Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Unit-1: Information and Management
Unit-1: Information and Management
Information:
It is a processed data which is used to trigger certain
actions or gain better understanding of what the data
implies.
Information is the finished product
Example:
With reference to above e.g. of data, At the end of the month she
adds the data in the notebook and multiplies it by the price per
liter :- The result is the information
At the end of semester get the report of no. of days present that is
called information
Charactertics of data and information:-- One must collect only necessary data and not redundant data .
Types of information
The same data may be processed in different ways to
obtain different types of information.
Example:- A small retail grocery store owner. He would like to
know some information:Which item in his store are about to be finished and need to be reordered
Which items are sold fast so more supply can be arrange
Which item are not sold so remove them
Which bill sent to customer are unpaid
How much daily sale and trend in sales
Which supplier have the competitive prices
Profit or loss at the end of the year
-These question only when the business is small
Definitions :
Chief Executive
Marketing, Finance,
HR Manager
Line Manager
-------------------
Volume of information
Strategic
Planning
And policies
Type of information
Summarized
Reasonably
Structure
Detailed
Structured
Continue
3 Operational Information
Routine assessment
Skills inventory
Loans / advance and recoveries
Leave records
2. Production Management
Goal:- Production Management Required information system for
Optimize men, machines and materials for maximize the production.
1 Strategic Information
Yearly and monthly production quotes and alternate schedules
Policies on machine replacement, augmentation (increase) and
modernization
Information on the introduction of new production technologies
Identifying best product mix.
2 Tactical Information
Identifying and controlling areas of high cost
Identifying critical bottlenecks in production
Identifying alternate production schedules based on tools person
etc
Performance measure of machine to decide for replacement
Continue
3 Operational Information
Monitoring up to date production information
Preventive maintenance schedule of machine
Monitoring tools, machines and human resource
availability.
Scheduling better production dynamically
4. Finance Management
Finance management requires information management
to ensure financial viability(feasibility) of the organization,
enforce financial discipline and plan and monitor the
budget.
1 Strategic Information
Methods of financing
Pricing Policies
Tax planning
2 Tactical Information
Continue.
3 Operational Information
5. Marketing Management
Marketing management requires information system to
maximize the sales and ensure customer satisfaction
1 Strategic Information
Search for new markets and marketing strategies
Analysis of competitors strategy
2 Tactical Information
Advertising techniques and analysis of their impacts
Customer preference surveys
Correlation of prices and sales
Sales force deployment and targets
Exploring alternate marketing channels.
Timing of special sales persons.
Continue.
3 Operational Information
Sales analysis by regions, customer class, sales person
Sales target versus achievement
Market shares and trends
Seasonal Variations
Effect of model change
Performance of sales outlets
Costs of sales operation and benefit.
Qualities of information
Quality
Accurate
Complete
Trustworthy
Timely
Up
Up--toto-date
Relevant
Brief
Significance
understandable
Example of University
Vice Chancellor
Academic departments
Central administration
Works
Human
Miscellane
Sections Resource ous
Sections Sections
Functions
Students admission records
Academic records
Placements
Student Section
Account Section
Purchase Section
Payroll
Scholarships
University budget
General ledger of receipts / payments
Order Processing
Vender selection
Issues/Receipts
Stock register maintenance
Issues
Receipts
Mess records
Room assignment
Residents data
Hostel purchases / stores
Hostel Section
Medical Section
Medical Records
Medicine purchase/stores
Building construction
Maintenance of electrical installation and water supply
Maintenance of roads, gardens
Works Section
Miscellaneous Section
Recruitment
Personal records (leaves , possession)
Assessment of employees
Mailing
Telephones
Transport
Continue
Once the record format for each item in the shop is determined, one
record is created for each items in the shop. These records are entered
manually by data entry operator who enters the records using a
keyboard of a terminal connected to the computer. This is called online data entry
Data may also be entered on a separate computer such as Personal
Computer (PC) and stored on a floppy disk. This is called Off-line Data
Entry
In offline data entry the data entry machine is of low cost.
In Online data entry terminals should be timesharing. In it data is
appropriate for inserting ,deleting, or correcting some record in the
database
Key in record
Stock
records
Or
New item
received
Data Entry
Operator
Edit
Store in stock
Ledger
Control Check
Program
On
Computer
Accepted
Records
Disk File
Master File
Impact of IT on Society
Social Aspect
Nature of impact
1. Privacy
Exposure to Personal
Data, Financial Data,
Health data
2. Work
Culture
3. Job
opportunities
4. Market
Consumer more
Consumer behavior more
knowledgeable. Raises and dynamic and irregular.
changes customer
requirement and
expectations
5.Business and
Organization
Impact of IT on Privacy
Privacy is the right of individual to hold back certain
information about self without disclosure and allow it to be
collected with the consent (permission) with the assurance
that it would remain protected from illegal access.
An individual information could be about Credit/Debit card,
Email Address, Telephone no., Qualification/skills/experience,
Bank Account number and so on.
Business execution: In the process of business execution, data about individual is
collected as a requirement for processing the transaction.
For e.g.
Medical Store:When a medicine is sold to the patient
name of the hospital
Doctor treating and prescribing the medicine
Doctor registration number are recorded by law
Processed before the medicine is sold.
Airlines: Personal information
Hotels information
Travel information
Other Business Applications:More and more application in business, government and
society are becoming IT enabled, and individuals personal data
about self, property, family, vehicles owned, medicines prescribed,
hospitals visited for treatment are subject to privacy violation and
then for misuse for wrong purpose.
Privacy Violation
IT is capable of finding access to this data, download
and process it in some manner and create an information set about
an individual without the knowledge of that individual. This is
termed as privacy violation or breach of privacy.
Ethics
Ethics is a study of the principles and practices which guides
the action taken is normally right or wrong.
Ethics is about values and human behavior.
Both are regulated by various legal provisions and can be
enforced through courts.
When IT solution is thought and designed it is necessary to
check whether it is legally reasonable along with technical,
operational and economic feasibility.
Respecting ethical values means making a beginning to
protect generally accepted individual human rights.
Copyright
Copyright act protects intellectual property for long
time from copying by others.
The protection is applicable against copying part or full
in any manner.
If this act is violated then it attracts heavy penalty.
Weakness: It does not protect the idea behind product and its use.
So if somebody use the idea and develop new product
then it is not copying.
Patents
A patent grants the owner of the product
excusive monopoly on the ideas behind the
product for number of years.
It sufficiently protecting the interests of owner
or inventor of the product.
Impact
3. Uninterrupted use of
PC/Work station
Solution
Technology does
not offer any
meaningful visible
solution to all
these problems.
QUESTIONS..
Dehumanization of process
Professional ethics
Copyright and patents
Accountability and liability
Digital Divide
Intellectual property
IS quality and impact
Privacy violation