NHM XY DNG

QUY CHUN CNG NGH NH CAO TNG

NHNG KIN THC C BN

V CNG TC O C TRONG
XY DNG

Trng nhm :
Thnh vin:

PGS L Kiu ,
TS nh c
TS Trnh Quang Vinh
TS Ng Vn Hi
Ths Nguyn Vn Minh

I. NHIM V CA CNG TC TRC A TRONG XY DNG

Trc a l mt khu cng vic rt quan trng trong ton b qu

trnh xy dng cng trnh. Trong giai on hin nay, cc nh my, x
nghip cng ngh cao u bao gm cc dy chuyn sn xut rt hin
i lin h vi nhau mt cch cht ch, chnh xc v vy i hi v mt
chnh xc i vi cng tc trc a khng ngng tng cao. Trong xy
dng dn dng, thu li v giao thng vn ti cng tng t nh vy.
Vic xy dng hng lot cc nh cao tng cc thnh ph ln, vic xy
dng cc cu ln bng cng ngh c hng, cc cng trnh u mi
thu li, thu in u t ra nhng yu cu rt mi v chnh xc i
vi cng tc trc a .
Nhim v ch yu ca cng tc trc a trong xy dng l: m
bo cho cng trnh c xy dng ng kch thc hnh hc v ng v
tr thit k. Ch khi hai yu cu c bn ny c p ng th cng trnh
mi c th vn hnh an ton.
thc hin c cc nhim v trn y cn phi tin hnh cc
cng on sau:
- Cng tc kho st a hnh.
- Thnh lp li khng ch c s phc v b tr cng trnh
- Thc hin cng tc b tr chi tit cng trnh .
- Kim tra v tr v cc kch thc hnh hc v thng ng (hoc
dc ca cc hng mc cng trnh).
- Quan trc chuyn dch cng trnh
Do yu cu v chnh xc ca cc cng tc trc a a hnh
ngy cng tng cao cng vi cc iu kin o c trn mt bng xy
dng thng kh khn hn so vi cc iu kin o c trong trc a
thng thng v phi thc hin vic o c trong mt khng gian cht
hp, c nhiu thit b v phng tin vn ti hot ng gy ra cc chn
ng v cc vng kh hu c gradient nhit i khi rt ln. Trong iu
kin nh vy, nhiu my mc trc a thng thng khng p ng
c cc yu cu chnh xc t ra. V l do trn nn trong xy dng
thng phi s dng cc thit b hin i c chnh xc v n nh cao
v i khi phi ch to cc thit b chuyn dng.
i i vi vic nng cao cht lng cng tc trc a cng trnh
trn cc mt bng xy dng cn c cc cn b t vn gim st chuyn
su v trc a. Cng nh cc cn b t vn gim st thuc cc b mn
khc, cc cn b t vn gim st v trc a c nhim v thay mt bn A
gim st cht lng thi cng cng tc trc a ca cc nh thu trn
cng trnh v t vn cho cc cn b k thut trc a ca cc nh thu
v gii php k thut hon thnh tt cc nhim v t ra gp phn
m bo cho vic thi cng xy dng cng trnh ng tin vi cht
lng cao nht.

II. CC H TO DNG TRONG XY DNG

Trong xy dng v tr ca cc hng mc cng trnh, cc kt cu

u c cho trn cc bn v thit k bng cc gi tr to X, Y, H
trong to X v Y xc nh v tr ca mt im trn mt phng, H l
cao ca im so vi mt mt chun no . Mt chun ny c th
l mt nc bin dng trong h cao nh nc (sea level) n cng c
th l mt t trung bnh ca mt bng thi cng xy dng (ground level)
hoc cao theo mt phng c quy nh l ( 0 ca nh my hoc
cng trnh (plan level).
Hin nay trong thc t xy dng c hai h thng to c s
dng l: h to c lp v h to quc gia.
1 H to c lp
1.1 Cch dng h to c lp
H to c lp hay cn gi l h to qui c hay h to
gi nh c xc lp bi hai ng thng vung gc vi nhau, trc
ng k hiu l Y (trc tung), trc ngang k hiu l X (trc honh). Giao
im ca hai trc ny (thng k hiu l O) gi l gc to (H.II.1.1)

Vi h trc to nh- trn,

bt k mt im P no trn mt
phng cng -c xc nh bi mt
cp s thc (x,y) - chnh l khong
cch t im ang xt ti cc trc
t-ng ng, v gi l to phng
vung gc ca ca n. Trong cp
s thc ny gi tr honh x
-c vit tr-c cn tung y -c
vit sau.

H.II.1.1 H to c lp

1.2 Tnh cht ca h to c lp

H to c lp c mt s tnh cht quan trng sau y:
a. H to c lp c th c nh hng tu trong mt phng.
V y l h to c lp nn ban u chng ta c th nh
hng mt trong hai trc (X hoc Y) mt cch tu . Thng thng
ngi ta thng nh hng trc X hoc Y song song hoc vung gc
vi trc chnh ca cng trnh. Vi cch nh hng cc trc to nh
vy vic tnh ton to ca cc im trn mt bng s tr nn n
gin rt nhiu.
3

b. Gc to ca h to c lp c th c chn tu
Thc cht ca vn ny l sau khi chng ta chn nh hng
cho cc trc to chng ta c th tnh tin chng i mt lng tu .
Thng thng ngi ta thng tnh tin gc to xung im thp
nht gc bn tri v pha di ca cng trnh v gn cho n mt gi tr
to chn. Vi gc to nh vy th gi tr to ca tt c cc im
trn mt bng xy dng u mang du (+) iu ny hn ch c cc
sai lm trong vic tnh ton v ghi chp to ca cc im.
1.3 Phm vi ng dng ca h to c lp
H to c lp rt tin li nhng n ch c th c s dng
trong mt phm vi hp khong vi km2 tr li tc l trong khun kh mt
khu vc nh m mt cu ca tri t c th coi l mt phng.
Trong cc khu vc c quy m ln hn s khng s dng h to qui
c c m phi s dng h to quc gia.
2 H to quc gia
2.1 Thit lp h to quc gia
H to quc gia l h to thng nht s dng chung trong
phm vi ton quc. Trc nm 2000 nc ta s dng h to HN72, elipxoit WGS-84, li chiu Gauss Kriugher. T nm 2000 tr li y
chng ta chuyn sang s dng h to VN-2000 li chiu UTM.
V tri t ca chng ta l hnh cu trong khi cc bn v thit k
cng trnh xy dng, cc bn a hnh vv u c th hin trn
mt mt phng l mt t giy v vy ngi ta phi chiu mt t ln mt
mt phng.
Trong h to HN-72 chng ta s dng php chiu Gauss
Kriugher. y l php chiu hnh tr ngang ng gc, ngha l biu
din mt t trn mt phng ngi ta lng tri t vo trong mt hnh tr
ngang c ng knh ng bng ng knh ca tri t (Hnh II.2.2a)

