, H2CO3) cc mui canxi ca chng kh tan trong
nc.

Trang 84

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Nc thai axit

Nc thai kiem

Dan nc thai
a c trung hoa

10

11

Bun thai
9

12

Ba thai

Hnh . S nguyn l trm trung ha nc thi bng s b sung tc nhn ha hc

1. B lng ct
4. B dung dch tc nhn
7. Thit b trung ha
10. Thit b lc chn khng

2. B iu ha
5. B phnnh lng
8. B lng
11. Kho cha b cn tch nc

3. Kho tc nhn
6. Thng khuy trn
9. B c c bn
12. Sn cha bn

3.2.3. Trung ho nc thi cha axit bng cch lc qua lp vt liu lc trung ho.
i vi nc thi cha HCl, HNO3 v c nc thi H2SO4 vi hm lng di 5 mg/l v
khng cha mui kim loi nng c th dng phng php lc qua lp vt liu lc l vi
magiezit, hoa cn, lmit...

2
7

10

11

Hnh 3.3.3 : S o cong nghe tram x ly vi be loc trong hoa

S cng ngh trm x l vi b lc trung ha
1.Vn
chuyn
ph
liu
sau
khi
lc; 2 Nc axit t b iu ha; 3. b lc trung ha; 4. phng th nghim; 5.
6. ng ray ; 7. Kho olomit ; 8. Be lang ; 9. Xa nc trung hoa vao he thong thoat nc ; 10. Ong dan bun can ; 11. San phi bun.
my nghin; 6. ng ray; 7. Kho lomit; 8. B lng; 9. X nc trung ha vo h thng thot nc; 10. ng
dn bn cn; 11. Sn phi bn
1. Van chuyen phe lieu sau kho loc ; 2. Nc axit t be ieu hoa ; 3. Be loc trung hoa : 4. Phong th nghiem ; 5. May nghien ;

Trang 85

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

3.3. X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP TUYN NI

3.3.1. Gii thiu chung.
Phng php tuyn ni thng c s dng tch cc tp cht rn khng tan hoc tan
hoc lng c t trng nh hn t trng ca cht lng lm nn. Nu s khc nhau v t trng
tch, gi l tuyn ni t nhin.
Trong x l cht thi tuyn ni thng c s dng kh cc cht l lng v nn bn cn.
u im ca phng php ny so vi phng php lng l c th kh hon ton cc ht nh
nh, lng chm trongthi gian ngn. Khi cc ht ni ln b mt, chng c th c thu
gom bng b phn vt bt.

3.3.2. Phn loi

3.3.2.1. Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh bng thit b c hc.
Cc trm tuyn ni vi phn tn khng kh bng thit b c hc (tuabin hng trc) c s
dng rng ri trong lnh vc khai khong cng nh trong lnh vc x l nc thi. Cc thit
b kiu ny cho php to bt kh kh nh.

3.3.2.2. Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh bng my bm kh nn (qua cc vi phun, qua cc

tm xp).
Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh qua cc vi phun : Thng c s dng x l
nc thi cha cc tp cht tan d n mn vt liu ch to cc thit b c gii (bm,
tuabin) vi cc chi tit chuyn ng.
Tuyn ni phn tn khng kh qua tm xp, chp xp.
9 Tuyn ni khng kh qua tm xp, chp ht c u im so vi cc bin php
tuyn ni khc , cu to cc ngn tuyn ni ging nh cu to ca aeroten, t tn
in nng, khng cn thit b c gii phc tp, rt c li khi x l nc thi c
tnh xm thc cao.
9 Khuyt im ca bin php tuyn ni ny l : cc l ca cc tm xp, chp xp
chng b tt lm tng tn tht p lc, kh chn vt liu xp p ng yu cu v
kch tht cc bt kh.
3.3.2.3. Tuyn ni vi tch khng kh t nc (tuyn ni chn khng ; tuyn ni khng
p; tuyn ni c p hoc bm hn hp kh nc).
Bin php ny c s dng rng ri vi nc thi cha cht bn kch tht nh v n
cho php to bt kh rt nh. Thc cht ca bin php ny l to ra mt dung dch (nc thi)
bo ho khng kh. Sau khng kh t tch ra khi dung dch dng cc bt kh cc nh.
Kh cc bt kh ny ni ln b mt s ko theo cc cht bn.
Tuyn ni vi tch khng kh t nc phn bit thnh : tuyn ni chn khng, tuyn ni
khng p, tuyn ni c p hoc bm hn hp kh - nc.

