PHNG PHP NH GI

GII H PHNG TRNH

Nguyn Vn Quc Tun K112 i hc Y H Ni

Nguy n Vn Qu c Tu n - i h c Y H N i

S dng phng php nh gi gii h phng trnh.

Lu : khi gii cc bi ton h phng trnh dng phng php nh gi l chng ta cn

nm vng cc bt ng thc c bn, vn dng linh hot cc iu kin bi cho, d on
du bng v tch ghp lm sao cho tha mn. Phng php ny khng th p dng cho
mi bi ton h phng trnh nhng n l mt phng php kh hay v ngn gn i hi
ngi p dng phi c mt mi am hiu su v gii h phng trnh. Qua ti liu ny mnh
mong c th gip thm c nhiu iu cho cc bn. Nu c sai st g mong cc bn cho
kin mnh hon thin tt hn. Chc cc bn hc tt. Thn!
I.

L thuyt

Cc bt ng thc quan trng

Bt ng thc Cosi.

Vi n s thc khng m a1 , a 2 , a 3 ,......., a n ta c

a1 a 2 a 3 ........ a n n n a1.a 2 .a 3 ..........a n

Du bng xy ra khi a1 a 2 a 3 ....... a n

Bt ng thc Bunhiacoxky

Vi 2 b s a1 ; a 2 ;...;a n v b1 ; b 2 ;...; b n ta c:

a12 a 22 ... a n2 b12 b22 ... bn2 a1b1 a 2 b2 ... a n bn 2

Du bng xy ra khi

a1 a 2
a

... n .
b1 b 2
bn

Bt ng thc Svacxo.

a2 a 2 a2
a 2 a a 2 a 3 ..... a n
Vi b1 , b 2 ...b n 0 ta c: 1 2 3 ...... n 1
.
b1
b2
b3
bn
b1 b 2 b3 ..... b n
2

Du bng xy ra khi:

a1 a 2 a 3
a
..... n .
b1 b 2 b3
bn

Cc bt ng thc ph cn ghi nh.

-

Vi a, b 0 ta c:

Vi ab 1 th

1 1
4

. Du bng xy ra khi a b .
a b a b

1
1
2

. Vi ab 1 th bt ng thc i chiu.
2
2
1 a
1 b
1 ab

Du bng xy ra khi a b 1

Nguy n Vn Qu c Tu n - i h c Y H N i
II.

Cc th d v bi tp t luyn.

Th d 1: ( tuyn sinh i hc khi A- 2014)

2
x 12 y y 12 x 12
Gii h phng trnh sau
.
3
x

8x

2
y

Li gii
iu kin: 2 3 x 2 3;

2 y 12

Vi 2 s thc a, b bt k ta c: a b 0
2

a 2 b2
ab
2

x 12 y x y 12

2
p dng ta c:

12 x 2 y
y 12 x 2 y. 12 x 2
2

x 0
y 12 x 2

Nn x 12 y y 12 x 2 12 do : 1

Thay vo 2 ta c: x 3 8x 1 2 10 x 2 x 3 8x 3 2 1 10 x 2 0

2 x 3
0 3
x 3 x 2 3x 1

2
1 10 x

Do x 0 x 2 3x 1

2 x 3
1 10 x 2

0 khi 3 x 3 y 3 ( Tha mn )

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: x; y 3;3

1
1
2

1
2
2
1 2x
1 2xy
1 2y
Th d 2: Gii h phng trnh sau:
x, y

2
x 1 2x y 1 2y
2

9
Li gii

1
0 x

2
iu kin:

1
0 y
2

p dng bt ng thc bunhiacopxky ta c:

Nguy n Vn Qu c Tu n - i h c Y H N i

1
1
1

2
1 2x
1 2y 2
1 2y 2
1 2x
2

Du bng xy ra 1 2x 2 1 2y 2 x y
Ta li c:

2 x y 2xy 1
1
1
2

0
2
2
1 2x
1 2y 1 2xy 1 2x 2 1 2y 2 1 2xy
2

1
1
2

**
2
2
1 2x
1 2y
1 2xy

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x y .