H.II.2.1 Php chiu hnh tr ngang

Nh vy tri t s tip xc vi hnh tr ny v giao ca mt hnh

tr s l ng trn, ng trn ny i qua hai cc ca tri t v c
gi l kinh tuyn trc. biu din cc im ca mt t ln mt phng
4

trc tin ngi ta chiu t tm tri t ra mt hnh tr sau m tri

hnh tr ra chng ta s c mt phng
D nhin vi cch chiu nh trn th ch c cc im nm trn kinh
tuyn trc l khng b bin dng cn li tt c cc im khc u b bin
dng. Cc im cng cch xa kinh tuyn trc cng b bin dng nhiu.
hn ch bin dng khi biu din mt t ln mt phng ngi
ta ch chiu ring tng phn mt t ln mt phng. Thng thng
ngi ta chia mt t bng cc ng kinh tuyn thnh cc mi c b
rng 60 (hoc 30) v ln lt chiu cc mi ny ln mt phng ta s

c hnh dng b mt tri t biu din trn mt phng h.II.2b

A
B
H to vung gc c bn ca nc ta c thit lp trn c s
php chiu hnh tr ngang vi mi chiu 6(, hai trc to c bn c
chn l hnh chiu ca kinh tuyn trc (trc ng, k hiu l X) v hnh
chiu ca ng xch o (trc ngang, k hiu l Y). Nh vy k hiu cc
trc to trong h to quc gia ngc vi k hiu m chng ta vn
thng dng. Mt s nc trn th gii k hiu trc ng l trc N
(hng bc) v trc ngang l E (hng ng) trnh nhm ln.
Nu gn gi tr X0=0,Y0=0 choH.II.2.3
giao im
ca kinh tuyn trc v
H.II.2.2 H to vung gc quc gia
Bin dng trong l-i chiu UTM
ng xch ao th ton b cc im nm pha ty ca kinh tuyn trc s
c gi tr Y(E) mang du (-). trnh iu ny ngi ta gn cho im O
gi tr Y0 = 500.000m. Nh vy tt c cc im s c gi tr to (+)
iu ny trnh c phin phc v nhm ln trong ghi chp v tnh
ton.
H to vung gc chng ta xt trn y chnh l h to HN72. Ton b lnh th nc ta (k c phn thm lc a) gm 3 mi 6(
vi kinh tuyn trc 105, 111 v 117. gim bin dng ngi ta cn
s dng cc mi 3( vi kinh tuyn trc 105( , 108( , 111(, 114( v 117(.
Cc s liu to ca cc im khng ch nh nc v cc bn a
hnh u do tng cc a chnh qun l thng nht. Khi cp to ngoi
5

cc gi tr to x v y ca cc im bao gi ngi ta cng cp thm

cc thng tin nh kinh tuyn trc v li chiu ca h to ang dng.
H to VN-2000 m chng ta s dng hin nay thc cht cng
l php chiu hnh trc ngang. Php chiu ny ch khc php chiu
Gauss ch l h s chiu di kinh tuyn trc m0 khng phi bng
1,000 nh php chiu Gauss m bng 0,9996 ngha l kinh tuyn trc
chiu di o trn bn v s nh hn chiu di thc trn mt t. Trong
php chiu ny c hai v tr A v B khng b bin dng, cc im nm
gia A v B c bin dng m (kch thc ca cc i tng trn bn v
nh hn kch thc ca chng trn mt t ) ngc li cc im nm
ngoi A v B c bin dng dng ngha l kch thc o trn bn v s
ln hn kch thc trn mt t trong khi i vi php chiu Gauss
tr cc im nm trn kinh tuyn trc tt c cc v tr khc kch thc
ca cc yu t trn bn v u ln hn kch thc thc t trn mt t.
bin dng do php chiu c xc nh theo cng thc:
Trong ym l gi tr to y trung bnh ca on thng ang xt.
R- Bn knh ca tri t (R = 6371km)
C th coi php chiu UTM dng trong h to VN-2000 hin
nay l php chiu hnh tr ngang tng qut vi h s chiu di m =,
trong m0 l h s chiu di ti kinh tuyn trc (m0=1 trong php chiu
Gauss Kriugher dng trong h to HN-72).
T y chng ta c th rt ra mt tnh cht c bit ca h to
Nh nc l h s chiu di ti cc im khc nhau trn mt t l
khng ging nhau. Tnh cht ny ca h to nh nc gy ra rt
nhiu phin toi cho ngi s dng c bit l nhng ngi khng hiu
tht s su sc v h to ny.
2.2 Nhng vn trc trc thng gp phi khi s dng h
to nh nc trn cc cng trnh xy dng
Thng thng khi lp d n xy dng mt cng trnh no ch
yu u t thng yu cu mt c quan o c thc hin cng tc o
c kho st trc a - a hnh ly s liu lp bo co kh thi v phc
v thit k cng trnh . i vi cng trnh c qui m nh ngi ta s
dng h to c lp, i vi cc cng trnh c qui m ln bt buc
phi s dng h to quc gia.
Khi s dng h to quc gia do ch u t v c quan thit k
khng am hiu su sc v h to ny nn khng lu n bin dng
ca n dn n khng c s tng thch gi khong cch thc trn
mt t v khong cch thit k trn bn v. Nu bin dng do li
chiu qu ln th s gy rt nhiu phin phc trong qu trnh thi cng
xy lp cng trnh. Vn rc ri ny thc t chng ti phi i mt
rt nhiu ln trn mt s mt bng xy dng cc nh my v cc cu ln
nc ta.
6