3.3.2.4. Tuyn ni in, tuyn ni sinh hc v ho hc.

Tuyn ni in
Khi dng in mt chiu i qua nc thi, mt trong cc in cc (catot)s to ra kh
hydro. Kt qu nc thi c bo ho bi cc bt kh v khi ni ln ko theo cc cht bn
khng tan to thnh vng bt b mt. Ngoi ra nu trong nc thi cha cc cht bn khc l
cc cht in phn th khi dng in i qua s lm thay i thnh phn ho hc v tnh cht
ca nc, trng thi cc cht khng tan do c cc qu trnh in ly, phn cc, in chuyn v
oxy ho kh xy ra.
Cng ca cc qu trnh ny ph thuc vo cc yu t :

Trang 86

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

9 Thnh phn ho hc nc thi

9 Vt liu cc in cc (tan hoc khng tan)
9 Cc thng s ca dng in : in th, cng , in tr sut.
Tuyn ni sinh hc v ho hc
Dng c c t b lng dt 1 . Cn t b lng t 1 c tp trung vo mt b c
bit vo c un nng ti nhit 35 55oC trong vi ngy. Do sinh vt pht trin lm ln
men cht bn to bt kh ni ln, ko theo cn cng ni ln b mt, sau gt vt lp bt.
Kt qu cn gim c m ti 80 %.

3.4. PHNG PHP HP TH

Phng php ny c dng loi b ht cc cht bn ho tan vo nc m phng php x
l sinh hc v cc phng php khc khng loi b c vi hm lng rt nh. Thng
thng y l cc hp cht ho tan c c tnh cao hoc cc cht c mi v v mu kh chu.
Cc cht hp th thng dng l: than hot tnh, t st hoc silicagel, keo nhm, mt s cht
tng hp hoc cht thi trong sn xut nh x m st, Trong s ny, than hot tnh c
dng ph bin nht. Cc cht hu c kim loi nng v cc cht mu d b than hp th. Lng
cht hp th ny tu thuc vo kh nng hp th ca tng cht v hm lng cht bn trong
nc thi. Cc cht hu c c th b hp th: phenol, allcyllbenzen, sunfonicacid, thuc
nhum, cc hp cht thm.
S dng phng php hp th c th hp th n 58 95% cc cht hu c v mu.
Ngoi ra, loi kim loi nng, cc cht hu c, v c c hi ngi ta cn dng than bn
hp th v nui bo ty trn mt h.

3.5. X L BNG PHNG PHP HP PH

Phng php hp ph c s dng rng ri x l nc thi cha kim loi cht bn khc
nhau. C th dng x l cc b khi trong nc hm lng cht nhim bn nh v c th
x l trit nc thi qua x l sinh hc hoc qua cc bin php x l ho hc.
Hin tng tng nng cht tan trn b mt phn chia gia hai pha gi l hin tng hp
ph. Hp ph c th din ra b mt bin gii gia hai pha lng v kh, gia pha lng v pha
rn.

3.5.1. C s qu trnh hp ph
Hp ph cht bn ho tan l kt qu ca s di chuyn phn t ca nhng cht t nc vo
b mt cht hp ph di tc dng ca trng lc b mt. Trng lc b mt gm c hai
dng :

Hyrat ho cc phn t cht ta, tc k tc dng tng h gia cc phn t cht rn

ho tan vi nhng phn t nc.
Tc dng tng h gia cc phn t cht bn b hp ph vi cc phn t trn b mt
cht rn.
Khi x l nc thi bng phng php hp ph th u tin s loi c cc phn t ca cc
cht khng phn ly thnh ion ri sau mi loi c cc cht phn ly.
Kh nng hp ph cht bn trong nc thi ph thuc vo iu kin nhit . Nhit thp
qu trnh hp ph xy ra mnh nhng nu qu cao th c th din ra qu trnh kh hp ph.

Trang 87

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Chnh v vy ngi ta dng nhit ph hi kh nng hp ph ca cc ht rn khi cn

thit.