T * v ** ta suy ra

1
1
4
1
1
2

2
2
2
2
1 2xy
1 2x
1 2y 1 2xy
1 2x
1 2y
2

Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x y . Khi 1 x y th xung phng trnh 2 ta

c:

x 1 2x x 1 2x

2
9 73
9 73
x
y
9
36
36

9 73 9 73

;
36
36

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh cho l: x; y

x 3 3x 2 y3 3y 2

Th d 3: Gii h phng trnh

3
2
2

x 2 x 3x y 2 x 3y
Li gii
Nhn xt: Nhn vo phng trnh u ca h ta c cm gic ngay l s dng hm s i
din t 3 3t nhng cn c iu kin ca bin. y bin mun tm iu kin ca bin y th
chng ta cn suy ra t phng trnh 2 nhng kh khan nn chng ta phi ngh hng khc.
y chng ta c th phn tch thnh nhn t nn th i theo hng xem sao.

x 2
iu kin:
3

x 3x y 2 0

Ta c:

Nguy n Vn Qu c Tu n - i h c Y H N i

PT 1 x 3 3x y 1 3 y 1
3

x 3 y 1 3 x y 1
3

2
x y 1 x 2 x y 1 y 1 3 x y 1

y x 1
y x 1

2
3 2 x2
2
x x y 1 y 12 3
x

x
y

4
4

y x 1

2
3 2 x

y 1 3
x

4
2

3
3
Vi x 2 x 2 3 m y 1 0 nn x 2 y 1 3

2
2

4
4
2

x 2

3 2 x
x 2 khng tha mn iu kin.

Do x y 1 3

4
y 1 0
y 2

2
Vi y x 1 th xung phng trnh 2 ta c:

x 2 x 3 3x 2 x 1 x 2 3x 3
x 1 2

x 2 x 1 x 2 2x 1 x 2 3x 3 *

p dng bt ng thc cosi ta c:

x 1

x 2 2
x2 3
2

x 2 x 1 x 2x 1

2
x2 x 2
2
x 1 x 2x 1
2

Mt khc: x 2 3x 3

x2 3
2
x 2 6x 9 0 x 3 0
2

x 2 1

2
Khi VP * VT * nn *
x 2x 1 x 1 x 3 y 2

x 1 2

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: x; y 3;2

Nguy n Vn Qu c Tu n - i h c Y H N i

x 2 xy y 2 3 x 3 y3

2
Th d 4: Gii h phng trnh
x, y
3
2

2 x 2x 2 xy 4
Li gii
iu kin: 1 x 2
Ta c cc bt ng thc sau:

2
3
x xy y 2 x y2 x y2 0

3
1
3
3
x y x y
4

Khi ta suy ra:

x 2 xy y 2 3 x 3 y3
2

xy xy2
3
2
2 2 x 3 x
p dng bt ng thc cosi ta c:

2.2 2x 2 2x 6

x y

2 x 2x 2 3

V : xy

1 khi th:

2 x 2x 2 xy 4

xy

Du bng xy ra khi: 2 x 1 x y 1

2x 2 4
Th li vo h phng trnh tha mn.
Vy nghim ca h cho l: x y 1

2x 1
3

6y 2 8 3x y 4 8y 1

Th d 5: Gii h phng trnh

x
x

3
2

2x 3y 4 3x 6 y 2
Li gii

iu kin:
2

y 0
Ta c: 2 2x 3 3x 2 1 3

y 1 0

Nguy n Vn Qu c Tu n - i h c Y H N i
M 2x 3 3x 2 1 0 2x 1 x 1 0 ng vi x
2

Do : 2x 3 3x 2 1 3

1
2

y 1 du bng xy ra khi x y 1

Thay li vo phng trnh 1 tha mn

Vy nghim ca h l: x y 1

3 3
x y 2 2 y x

xy4
Th d 6: Gii h phng trnh

x 3 2x 1 2 y 2

x, y

Li gii

y x

xy20

iu kin:
1

y 2
y x a
t
a 2 x y

a 0

Bin i phng trnh 1

2 a 2 2a

3 3
4a

2 a 2 . 4 a 2 2a 4 a 2 3 3

6 3a . 4 a 2 2a 3. 4 a 2 9 *
2

p dng bt ng thc cosi ta c:

10 4a 2
2
2

3a
.
4

5 2a 2

2
6 3a 2 . 4 a 2 2a 3. 4 a 2 9

2
2

2a 3. 4 a 2a 4
2
2

4 a 6 3a
a 1 y x 1 y x 1
2

a 3 4 a

Khi *

Thay xung phng trnh cn li ta c

x 3 2x 1 2 x 1 x 3 2x 1 x 1 2 0

Nguy n Vn Qu c Tu n - i h c Y H N i
Xt hm s: f x x 3 2x 1 x 1 2

1
1

0 m f 1 0 nn x 1 l nghim duy nht

2x 1 2 x 1

Ta c: f ' x 2x 2

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l x 1, y 2 .

cc th d trn chng ta thy ch s dng 1 phng trnh ca h nh gi. Chng ta i

xt th d sau.
Th d 7: Gii h phng trnh

1
1
2 2

4x 2 y
4y 2 x
2(x y)2 x y .

x 2 4(y 1)

x y 1 y x 1

(mathlinks.vn)

Li gii
iu kin: x 1; y 1 .
Khi s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c

1
4x 2 y

1
4y 2 x

4x

y4y x

Suy ra

2 2
2(x y) 2 x y
2

4x 2 y4y2 x

4x 2 y4y2 x 2 x y2 x y

2
4 4x 2 y4y 2 x 2 x y x y

1
2
16x y 4(x y ) xy x y x y x y
4

2 1
x y x 2 y 2 6xy 3(x y) 0
4

1
2
2
x y x y 3(x y) 4xy 0 x y
4

Bi v vi x, y 1 ta c
1
2
4
Thay y x vo phng trnh th hai ca h ta c:

1
4

x y 3(x y) 4xy x y 3(x y) 4 0 .

2

Nguy n Vn Qu c Tu n - i h c Y H N i
x 2 4(x 1)
2x x 1
2
2
x 4x x 1 4(x 1) 0

x 2 x 1 0 x 2 x 1 x 2
Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht x; y 2; 2 .

x y 6(1 xy)

6
6
Th d 8: Gii h phng trnh

x 6 2(x y ) 3 2(x 2 y 2 )

x 2 xy y 2

(mathlinks.vn)

Li gii
iu kin: xy 0 .
Ta c:

6 2(x 6 y6 ) 6 2(x 2 y 2 )(x 4 x 2 y 2 y 4 )

2 2(x 2 y 2 ) .
x 2 xy y 2
x 2 xy y2
Tht vy, ta chng minh

3 x 4 x 2 y 2 y 4 x 2 xy y 2
9x 4 9x 2 y 2 9y 4 x 2 xy y 2 .
2

x y 4x 2 7xy 4y 2 0
2

T phng trnh th hai ca h suy ra 3 x 2(x 2 y 2 ) (1) .

T phng trnh u ca h s dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c

x y 6 6 xy 6 3(x y) 2x y 3 (2) .
Cng theo v ca (1) v (2) ta c:
x y 2(x 2 y 2 ) x y x y 1 .
Vy nghim ca h cho l x y 1 .

2xy

x
x 2 y 1

2
3

x 2x 9

Th d 8: Gii h phng trnh

x, y

2xy
2

y
y x 2

3
y

2y

tng: y l h phng trnh i xng loi 2 nn nghim ca bi ton s l x y nhng

nu lm theo cch thng thng th s rt kh khn v c s xut hin ca cn bc 3. Chng
ta th kt hp 2 phng trnh li vi nhau xem c nh th no. Khi cng 2 v li vi nhau

Nguy n Vn Qu c Tu n - i h c Y H N i
th v tri xut hin 2xy v v phi xut hin x 2 y 2 n y ta ngh ti vic nh gi tip
phng trnh mi c hnh thnh .
Li gii
Vi x 0 y 0 tha mn h phng trnh.
Vi x, y 0 . Cng 1 v 2 v theo v ta c:

1
1

x 2 y 2 x y
x y 2xy

3 x 2 2x 9 3 y 2 2y 9

1
1

x 2 y 2 3
2xy

3 x 2 2x 9 3 y 2 2y 9
Suy ra xy 0 . Mt khc ta c:

1
1
1

2
2
3

x 2x 9 3 x 1 8 2

1
1

2
2
3
3

1
1
1
x

2x

9
y

2y

2
2

3
3

2y

9
y 1 8 2

1
1

2
2
2xy

2xy x y 4
3 x 2 2x 9 3 y 2 2y 9
T 3 v 4 suy ra x y 1 . Th li tha mn.
Vy nghim ca h phng trnh cho l: x; y 0;0 , 1;1