Quy phm cng tc trc a trong xy dng c nu r: H to

dng trong xy dng phi m bo sao cho bin dng chiu di do li
chiu khng vt qu 1/200.000. m bo c iu ny cn phi
chn kinh tuyn trc cho hp l. i vi h to VN-2000 hoc HN-72
nn chn h s chiu di ti kinh tuyn trc m0 =1 v chn li chiu
sao cho khu vc xy dng nm cch kinh tuyn trc khng qu 20km
vic tnh chuyn c th c thc hin bng mt chng trnh do chng
ti lp sn.
Nh vy m bo bin dng chiu di do li chiu khng vt
qu 1/200.000 trc ht cn xem xt ga tr to Y (E) ca cc im
trn mt bng xy dng. Nu (Y-500.000) < 20.000 ngha l khu vc xy
dng cch kinh tuyn trc khng qu 20km v sai lch chiu di gia 2
im o trn mt t v chiu di ca n trn bn v khng vt qu gi
tr 1/200000. Ngc li nu (Y-500.000) > 20.000 th cn phi tnh chuyn
to sao cho kinh tuyn trc i vo gia hoc st mt bng xy dng .
Trong xy dng cc tuyn ng giao thng i khi vn li xy
ra mt kha cnh khc l cng mt im trn thc t (thng l
ch tip gip ca hai nh thu khc nhau) nhng to do hai nh thu
xc nh li sai khc nhau rt ln. iu ny xy ra khi hai nh thu s
dng hai kinh tuyn trc khc nhau. gii quyt vn ny ch cn
tnh chuyn to ca hai nh thu v cng mt kinh tuyn trc.
Nhn chung nu mt bng xy dng khng ln lm th tt nht nn
s dng h to qui c (c lp). Cn trong trng hp s dng to
quc gia cho cc cng trnh xy dng th cn lu n bin dng do
li chiu ca h to ny.
III. CC BI TON LIN QUAN N TO CA CC IM

Trong thc t xy dng cc cng trnh, trong qu trnh lm cng

tc t vn gim st cc k s xy dng, k s t vn gim st thng
xuyn phi s dng n to ca cc im. Di y chng ti xin
gii thiu mt s bi ton c bn lin quan n to ca cc im.
1. Bi ton xc nh to ca cc im theo chiu di v gc
phng v (bi ton thun)
xc nh to ca cc im chng ta cn a thm vo mt
khi nim mi l gc phng v.
X

Y
AB

B
D

BA

X
Y
7

Hnh III.1.1 Xc nh to ca mt im
Gc phng v ca mt on thng l gc theo chiu kim ng h
hp bi hng bc ca h trc to (hoc ng thng song song vi
n) v on thng ang xt.
Vi on thng AB nh hnh III.1, mun xc nh phng v ca
on AB (k hiu l (AB ) th t im A ta k mt on thng song song
vi trc N v ta c c gc phng v (AB nh hnh v.
Gi s ta ng ti im B nhn v pha im A, Theo quy tc ni
trn ta s xc nh c (BA bng cch k t B mt on thng song
song vi trc N nh cch lm khi xc nh phng v (AB ta s c c
gc (BA. Gc (BA gi l phng v ngc ca (AB.
T hnh v ta thy (BA = (AB + 1800 ngha l gc phng v
ngc ca mt cnh no bng gc phng v xui ca n cng thm
1800.
Gi s im A bit trc to (NA EA), ngoi ra chng ta
cng bit gc (AB v chiu di SAB. Theo hnh v ta s c:
XAB = SAB cos AB
(2)
YAB = SAB sinh AB
(N v (E l s gia to ca im B so vi im A.
To ca im B s c xc nh theo cng thc:
XB = XA + XAB
(3)
YB = YA + YAB
Nh vy chng ta xc nh c to ca im B. iu kin
cn thit xc nh c to l phi bit khong cch S v gc
phng v (. Khong cch S chng ta c th dng cc phng tin o
chiu di o cn vic tnh gc phng v chng ti s cp phn
sau.
2. Bi ton xc nh gc phng v v chiu di theo to ca cc
im (bi ton nghch).
Bi ton ngc rt hay c s dng b tr cc im t bn v
ra thc t. Ngoi ra n cn c s dng trong kim tra, nghim thu
cng trnh .
T cng thc (2) ta c
X2 = D2cos2
Y2 = D2sin2
D=
AB

N2

= Arctg

E2
E
N

(4)
(5)

Khi gii bi ton ny cn ch xt du ca (N v (E trnh cc

sai lm. T h trc to vung gc v nh ngha gc phng v ta c
bng xt du nh sau:
0

0 < < 90
900 < < 1800
1800 < < 2700
2700 < < 3600

N
+
+

E
+
+
-

Cc bi ton xui v ngc c lp trnh sn ci vo trong

cc my tnh cm tay loi k thut (Scientific calculator). Cc k s t
vn gim st, cc cn b k thut trn cng trng nn mang theo n ra
ngoi hin trng v cn bit s dng thnh tho cc chng trnh ny.
IV. LI KHNG CH TO TRN CC MT BNG XY DNG

1. Vai tr ca li khng ch
m bo cho cng trnh c xy dng ng v tr v ng kch
thc hnh hc thit k th trn mt bng xy dng phi c mt h
thng cc im c to , c nh du chnh xc v kin c bng cc
mc btng. Cc im ny to nn mt li gi l li khng ch to
trn mt bng xy dng. Ngoi to X(N) v Y(E) ngi ta cn dn c
cao vo cc im ny.
Nh vy, da vo cc im ca li khng ch mt bng v
cao chng ta c th thc hin cc cng tc b tr, o c kim tra,
nghim thu v o v hon cng cng trnh.
2. Mt ca cc im khng ch
Mt ca cc im trong li khng ch tu thuc vo yu cu
chnh xc b tr v mt ca cc hng mc trn mt bng. Theo
TCVN, nu khng c nhng yu cu c bit th i vi cc cng trnh
xy dng cng nghip, c 2-3 ha c mt im khng ch nhng ti thiu
trn mt bng phi c 4 im. Nhn chung cc im c phn b ri
u trn mt bng. Nhng khu vc c hng mc vi cc dy chuyn
chnh xc mt cc im khng ch phi dy hn, ngc li cc khu
vc khc mt , im khng ch c th tha hn.
3. Cc phng php thnh lp li khng ch
3.1 Phng php tam gic
3.1.1. Li tam gic o gc
xc nh to c ca cc im trn mt bng xy dng ngi
ta b tr mt h thng li tam gic. Trong li ny ngi ta o tt c
cc gc trong cc tam gic v vy li ny c gi l li tam gic o
gc. H. IV.1.1