3.5.2. Cht hp ph
Nhng cht hp ph c th l : than hot tnh, silicagel, nha tng hp c kh nng trao
i ion, cacbon sunfua, than nu, than bn, than cc, lmit, cao lanh, tro v cc dung dch
hp ph lng. Bng cn ca nhng cht keo t (hydroxit ca kim loi) v bn hot tnh t b
aeroten cng c kh nng hp ph.

3.5.3. Phn loi hp ph.

Ngi ta phn bit hai kiu hp ph : hp ph trong iu kin tnh v hp ph trong iu kin
ng.

Hp ph trong iu kin tnh: L khng cho s chuyn dch tng i ca phn t

nc so vi phn t cht hp ph m chng cng chuyn ng vi nhau.
Hp ph trong iu kin ng.
L s chuyn ng tng i ca phn t nc so vi phn t cht hp ph. Hp ph trong
iu kin ng l mt qu trnh din ra khi cho nc thi lc qua lp vt liu lc hp ph.
Thit b thc hin qu trnh gi l thng lc hp ph hay cn gi l thp hp ph.

S cc thp lc hp ph
1. Dng phn iu chnh pH ca nc thi khi dn vo
thp; 2,3,4-thp cha than hot tnh

3.6. X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP TRCH

3.6. 1. Nguyn l c bn
Trong hn hp hai cht lng khng ho tan ln nhau, bt k mt cht th ba no khc s ho
tan trong hai cht lng trn theo quy lut phn b. Nh vy trong nc thi cha cc cht
bn, nu chng ta a vo mt dung mi v khuy u th cc cht bn ho tan vo dung
mi theo ng quy lut phn b ni v nng cht bn trong nc s gim i. Tip tc
tch dung mi ra khi nc th nc thi coi nh c lm sch. Phng php tch cht bn
ho tan nh vy gi l phng php trch ly.
Hiu sut x l nc thi tu thuc vo kh nng phn b ca cht bn trong dung mi, gi
tr ca h s phn b hay kh nng trch ly ca dung mi.

3.6.2. K thut trch ly

K thut trch ly c th tin hnh nh sau : cho dung mi vo trong nc thi v trn u cho
ti khi t trng thi cn bng. Tip cho qua b lng. Do s chnh lch v trng lng
ring nn hn hp s phn ra hai lp v d tch bit chng ra bng phng php c hc.

Trang 88

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Nu trch ly mt ln m khng t yu cu tch cht bn ra khi nc thi th phi trch ly

nhiu ln. Nu dung mi c t trng b hn t trng nc thi th dn nc thi t trn xung
v dung mi t di ln. Ngc li nu dung mi c t trng ln hn t trng nc thi th
cho nc chuyn ng t di ln, dung mi t trn xung.

3.6.3. Phn loi

Thp trch ly vi vng tip xc (vng m)
Thp trch ly vi vng m c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip v cho hiu
sut cao. Bin php ny dng kh phenol bng benzen hoc du than hay bng
butylaxetat hoc bng ete iisopropyl.
Dung mi dn vo thp qua cc vi phun. Chiu cao thp thng ly bng 6m.

Thp trch ly kiu vi phun tia.

i vi vi phun, mc phn tn dung mi nh cc vi phun l yu t quyt nh.
Nu chn ng loi vi phun, kch tht v iu kin cng tc ca n c th t c
mc phn tn cao.

Thp trch ly vi a roto quay

Thp trch ly vi a rto l mt thp tr, theo chiu cao chia thnh nhiu ngn bng
cc vch c th trch ly c cc cht bn dng nh tng trong nc thi.
Hiu sut v kh nng vn chuyn ca thit b trch ly ny tu thuc vo kch tht
bn trong : ng knh thp, ng knh a, ng knh cc vng stato v chiu cao
mi ngn.

Thp trch ly kiu rung

Thp trch ly kiu rung to ra trong thp cc pha nc dung mi c phn tn v
khuy trn nh chuyn ng thng, vng dc theo trc thp.

Thp trch ly kiu lng trn.

Thp trch ly kiu lng trn c dng vi lu lng ln v s bc kh cao. Theo cu
to, c th l loi nghoc loi ngang.

