Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Pset 7 Sol
Pset 7 Sol
Problem Set 7
DUE: November 19, 2003
Instructors: V. Michael Bove, Jr. and Rosalind Picard
x[n] = [n 5]
x[n] = nu[n]
n
x[n] = 13 u[n]
x[n] = (an + an )u[n], a real
x[n] = (nan cos 0 n)u[n], a real
n
x[n] = 12 (u[n 1] u[n 10])
SOLUTION :
PS 7-1
PS 7-2
(a)
Z
[n 5]
[n 5]z n
n=
= [5 5]z 5
= z 5
ROC : all z, except z = 0.
Pole-zero plot corresponding to x[n] = [n-5]
5 zeros at
Imaginary part
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-0.5
0
Real part
0.5
PS 7-2
PS 7-3
(b)
Z
nu[n]
nu[n]z n = X(z)
n=
X(z) = z 1 + 2z 2 + 3z 3 + 4z 4 + ...
z 1 X(z) = z 2 2z 3 3z 4 ...
(1 z 1 )X(z) = 1 + 1 + z 1 + z 2 + z 3 + z 4 + ...
1
= 1 +
1 z 1
z 1
=
1 z 1
X(z) =
z 1
(1 z 1 )2
One zero at z=
Imaginary part
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-0.5
0
Real part
0.5
PS 7-3
PS 7-4
(c)
n
X
1
1 n
Z
u[n]
u[n]z n
3
3
n=
X
1 n n
=
z
3
n=0
X
1 1 n
z
=
3
n=0
=
ROC : | 13 z 1 | < 1 |z| >
1
1 + 13 z 1
1
3
Imaginary part
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-0.5
0
Real part
0.5
PS 7-4
n
u[n]
PS 7-5
(d)
n
(a + a
)u[n]
(an + an )u[n]z n
n=
=
=
(an + an )z n
n=0
n=0
n=0
(az 1 )n +
(a1 z 1 )n
1
1
+
=
1
1 az
1 a1 z 1
1 a1 z 1 + 1 az 1
=
(1 az 1 )(1 a1 z 1 )
2
2 a a+1 z 1
=
(1 az 1 )(1 a1 z 1 )
ROC : |z| > max {a, a1 }. For example, at a = 2:
Imaginary Part
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Real Part
1.5
PS 7-5
PS 7-6
d
(e) Since nx[n] z dz
X(z), first find the z-Transform of x[n] = an cos(0 n)u[n]:
n
(a cos(0 n))u[n]
n=
=
=
X
n=0
X
n=0
an cos(0 n)z n
an
1 j0 n
e
+ ej0 n z n
2
"
#
1 X j0 1 n X j0 1 n
(ae z ) +
=
(ae
z )
2
n=0
n=0
1
1
1
+
=
2 1 aej0 z 1 1 aej0 z 1
1
1 aej0 z 1 + 1 aej0 z 1
=
2 1 aej0 z 1 aej0 z 1 + a2 z 2
2 az 1 (ej0 + ej0 )
1
=
2 1 az 1 (ej0 + ej0 ) + a2 z 2
1 az 1 cos 0
=
1 2az 1 cos 0 + a2 z 2
z 2 az cos 0
= 2
z 2az cos 0 + a2
Now we take the derivative and multiply by z:
z 2 az cos 0
d
X(z) = z
dz z 2 2az cos 0 + a2
2
(z 2az cos 0 + a2 )(2z a cos 0 ) (z 2 az cos 0 )(2z 2a cos 0 )
= z
(z 2 2az cos 0 + a2 )2
2
2
3
z a cos 0 2za + a cos 0
=z
(z 2 2az cos 0 + a2 )2
PS 7-6
PS 7-7
We can solve for the poles and zeros using the quadratic formula:
1
2
and 0 = 4 :
1
0.8
0.6
Imaginary Part
0.4
0.2
2
0
0.2
2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1
0.5
0
Real Part
0.5
PS 7-7
PS 7-8
(f )
n
n
X
1
1
Z
(u[n 1] u[n 10])
(u[n 1] u[n 10])z n
2
2
n=
9
X 1 n
z n
=
2
n=1
10
1 1
21 z 1
2z
=
1 21 z 1
1 1 9
1 1
z
1
z
2
2
=
1 1
1 2z
ROC : The pole and zero at z =
1
2
One zero at z=
Imaginary part
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-0.5
0
Real part
PS 7-8
0.5
1 n
(u[n
2
1] u[n 10])
PS 7-9
z 1
(1 z 1 )2
x[n 3]
x[n] [n 3]
x[n] x[n 1]
x[n] ([n] [n 1])
n
5x[n 1] + 4 13 u[n]
SOLUTION :
(a)
Z
x[n 3] X(z)z 3
z 4
=
(1 z 1 )2
(b)
Z
x[n] [n 3] X(z)z 3
z 4
=
(1 z 1 )2
(c)
Z
X(z)(1 z 1 )
z 1
1 z 1
(d)
Z
1
1 + 31 z 1
5z 2
4
+
1
2
(1 z )
1 + 13 z 1
PS 7-9
!
from (1c) above
PS 7-10
PS 7-11
(d) M is IIR and clearly has a complicated frequency response. From the alternation
of signs in the impulse response, we can see that it has both high-pass and bandpass characteristics. Therefore, the corresponding pole-zero plot is P Z3.
(e) N is FIR (N = 6) and is an averaging (low-pass) filter, and thus corresponds to
P Z1.
(a) Moving the pole from z = 0.5 to the origin changes the impulse response to be just
an impulse, creating an all-pass filter (flat magnitude response) that essentially does
nothing (like multiplying by 1). Moving the pole closer to the unit circle creates a
very sharp low-pass filter and slows the rate of decay of the impulse response. Putting
the pole on the unit circle gives us an impulse response of u[n], which is unstable,
but gives a very sharp (impulse-like) low-pass filter. Moving the pole outside the unit
circle results in an unstable impulse response h[n].
(b) If the determinant (a21 4a2 : the factor under the square root in the quadratic formula)
is less than zero, the roots of the polynomial will be a complex conjugate pair.
H(z) =
B(z)
A(z)
(1 0z 1 )(1 0z 1 )
(1 0.75ej/4 z 1 )(1 0.75ej/4 z 1 )
G
=
j/4
1
(1 0.75e
z )(1 0.75ej/4 z 1 )
=G
Placing the poles at z = 0.75ej/4 results in a band-pass filter, with the pass-band
centered at /4. Changing the angle of the pole correspondingly changes the location
of the pass-band. The variation in the impulse response also increases with increasing
pole angle. Increasing the magnitude of the pole makes the pass-band sharper (narrower and taller), and decreases the rate of decay of the impulse response, h[n]. Going
outside the unit circle, of course, results in an unstable filter.
PS 7-11
PS 7-12
(c) A pole at the origin results in an impulse response of a delayed impulse, a flat magnitude response, and a linear phase response. Adding poles at the origin increases the
delay in the impulse response (still a delayed impulse), leaves the magnitude response
flat, and increases the slope of the phase response.
Zeros at z = 1, j result in a 4-pt. averaging (low-pass) filter. The phase response
is 3
2 .
To get the the desired FIR response, the zeros should be at z = j. To get the desired
IIR response, the poles should be at z = 0.9j. The cascaded system has the following
magnitude response:
Magnitude response of cascaded system
1.5
0.5
/2
/2
/2
/2
0
Radian frequency
PS 7-12