Hnh IV.1 S li khng ch mt bng

Mun xc nh c to ca cc im trn mt bng th t nht

chng ta phi bit c to ca mt im (v d im I) chiu di ca
mt cnh (v d I-II = D) v phng v ca mt cnh (v d () khi gii
cc tam gic ta s xc nh c chiu di ca tt c cc cnh cn li v
da vo cc gc o v gc ( ta c th xc nh c phng v ca
chng lc chng ta d dng xc nh c to ca tt c cc im
cn li trn mt bng bng cch gii bi ton xui nh trnh by
trn.
Thng thng li khng ch da vo mt cnh khi u gm 2
im bit to (v d im I v II) da vo to ca cp im ny
chng ta c th xc nh c chiu di D v gc phng v ( ca
cnh khi u bng bi ton ngc v t xc nh c to ca
cc im khc.
Vi mt cp im gc nh vy chng ta ch c th d liu
tnh ton to cho mng li. Nu v mt l do no to ca mt
trong 2 im (I hoc II) b sai th chng ta khng c cch no pht hin
ra v vy kim tra kt qu thnh lp li khng ch to t nht phi
c hai cp im bit trc, mt cp u ny cn mt cp u kia
ca li.
Cng vi mc ch kim tra kt qu o c, tuy mi tam gic ch
cn o hai gc l nhng trong quy nh bt buc phi o c 3 gc.
Vic o thm gc th 3 gi l i lng o tha nhng to iu kin cho
vic kim tra kt qu o thc a m cn to iu kin cho vic p dng
cc thut ton x l s liu nng cao tin cy ca cc kt qu o.
3.1.2. Li tam gic o cnh
Li tam gic o cnh c kt cu ging li tam gic o gc. Tuy
nhin trong li thay v o tt c cc gc ngi ta o tt c cc cnh.
Da vo cc cnh o ngi ta tnh ra c tt c cc gc trong tam
gic. Tip theo vic xc nh to ca cc im s ging nh li tam
gic o gc.
Nhc im ca li tam gic o cnh l khng c i lng o
tha v vy khng c th kim tra v pht hin c sai st trong qu
trnh o c. Mun kim tra c cn phi to ra cc hnh phc tp
hn nh li t gic o 2 ng cho hoc h thng trung tm.
i vi cc mng li khng ch yu cu chnh xc cao ngi
ta s dng li tam gic o gc cnh kt hp ngha l trong cc tam
gic ngi ta o tt c cc gc v cc cnh.
3.2. Phng php ng chuyn

10

ng chuyn l mt dng c bn ca li khng ch mt bng

nht l trong giai on hin nay cc my o xa in t v ton c in
t ang ngy cng tr nn ph bin rng ri.
Theo nh ngha ng chuyn l mt ng gy khc bao gm
cc cnh v cc gc o ni tip vi nhau nh H. IV.1b
Cng nh li tam gic, mun xc nh c to ca cc im
trong li th ng chuy phi xut pht t mt cnh gc c to
bit (cnh I-II) gi l cnh gc. kim tra, ng chuyn phi kt thc
ti mt cnh gc gm 2 im bit trc to ging ht nh li tam
gic.
i vi mt mt bng xy dng c th thnh lp li khng ch
mt bng di dng mt ng chuyn khp kn
i vi ng chuyn nh H.IV.1b ta c:
0
II-III = I-II + 1 - 180
0
III-IV = II-III + 2 - 180
.
0
XIV-XV = XIII-XIV + n - 180
Nh vy chng ta tnh c gc phng v ca tt c cc cnh
trong ng chuyn, cng thm cc cnh o trc tip D1, D2,..DN c
th tnh c s gia to (X v (Y cho tt c cc cnh v t tnh
c to ca tt c cc im trong li.
u im ca phng php ng chuyn l rt linh hot, t mt
im ch cn nhn thng n 2 im ln cn v vy rt tin li cho vic s
dng trn cc mt bng xy dng .
3.3 Phng php s dng cng ngh GPS
H thng nh v ton cu (Global Positionning System - GPS) l
kt qu ng dng thnh tu mi nht ca khoa hc cng ngh trong lnh
vc o c. Hin nay h thng ny c ng dng rt rng ri trong
vic thnh lp li khng ch to quc gia v trong cc lnh vc trc
a cng trnh .
u im ca cng ngh GPS l c th xc nh to ca cc
im m khng cn tm nhn thng n cc im ln cn nh phng
php tam gic hoc phng php ng chuyn. Trong nhng phng
php ny cng c nhc im l phi c tm thng thong ti cc v
tinh trn tri, iu kin ny i khi kh m bo i vi cc mt bng
ang xy dng. Mt khc, gi thnh ca cng ngh ny hin ang cn
cao nn vic s dng n cn hn ch.
4. c im ca li khng ch to trn mt bng xy
dng cng trnh
Li khng ch to trn mt bng xy dng c mt s c
im ring so vi li khng ch to quc gia. Cc c im l:

11

- So vi li khng ch to quc gia cng cp hng, li khng

ch to trn mt bng xy dng cng trnh (gi tt l li trc a
cng trnh ) thng c cnh ngn hn. Vic o c cc yu t trong li
c thc hin trong iu kin kh khn hn v yu cu v sai s v tr
im trong li li cht ch hn.
- V hnh dng ca li tu thuc vo phng php b tr cng
trnh v trang thit b ca n v thi cng. Nu n v thi cng khng c
cc thit b hin i nh my mc TT th li TCT c lp di
dng cc hnh vung hoc hnh ch nht c cc cnh song song vi trc
chnh ca cng trnh cc n v thi cng c th b tr cng trnh theo
phng php to vung gc. Nu cc n v thi cng c thit b hin
i th c th thnh lp li khng ch c hnh dng tu min l m
bo chnh xc v mt b tr cng trnh.
5. Quy trnh thnh lp li khng ch trc a cng trnh
Vic thnh lp li khng ch TCT c thc hin sau khi s
b san lp v v sinh mt bng. Trnh t thnh lp li nh sau:
*. Lp phng n k thut gm cc ni dung chnh sau:
- Mc ch, yu cu ca vic thnh lp li TCT .
- Thit k k thut li TCT .
- nh gi phng n thit k
- Thit k cc mc ca li TCT
*. Kho st thc a chnh xc ho li phng n thit k
*. Chn im v chn mc ngoi thc a
*. o gc v o cnh v o cao trong li.
*. X l ton hc cc kt qu o c trong li, xut bn to v
cao ca cc mc.
*. Bn giao li v cc ti liu lin quan cho cc n v thi cng.
TCXDVN quy nh vic thnh lp li khng ch to trn mt
bng xy dng l trch nhim ca ch u t. Ch u t phi bn giao
li khng ch to cho cc nh thu chm nht l 2 tun trc khi
tin hnh thi cng cng trnh.
V. O C KIM TRA TRN CNG TRNH XY DNG

o c kim tra ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh thi cng

xy lp cng trnh. Da vo o c kim tra chng ta c kh nng kp
thi pht hin cc sai lch vt qu dung sai cho php tin hnh
chnh sa v rt kinh nghim cho cng tc xy lp trong cc giai on
tip theo.
Ni dung cng tc o c kim tra gm:
- o c kim tra n nh ca cc mc khng ch mt bng v
cao.
- o c kim tra v tr mt bng ca cc hng mc b tr.
- o c kim tra kch thc hnh hc ca cc hng mc.
12

- o c kim tra thng ng ca cc hng mc v cc kt cu.