Thp trch ly vi lp m
bng sng rung

Thp trch ly nhiu ngn

kiu lng trn

Trang 89

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

3.7. X L NC THI BNG PHNG PHP TRAO I

Phng php trao i ion c ng dng x l nc thi khi cc kim loi nh Zn, Cu,
Ni, Pb, Hg, Cd, Mn, cng nh cc hp cht ca Asen, Photpho, Xyanua v cht phng x.
Phng php ny cho php thu hi cc kim loi c gi tr v t c mc x l cao. V
vy n l phng php ng dng rng ri tch mui trong x l nc cp v nc thi.

3.7.1. Mt s khi nim v qu trnh trao i ion

Trao i ion l mt qu trnh trong cc ion trn b mt ca cht rn trao i ion vi ion c
cng in tch trong dung dch khi tip xc vi nhau. Cc cht ny gi l cc ionit (cht trao
i ion), chng hon ton khng tan trong nc.
Cc cht c kh nng ht cc ion dng t dung dch in ly gi l cc cationit. Nhng cht
ny mang tnh axit. Nhng cht c kh nng ht cc ion m gi l anionit v chng mang
tnh kim. Nu nh cc ion no trao i c cation v anion th ngi ta gi chng l cc
ionit lng tnh.

3.7.2. Cc cht trao i ion

Cc cht trao i tion c th l cc cht v v hay hu c c ngun gc t nhin hay tng
hp nhan to. Nhm cc cht trao i ion v c t nhin gm c cc zeolit, kim loi khong
cht, t st, fenspat, cht mica khc nhau,

Cc cht cha nhm silicat loi : Na20.Al2O3.nSiO2.mH2O.

Cc cht florua apatit [Ca5(PO4)3]F v hydroxyt apatit [Ca5(PO4)3]OH
Cc cht c ngun gc t cc cht v c tng hp gm silicagel, permutit (cht lm
mm nc) , ...
Cc cht trao i ion hu c c ngun gc t nhin gm axut humic ca t (cht
mn) v than , chng mang tnh axit yu.
Cc cht trao i ion hu c tng hp l cc nha c b mt ring ln, chng l
nhng hp cht cao phn t. V d, cc cht trao i cation sunfua RSO3H, trong
H ion tri du v SO3 ion nhn in t ; hoc cation cacboxylic : R-COOH ;
cation phenolic : R-OH ; cation photpho : R PO3 - H.
3.7.3. C s qu trnh trao i ion
C ch trao i ion c th gm nhng giai on sau :

Di chuyn ion A t nhn ca dng cht thi lng ti b mt ca lp bin gii mng
cht lng bao quanh ht trao i ion.
Khuch tn lp ion qua lp bin gii
Chuyn ion qua bin gii phn pha v ht nha trao i.
Khuch tn ion A bn trong ht nha trao i ti cc nhm chc nng trao i ion
Phn ng ho hc trao i ion A v B
Khuch tn ion B bn trong ht trao i ion ti bin gii phn pha.
Chuyn cc ion B qua bin gii phn pha b mt trong ca mng cht lng.
Khuch tn cc ion B qua mng
Khuch tn cc ion B vo nhn dng cht lng.
3.8. X L BNG MNG

Trang 90

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Cc k thut nh in thm tch, thm thu ngc, siu lc v cc qu trnh tng t khc
ngan cng `ng vai tr quan trng trong x l nc thi.
Mng c nh ngha l mt pha ng vai tr ngn cch gia cc pha khc nhau. N c th
l cht rn, hoc mt gel (cht keo) trng n do dung mi hoc thm ch c mt cht lng.
Vic ng dng mng tch cc cht, ph thuc vo thm ca cc hp cht qua
mng.

3.8.1. Thm thu ngc

Khi nim
Thm thu l s di chuyn t pht ca dung mi t mt dung dch long vo mt
dung dch m c qua mng bn thm. ti mt p sut nht nh, s cn bng
c thit lp th p sut c gi l p sut thm thu.

C ch
Ngi ta cho rng nu nh chiu dy ca lp phn t nc b hp ph bng hay ln
hn na ng knh mao qun ca mng th di tc dng ca p sut th ch c nc
sch i qua ; mt du kch tht ca nhiu ion nh hn kch tht ca phn t nc.
Cc mng hydrat ca cc ion ny cn tr khng cho chng i qua mao qun ca
mng. Kch tht lp mng hydrat ca cc ion khc nhau s khc nhau.