2x 2

x 2 1

2y
Th d 9: Gii h phng trnh 2
z x, y, z

y 1

2z 2

z 1
Li gii
Ta thy x y z 0 l 1 nghim ca h phng trnh.
Nu x, y, z 0 th x, y, z 0 khi nhn 3 v ca h phng trnh ta c:

8x 2 y 2 z 2
xyz x 2 1 y 2 1 z 2 1 8xyz
2
2
2
x 1 y 1z 1

Nguy n Vn Qu c Tu n - i h c Y H N i
p dng bt ng thc Cosi ta c:

x 2 1 y2 1z 2 1 2

x 2 .2 y2 .2 z 2 8 xyz 8xyz x, y, z 0

x, y, z 0

x y z 1 ( tha mn)
2
2
2

Du bng xy ra khi

Vy h phng trnh c nghim l: x; y; z 0;0;0 , 1;1;1

2

x 1 y 2 3 x 2x 1

Th d 10: Gii h phng trnh

2
1

3x

y x2 x

Li gii
iu kin: x, y 0

x 12 y 2 3 x 2x 1 x 12 y 2 3 x 2x 1
Ta c: HPT

2
5x 2 x 12 2y x 2 x
2
6x 2x 1 2y x x

Mt khc

2.4x.2x 1

x 1 y 2
2

2x 1 4x 2
2x 1
3

2x 1
2x 2 4x 2 2y 2 2x 1 2x 2 6x 1 2y 2 0
2

2
2
2
2
2
2
Li c theo cosi th 5x x 1 2y x x y x x 5x 3x 1 y 0
2

Kt hp li ta c:

2 5x 2 3x 1 y 2 2x 2 6x 1 2y 2 0 2x 1 0 x
2

1
3
y
2
2

3
.
2 2

Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: x; y ;

2
8x 2 1 2x y 1
x 4xy
Th d 11: Gii h phng trnh x

4x 2y 3 y

Li gii
iu kin: y 0 , t phng trnh u 0 x
Phng trnh u tng ng:

1
.
2

2x 1 4x 2 2 x 2 1 2x y

1
.
4y

Nguy n Vn Qu c Tu n - i h c Y H N i

p dng bt ng thc Cosi ta c: y

1
1
2 y.
1 .
4y
4y

Khi ta c:

2x 1 4x 2 2 x 2 1 2x 1
2x 1 2x

1 2x 2x 1

2x 1 2x 1 2x 2x
2x 1 2x 1 4x 2 2x 1 2x
4x 2 2x 2 2x 1 2x 1 0

2x 1 2x 1 0 2x 1 2x 1

x 1 5

4
2x 1 2x 1 4x 2 2x 1 0

x 1 5

4
i chiu iu kin ta c: x

1 5
.
4

1 5 1
Th li tha mn. Vy nghim ca h phng trnh l: x; y
; .

4
2

Nguy n Vn Qu c Tu n - i h c Y H N i
Bi tp b sung:
a b 3 24

1. Gii h phng trnh

1
a b 1
2

a 3b

3a b

x 4 32 x y 2 3
2. Gii h phng trnh

4 x 32 x 6y 24

y x 3 3x 4
3. Gii h phng trnh
x

x 2y3 6y 2

1
8 xy 2 xy 2 2 x 6 x 3 y3

2
4. Gii h phng trnh
x

1
2
2
6
3 3
x y 2 xy 2 y x y
2

x x 33 2 y3 3y

5. Gii h phng trnh

3 x 3 y 2 8y

x, y

x 2 xy 3y 2 y xy

2
6. Gii h phng trnh
x

2 x
y2

1
1 2 x
1 y

7. Gii h phng trnh

2x 2 4y 2
2 3

4 x y 1

y x
xy
x, y

2
x 1 xy 3x 2y 5 2x x y 3 x y 3

2
2
x 8y 5 y 8x 5 4 24 x y 4
8. Gii h phng trnh
2
2
11x 6xy 3y 12x 4y

x, y

Tham kho thm ti:

Blog Luyn Thi i Hc: http://toanlihoasinh.blogspot.com/
Din n: http://mathlinks.vn/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/chicanemhanhphucS2g.

kh)