- o dc kim tra phng ca cc b mt.
1. o c kim tra n nh ca cc mc khng ch mt bng v
cao.
Theo quy nh ca quy phm, phi tin hnh o c kim tra n
nh ca cc mc khng ch mt bng mt cch nh k. Thng thng
trc khi khi cng xy dng cng trnh cn o c kim tra cc mc
chun sau c su thng mt ln cn tin hnh o kim tra cc mc
ny, thi im o nn chn vo u ma ma v u ma kh. Ngoi ra
cn phi o kim tra t xut, bt thng nu c du hiu hoc xut
hin nguy c c th lm mc b dch chuyn nh: mc b cc phng
tin vn ti ln, mc nm khu vc thi cng mng, gn khu vc
ng cc vv Vic o kim tra c th thc hin cho ton b mng li
hoc ch cn kim tra sc xut mt s khu vc cn thit.
thc hin vic o kim tra n nh ca cc mc khng ch
mt bng v cao c thc hin bng cc thit b v cc phng
php o c chnh xc tng ng vi khi thnh lp li khng ch.
Tt c cc my s dng o c kim tra u phi c kim nghim
v hiu chnh theo ng yu cu ca qui phm chuyn ngnh.
Cc im c coi l n nh nu sai lch v to hoc cao
ca n khng vt qu 2 ln sai s trung phng v tr im (hoc cao
) c nh gi da vo kt qu bnh sai cht ch mng li.
2. o c kim tra v tr mt bng ca cc hng mc.
Trong mt nh my hin i, cc hng mc lin quan vi nhau
trong mt dy chuyn cng ngh cht ch, chnh xc. Bt k mt s sai
lch no vt qu dung sai cho php cng dn n nhng trc trc kh
khn trong khu lp my, thm ch lm cho ton b dy chuyn khng
ch hot ng bnh thng c. V vy, vic o c kim tra v tr mt
bng ca cc hng mc ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng.
V tr mt bng ca cc hng mc cng trnh c o bng to
ca cc im c trng c th nh sau:
- V tr ca cc hng mc l hnh vung hoc hnh ch nht c
cho bng to ca 4 gc.
- V tr ca cc hng mc hnh tuyn (ng giao thng, h thng
ng dn ni hoc ngm) c cho bng to ca cc im c trng
nh cc nh gc ngot, cc ch giao ct nhau, cc im c bn ca
ng cong trn v ng cong chuyn tip (nu c).
- V tr ca cc hng mc c dng hnh trn (ng khi, sil cha vt
liu ri) c cho bi to tm ca hng mc vv
V tr mt bng ca cc hng mc tt nht nn kim tra bng my
ton c in t. Trong trng hp khng c my ton c in t th
c th s dng phng php to cc hoc phng php to
13

vung gc bng cch s dng my kinh v v thc thp kin

nghim. Hn sai cho php khi kim tra v tr mt bng ca cc hng mc
c cho trong cc ti liu thit k hoc cc tiu chun, quy phm
chuyn ngnh.
Cn lu rng chnh xc xc nh to bng cc my TT
hoc phng php to cc bng my kinh v v thc thp ph
thuc rt nhiu vo khong cch t im t my ti v tr im kim tra.
Nu mun kim tra to ca cc im vi sai s khng vt qu (10
mm th khng nn t my cch xa im kim tra qu 100m iu ny c
ngha l li khng ch mt bng phi c mt hp l nh nu
phn trn.
i vi cc hng mc cc tng lp rp trn cao trc khi kim
tra v tr mt bng cn phi chuyn to t mt bng cn phi chuyn
to t mt bng c s ln mt bng lp rp ang lm vic. Phng
php chuyn to s c cp n trong phn sau.
3. Kim tra kch thc hnh hc ca cc hng mc, cc cu kin

Kch thc hnh hc ca cc hng mc, cc cu kin cn kim tra

gm:
- Chiu di, chiu rng ca cc hng mc hoc cc cu kin ti
ch (nh xng, ct, tng, dm)
- Khong cch gia cc trc
- Bn knh ca cc hng mc hoc cu kin hnh trn (sil, ng
khi, ng ng dn nc vv).
Chiu di, chiu rng, khong cch gia cc trc, b dy ca cc
cu kin tt nht nn kim tra bng thc thp chun c kim
nghim nu iu kin cho php. Trng hp khng th kim tra c
bng thc thp cc yu t trn do b vng cc g, vng my mc
thit b hay b mt o g gh, khng bng phng, bn t bn vv th
nn s dng my ton c in t. Khi dng my ton c in t c
th s dng chng trnh o trc tip hoc chng trnh o gin tip
(RDM -Remote Distance Measurement hay MLM-Missing Line
Measurement). Cng c th kim tra kch thc hnh hc thng qua vic
xc nh to ca im u v im cui ca cnh cn kim tra.
Dung sai cho php khi kim tra kch thc hnh hc ca cc cu
kin c cho tro h s thit k hoc qui phm, tiu chun chuyn
ngnh
4. Kim tra thng ng ca cc hng mc v cc cu kin

L dng cng vic thng gp nht trn cng trng xy dng.

Cc hng mc hoc cc kt cu phi kim tra thng ng l:
- Ct chu lc, tng chn
- Cc to nh cao tng
- Cc sil cha vt liu ri
- ng khi

14

- ng ten v tuyn vin thng, thp truyn hnh vv.