Thit b
c th thit k mt thit b thm thu ngc ta cn bit thnh phn v s lng
nc thi, nhit v p sut thm thu.

3.8.2. Siu lc
Ging nh thm thu ngc, qu trnh siu lc cng ph thuc vo p sut ng lc v i
hi mng cho php mt s cu t thm qua v gi li mt s cu t khc. iu khc bit l
ch siu lc thng s dng tch dung dch c khi lng phn t bt v c p sut thm
thu nh (v d cc vi khun, tinh bt, t st,). Cn thm thu ngc thng c s
dng kh cc cht c khi lng phn t thp v p sut thm thu cao.
Nc thi

Siu lc

Phn m c cha
cc cht hu c

Nc cha cc
cht v c
Thm thu ngc

Phn m c cha
cc cht v c

Nc khng c mui

S kt hp siu lc v thm thu ngc

Khi s dng kt hp thm thu ngc v siu lc c th lm m c v phn tch cc cht
ho tan hu c v v c trong nc thi. Sau qu trnh siu lc nhn c phn m c

Trang 91

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

cha cc cht hu c, cn trong qu trnh thm thu ngc s nhn c phn m c ca

cht v c.

3.8.3. Thm tch v in thm tch

Php thm tch l qu trnh phn tch cc cht rn bng s dng khuch tn khng bng nhau
qua mng. Tc khuch tn c lin quan n gradien nng qua mng.

Catot

Anot
Phan am ac
Nc san pham

Hnh 2.6.3
: Nguye
ly cuthm
a ietch
n tham tach
Nguyn
l can in
1.
Do
n
g
co
no
n
g
o
loa
n
g
2.
Do
n
g
co
no
n
g o a
ac c
1. Dng c nng long; 2. Dng c nng
mm

3.8.4. X l nc thi bng phng php lm thong v chng bay hi

Nc thi ca nhiu lnh vc cng nghip (ho cht, sn xut nhn to, sn xut giy
xenlulosza sunfat,) cha ccht bn d bay hi mh hyrosunfua, cacbon sunfua, metyl
mecaptan, isunfit, dimetyl sunfit, x l cc loi nc thi ny ngi ta dng phng
php lm thong.

3.8.4.1.Phng php lm thong

Khi thi khng kh vo hoc mt loi kh tr no vo nc thi cha cc cht bn ho tan
d bay hi, th hi ca cht bn khuch tn vo bt khng kh. Nu thi gian ca bt
t trng thi cn bng ca cht bn trong nc v trong bt kh th nng cht bn trong
bt kh c xc nh theo quy lut Henri.
Tc v hiu sut kh cht bn bay hi trong nc thi tu thc vo nhiu u t nh :
nhit , mc phn tn khng kh,cng lm thong, cc yu t cu to ca thp kh
kh, pH v s c mt ca cc cht bn khc nhau trong nc thi,

Thit b l : Thp kh kh vi vt liu tip xc l vng s, chiu cao lp vt liu 2 - 3 m. C

th lm thong nc thi bng phng php t nhin hay nhn to (cng bc):
Lm thong t nhin c thc hin h lng l thin v cht bn d bay hi s bay
i theo mt thong ca nc. V hiu sut kh thp v chem nhiu din tch nn
phng pht lm thong t nhin t c s dng.
Kh kh bng phng php cng bc gm 3 loi chnh : thp vi vt kiu tip xc,
thi khng kh nn vo lp nc v thp chn khng.

Trang 92

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

Thp lm thong bng khng kh

1. Thit b phu nc; Thit b h thng thi kh; mng phng
nga; 4. ng x cn y; vng rasing; 6. Thy tinh bo mc nc
3.8.4.2.Phng php chng bay hi
Khi cht hu c d bay hi cng vi nc to thnh hn hp ng si th ngi ta dnng
phng php chng bay hi tch cc cht cng bay theo hi nc.
Nhiu hn hp ng si khi ngng t s hnh thnh cc lp ring bit v do d dng tch
cc cht bn ra khi dung dch bo ho. Tuy nhin nhiu khi chng khng hnh thnh cc lp
ring bit do ho tan ca lp ngng vi cht bn rt ln. Nhng hn hp vn c th s
dng trc tip hoc c th s dng sau khi x l bng phng php trch ly.