Yu cu chnh xc o kim tra nghing c quy nh c th trong
h s thit k hoc trong cc tiu chun, quy phm chuyn ngnh.
4.1 Phng php kim tra
a. Kim tra bng dy di
Phng php ny c s dng kim tra thng ng ca cc ct
hoc cc bc tng vi cao khng ln lm (25m) c th s dng cc
qu di thng thng. i vi cc kt cu c cao ln phi s dng
cc qu di c trng lng nng hn (trng lng qu di c th ti 10
kg hoc nng hn). hn ch nh hng do dao ng ca qu di c
th th qu di vo mt thng du pha di. Trong trng hp s
dng dy di, thng ng ca cu kin cng trnh c nh gi
thng qua chnh lch khong cch t dy di ti cc im o trn b
mt ca cu kin H 5.1a

H.5.1 Kim tra thng ng ca cc ngi nh

b. Kim tra bng my ton c in t
Hin nay trn th trng xut hin cc loi my c ch o khng
cn gng. Vi cc loi my ny vic kim tra thng ng ca cc
ct, cc bc tng, cc to nh cao tng v cc sil, ng khi tr nn
cc k n gin.
i vi cc ct vung, cc to nh cao tng ch cn t my v o
khong cch ngang n cc im cc tng khc nhau (H 5.1b) chng
ta s xc nh ngay c nghing thng qua chnh lch khong cch
ngang ca cc tng so vi khong cch o tng 1.
hiu nguyn l xc nh nghing ca cc sil v ng khi
bng cc my ton c in t chng ta hy tng tng l sil hoc
ng khi c ct bng cc mt phng nm ngang cch u nhau 2m,
15

5m hoc 10m (H.5.2a). Nu chiu cc giao tuyn ny xung mt mt

phng ngang bt k th chng ta s c cc ng trn ging nh cc
ng ng mc trn bn a hnh. Nu sil thng ng th cc
ng trn s trng kht ln nhau, ngc li nu sil khng thng th cc
vng trn s khng trng kht nhau tc l tm ca chng s lch nhau.
i vi ng khi c hnh cn th hnh chiu ca giao tuyn ln mt phng
s l cc ng trn ng tm nu nh ng khi thng ng v lch
tm nu nh n b nghing. Theo lch tm ca cc ng trn trn
cc cao khc nhau so vi vng trn di mt t chng ta s nh
gi c lch ca sil hoc ng khi.
Nh vy, nh gi c nghing ca cc cng trnh c dng
hnh tr hoc hnh cn ch cn xc nh to tm ca cc vng trn
cc cao khc nhau.
H.5.2b minh ho phng php s dng my ton c in t loi
c ch o khng cn gng xc nh lch ca cng trnh dng
hnh tr hoc hnh cn (sil, ng khi). Vic xc nh nghing c
thc hin qua cc bc sau:
- Thit lp mt h thng cc im c to (to gi nh) bng
mt ng chuyn khp kn xung quanh sil v xc nh to v
cao ca chng.
- Ln lt t my ti cc im ca ng chuyn, chia sil hoc
ng khi thnh cc tht cch u nhau (2, 5 hoc 10m tu theo yu cu
chnh xc) v xc nh to ca cc im nm trn tht.
Trn mi tht, s im o ti thiu xc nh to tm v bn
knh l 3 im. Nu ch c 3 im ta s xc nh c to tm v bn
knh theo phng php hnh hc thun tu da vo phng trnh ca
ng trn trong hnh hc vi phn ho phng php th v tm ca
ng trn ngoi tip mt tam gic l giao im ca ba ng trung
tuyn ca 3 cnh ca tam gic. T to ca tm v to ca mt
trong 3 nh tam gic c th d dng tnh c bn knh ca ng trn.

H.5.2 S dng my ton c in t kim tra nghing

16

Nu s im o trn mi tht ln hn 3 th c th s dng phng

php s bnh phng nh nht xc nh to tm v bn knh ca
ng trn.
Nu s im o trn mi tht ln hn 3 th c th s dng phng
php s bnh phng nh nht xc nh to tm v bn knh da
vo phng trnh ca ng trn nh sau:
X i )2

Yi ) 2

(6)
Do cc kt qu o c sai s o v sai s trong thi cng xy dng
sil hoc ng khi nn khng th c mt ng trn ngoi tip hon
ho cha tt c cc im o m ch c th xc nh c mt ng
trn gn ngoi tip c bn knh R tho mn iu kin [vv] = min trong :
R

(Xc

Ri

(Yc

R
2

Ri = ( X c yi ) 2 (Yc yi )
(7)
Trong cc cng thc 1, 2 v 3
R: Gi tr chnh xc ca bn knh vng trn ngoi tip
Ri: Gi tr bn knh ca ng trn gn ngoi tip
Xi, Yi: To chnh xc ca im o (c th xc nh c )
xi, yi: Gi tr to ca cc im o thc t
Thay (3) v (1) vo (2) ta c:
Vi = ( X c xi ) 2 (Yc y i ) 2 R
(8)
Nu k hiu to gn ng ca tm vng trn l Xoc v Yoc vi s
hiu
chnh tng ng l dx v dy ta c quan h sau:
Xc = Xoc + dx
Yc = Yoc + dy
(9)
Thay (5) vo (4) v a phng trnh v dng tuyn tnh bng cch khai
trin chui Taylor gii hn thnh phn bc nht ta c:
Gi s n im o trn
mt tht to thnh mt
a gic ni tip trong
mt -ng trn c tm l
Xc, Yc v bn knh R.
Vi gi thit nh- trn ta
ca cc im o s
tho mn ph-ng trnh
sau
H.5.3 Kim tra nghing ca cc hng mc hnh tr trn

17

Vi = - R + cos idx + sin idy + ( X o c xi ) 2 (Y o c Yi ) 2

(10)
K hiu s hng t do ca phng trnh v dng tuyn tnh bng cch
khai trin chui Taylor gii hn thnh phn bc nht ta c:
R =

(X oc

xi ) 2

(Y o c

yi ) 2

(11)

ta c th vit c phng trnh s hiu chnh di dng:

V = AX + L
(12)
trong

A=

cos

sin

cos

sin

cos

sin

(13)

X = dx

(14)

dy

v L =

(15)

y A gi l ma trn h s phng trnh s hiu chnh c kch thc n

x 3 (n hng v 3 ct)

Arctg

yi Ycn
xi X cn

(11)

X Vc t n s (c 3 phn t)
L Vc t s hng t do (c n phn t)
H phng trnh (8) gm n phng trnh vi 3 n s v vy s c v s
nghim. Theo nguyn l s bnh phng nh nht, nghim tt nht ca
h phng trnh ny l nghim tho mn iu kin [vv] = min. xc
nh nghim ny th t h phng trnh s hiu chnh cn lp h phng
trnh chun nh sau:
AT. A.X + AT L = 0
(12)
Gii h phng trnh ny ta xc nh c c 3 n s R, dx v dy.
To tm ca tht c xc nh nh sau:
Xc = Xoc + dx
(13)
18

Yc = Yoc + dy
Nu to tm ca cc tht u ging nhau c ngha l sil hoc ng
khi khng b nghing. Nu to tm ca cc tht khc nhau ngha l
i tng quan trc b nghing.
ln ca vect nghing ca tht th i c tnh theo cng thc:
ei = ( X i c X 1c ) 2 ( y i c Y 1c )

(14)

trong :
Xic, Yic to tm ca tht th i
X1c, Y1c to tm ca tht th 1
Hng ca vect e c tnh nh sau:
artang

i=

Y ic

Y 1c

X ic

X 1c

(15)

Gc nghing ca tht th i c tnh theo cng thc

i

ei
hi

(16)

Trong hi l cao ca tht th i.