3.8.5. X l nc thi bng phng php oxi kh

Cc cht bn trong nc thi cng nghip cha cc cht bn dng hu c v v c. Dng hu
c bao gm am, m ng, cc cht cha phenol, nit,... l nhng cht c th b phn
hu bi vi sinh c th x l bng phng php sinh ho. Nhng c mt s cht c nhng
nguyn t khng th x l c bng phng php sinh ho ( l nhng kim loi nng nh
ng, ch, noken, coban, st, mangan, crom, ... ). V vy x l nhng cht c hi, ngi
ta thng dng phng php ho hc v ho l, t bit thng dng nht l phng php oxy
ho kh.

3.8.5.1.Oxy ho bng Clo.

Clo v cc cht c cha Clo hot tnh l nhng cht oxy ho c th li dng tch H2S,
hyrosunfit, cc hp cht cha metylsunfit, phenol, xyanua ra khi nc thi.

3.8.5.2. Oxy ho bng hyro peoxit

Hyro peoxit H2O2 l mt cht lng khng mu c th trn ln vi nc bt k t l no.
H2O2 c dng oxy ho cc nitrit , cc aldehit, phenol, xyanua, cc cht thi cha lu
hunh v cc cht nhum mnh.

Trang 93

Bi ging K thut x l nc thi Thc s Lm Vnh Sn

3.8.5.3.Oxy ho bng oxy trong khng kh

Ngoi chc nng l oxy trong khng kh c s dng tch st ra khi nc cp, oxy cn
s dng oxy ho sunfua trong nc thi ca nh my giy, ch bin du m. Qu trnh
oxy ho hyrosunfua thnh sunfua lu hunh din ra qua cc giai on thay i ho tr ca
lu hunh t -2 n -6.
S2- --> S --> S10O62- --> S2O32- --> SO32- --> SO42-

Nc ngng

1
Q

Nc
sach
7

3
Nc
thai
2
5

Khong kh

Hnh 3.4.3 : S o nguyen ly cong nghe oxy hoa sunfua

S nguyn l cng ngh oxy ha sunfua

1. Thung ra nc thai ; 2. Bm ; 3. Thiet b trao oi nhiet ; 4. Thap oxy ; 5. Bo phan

phan phoi khong kh ; 6. Thiet b tach khong kh ; 7. Thiet b lam sach.

1. Thng ra nc thi; 2. Bm; 3. Thit b trao i nhit; 4. Thp oxy ha;

5. B phn thi khng kh; 6. Thit b tch khng kh; 7. Thit b lm sch

3.8.5.4.Oxy ho bng pyroluzit

Pyroluzit thng c s dung oxy ho As3+ n As5+ theo phn ng sau :
H2AsO2 + MnO2 + H2SO4 = H2AsO4 + MnSO4 + H2O.
Khi tng nhit s lm tng mc oxy ho. Ch oxy ho` ti u nh sau :Lng MnO2
tiu tn : MnO2 bng 4 ln so vi lng tnh ton theo l thuyt : axit ca nc l 30
40 g/l ; nhit ca nc l 70oC - 80oC.
Qu trnh oxy ho ny thng c tin hnh bng cch lc nc thi qua lp vt liu MnO2
buc khuy trn nc thi vi vt liu MnO2.
3.8.5.5.Ozon ha
Phng php ny dng kh tp cht nhim bn, kh mu, kh cc v l c trong nc.
Qu trnh oxy ho c th lm sch nc thi khi phenol, sn xut du m, H2S, cc hp cht
Asen, cc cht hot ng b mt, xyanua, cht nhum,...
Trong x l bng ozon, cc hp cht h c b phn hu v xy ra s kh trng i vi nc.
Cc vi khun b cht nhanh so vi x l bng clo vi nghn ln.
3.8.6. X l nc thi bng phng php in ho.
Cc phng php in ho cho php thu hi t nc thi cc sn phm c gi tr bng cc s
cng ngh tng i n gin v c th t ng ho. Khng cn s dng tc nhn ho
hc, nhc im l tiu hao in nng.
Gm cc phng php chnh sau :
Oxy ho ca anot v kh ca catot.
ng t in
Tuyn ni bng in.
Trang 94