Nu xung quanh hng mc cn kim tra c mt khng gian rng
thao tc, mt khong trng t my cch xa hng mc cn kim
tra mt khong bng chiu cao (hoc tt nht bng 1.5 ln chiu cao) th
c th s dng cc my kinh v thng thng c chnh xc cp giy
xc nh nghing.
Hnh 5.4 l s o nghing bng cc my kinh v thng
thng. Phng php thc hin nh sau:
Chn hai im t my I v
II sao cho gc IOII xp x l
gc vung.
t my ti I, o s b
khong cch t I ti chn
hng mc cn kim tra bng
th-c thp. Chia i t-ng
cn kim tra thnh cc tht
cch u nhau v tnh gi tr
gc nghing t-ng ng vi
cc tht chia.

SI

SII

II
H.5.4 o nghing bng my kinh v thng th-ng

t my ti I, cn bng my cn thn v ln lt t cc s c
trn bn ng bng cc gi tr tnh c cho cc tht, ngm cnh
pha tri v pha phi ca cng trnh cn kim tra ta c 2 tr s (Ti v
(Pi. Tr trung bnh (i c tnh theo cng thca;
19

1
2

T
i

(17)

P
i

Tng t nh vy, t my tiim II ngm cc cnh ta c cc

tr o (Ti v (Pi, tr trung bnh s c tnh theo cng thc
i

1
2

eIj

T
i

P
i

) SI

(18)
R

lch tm ca tht th i theo hng II-O c xc nh theo

cng thc:
eiI = ( i - o) (SII + R)
(19)
Vc t lch c xc nh theo cng thc:
ei = (e i I ) 2 (e i II ) 2
(20)
Hng ca vec t c xc nh theo cng thc:
= Arctg

ei I
e

(21)

II

5. Kim tra dc ca cc cu kin cc hng mc .

Mt s hng mc cng trnh phi tun theo mt dc nht nh v
d l nung clinker trong cc nh my xi mng l quay, cc ng ng t
chyYu cu chnh xc kim tra dc ca cc hng mc thng
c cho trong cc ti liu thit k.
kim tra dc cn thit phi o khong cch v chnh cao
gia 2 im cn kim tra dc i (tnh bng %) c xc nh theo
cng thc:
i=

h
100%
D

(22)

Trong : h l chnh cao gia hai im kim tra

D khong cch ni 2 im kim tra
Vi cc gi tr D v h o c c th xc nh c dc thit
k. Nu sai lch khng vt qu dung sai cho php th t yu cu.
Vic o chnh cao gia hai im nn thc hin bng my thy
bnh. Khong cch gia hai im nn o bng my ton c in t.
6. Kim tra song song ca cc cu kin
6.1. Cc hng mc cn kim tra:
Cc hng mc cn kim tra c th l:
- Cc dy bu lng ca cc cu kin thp i vi cc nh cng
nghip.
- ng ray ca cu trc trong cc phn xng v cc hng mc
khc.
6.2. Phng php kim tra
a. Kim tra bng cc thit b thng thng

20

Vi cc thit b thng thng nh my kinh v v thc thp th

song song ca cc cu kin c th c kim tra bng cch o khong
cch gia hai cu kin song song vi nhau. Nu khong cch ti cc
im kim tra bng nhau ngha l 2 cu kin song song vi nhau.
Phng php ny n gin nhng ch p dng c trong iu
kin 2 cu kin cn kim tra nm trn mt t c th t my kinh v v
i li thao tc o mt cch d dng.
b. Kim tra bng my ton c in t.
Nu c my ton c in t th c th kim tra song song ca
hai cu kin bng nhiu cch nh kim tra bng to , kim tra bng
o khong cch nhng hu ht cc my u c ci t sn mt chng
trnh chuyn dng cho vic ny, chng trnh c tn l Reference Line.
Thc hin chng trnh nh sau:
Si

B
di

H.5.5 Kim tra song song ca cc chi tit

t my ton c in t ti mt im bt k, khi ng chng trnh

Refrence Line v ngm ln lt ln 2 im A v B (A v B chnh l
ng quy chiu) tip theo ln lt ngm my ti cc im kim tra 1,
2,..i,n my ton c in t thng bo trn mn hnh 2 i lng: Si v
di trong Si l khong cch t im A ti chn ng vung gc h t
im i xung hng quy chiu, di l khong cch t im i ti hng
quy chiu.
VI. O V HON CNG, V THIT LP BN V HON CNG

1. Cc khi nim c bn
1.1 o v hon cng
L vic xc nh v tr kch thc cc i tng xy dng hon
thnh trn c s h to cao dng cho thi cng.
o hon cng gm cc loi sau
- o v hon cng cc b my v cc chi tit my lp t xong
- o v hon cng san nn, no vt, hon cng phn mng
- o v hon cng tng hng mc hoc tng b phn cng trnh
1.2 Thit lp bn v hon cng

21

L x l tng hp cc thng tin nhn c trong qu trnh o v

hon cng mc 1.1 thit lp mt bn v chnh thc ng tiu
chun, trn th hin y v tr v kch thc ca cc i tng
xy dng trong h to v cao thi cng v cc sai lch ca chng
so vi thit k
Tu theo quy m cng trnh, tu theo tnh phc tp ca cng trnh
ngi ta c th chia ra cc bn v hon cng sau:
- Bn v hon cng tng hng mc cng trnh.
- Bn v hon cng lp t my thit b.
- Bn hon cng tng th cng trnh.
V nguyn tc o v hon cng phi thc hin ngay sau khi kt
thc tng loi cng vic (mng, tng ngm, tng tng nh, tng loi
cng rnh k thut h tng).
Kt qu cng tc o v hon cng kp thi tng loi cng vic,
tng phn cng trnh kt hp vi kt qu quan trc theo di ln gip cho
nh thit k chnh l kp thi cc khim khuyt hay sai st thit k, gip
cho ngi xy lp rt kinh nghim v sa cha kp thi cc khim
khuyt xy lp trnh c thit hi v kinh t do do thi cng khng ng
gy nn.
Bn hon cng tng th l c s nghim thu a cng trnh
vo s dng. Ngoi ra n cn l ti liu rt quan trng phc v cho vic
thit k ci to m rng v nng cp cng trnh v cui cng l thit
k phng n bo v cng trnh.
2. Phng php o hon cng
o v mt bng c th p dng cc phng php sau: to
vung gc, to cc, giao hi gc hoc phng php ton c. Ngy
nay vi s xut hin ca cc my ton c in t th vic o v hon
cng bng phng php ton c l thun tin hn c
3. Ni dung o v hon cng v cc im cn lu .
3.1 H thng cng trnh k thut h tng di mt t gm:
- V tr cc im ngot.
- Tm cc ging
- im giao nhau ca cc cng trnh k thut h tng ngm.
- ng knh ng dn.
- Khong cch v chnh cao gia cc ging
- Ni dn ca tng loi h thng cng trnh k thut h tng vo
cng trnh.
- cao ca y, np h mng, mng rnh, np ging, nh ng
dn.
3.2 H thng cng trnh k thut h tng trn khng gm:
- V tr cc ct
- Khong cch gia tm cc ct
- cao ca cc dm x ngang
22

- Khong cch dy dn n cc cng trnh gn

- vng ca dy
3.3 o v hon cng san nn gm:
- Cc mc to v cao dng o c iu khin san nn
- o v mt t san nn t l 1:200; 1:500; 1:1000 tu theo din
tch (km theo bn gc i chng).
3.4 o v hon cng no vt gm:
- Cc mc to v cao (h to cao no) dng o c
iu khin no vt.
- o v mt y no vt theo t l 1/500
3.5 o v mng gm:
- Xc nh v tr ca tng phn t, cc kch thc ca cc khi,
cc l ca, cc ging ng.
- Cao mt mng.
- Ring i vi nh cn o ni cc gc mng nh n cc im
khng ch trc a xc nh to chung, o v kch thc chu vi
tng ngm, o v cc ch nh ra tht vo.
3.6 o v cng trnh dng trn
- Xc nh tm y.
- Xc nh lch tm nh v y
- Xc nh bn knh y, nh v cc ch c trng
3.7. o v ng giao thng
- o v cc nh gc ngot
- o v ng cong
- o v cc im giao nhau
- o v vng tip cn
- o v tm ghi ng st
- o v cao mt ng hon thnh vi li vung cao
10m
- o v cao va h ch giao nhau, ch thay i dc ca mt
ng.
- o v ch nh ra, lm vo trn va h.
- o v lng ng, y rnh, knh thot
- o v ging v ca thot nc ma
- o v cu cng trn on ng va hon thnh
VII. QUAN TRC LN V CHUYN DCH NGANG CNG TRNH

1. Khi nim c bn v chuyn dch cng trnh v cc nghuyn

nhn gy ra chuyn dch cng trnh
1.1 Phn loi chuyn dch cng trnh
S chuyn dch ca cng trnh c hiu l s thay i v tr
nguyn thu ca n trong khng gian di s tc ng ca cc yu t t

23

nhin, ca ti trng, ca cc hot ng khc. C th phn loi chuyn

dch cng trnh thnh hai loi chnh sau y:
- Chuyn dch theo phng thng ng (s tri hoc ln ca
cng trnh )
- Chuyn dch theo phng nm ngang
Tng hp ca hai loi chuyn dc ny ca cng trnh nht l khi n xy
rao khng ng u to nn cc bin dng nguy him c cng trnh nh
cong, nghing, vn xon, vt nt vv. Nu i lng bin dng ln s
dn n cc s c cng trnh.
1.2 Cc nguyn nhn gy ra chuyn dch v bin dng cng trnh
C hai loi nguyn nhn ch yu dn n chuyn dch bin dng cng
trnh
- Do cc yu t t nhin
- Do cc yu t nhn to
Nguyn nhn do cc yu t t nhin bao gm
- S co dn ca cc lp t di nn mng cng trnh
- S thay i ca nhit , m, mc nc ngm vv
- nh hng ca cc hn tng a cht cng trnh, a cht
thu vn, ca cc hot ng kin to ca v tri t
Nguyn nhn do cc yu t nhn to bao gm
- nh hng ca trong lng bn thn cng trnh
- Cc sai st trong qu trnh kho st a cht cng trnh
- S thay i cc tnh cht c l ca t do qui hoch cp
thot nc, do thi cng h thng cng trnh ngm
- S rung ng ca nn mng do hot ng ca cc thit b trong
thi gian thi cng xy dng cng nh trong giai on khai thc
vn hnh cng trnh
- S thay i p lc ln nn mng cng nh iu kin a cht
thu vn do vic thi cng xy dng cc cng trnh ln cn.
2. Cc tham s c trng cho chuyn dch cng trnh
2.1 Cc tham s c trng cho chuyn dch thng ng ( ln)
- ln tuyt i l khong cch theo phng thng ng t
mt phng nguyn thu ca nn mng n mt phng ca n
thi im quan trc
- ln tng i gia hai thi im t1 v t2 l khong cch
theo phng thng ng t mt phng ca nn mng ti cc
thi im ni trn
- ln trung bnh l gi tr trung bnh ca ln trn ton b
mt bng ca nn mng. ln trung bnh ca cng trnh
thng c xc nh mt cch gn ng sau bng tng ln
ca cc mc chia cho s mc c quan trc
stb

1
n

si

(23)

i 1

24

Trong

si- ln ca mc th i (i=1, 2, n)
n S mc quan trc
- Tc ln ca cng trnh l t s gia ln v thi khong
thi gian quan trc (tnh bng tng hoc nm)
- ln lch gia hai im l chnh lch ln ca hai im
ang xt ti cng mt thi im
2.2 Cc tham s c trng cho chuyn dch ngang
i vi chuyn dch ngang chng ta cng c th a ra cc tham s
chuyn dch theo hng dc (t) v ngang (u) ca cng trnh. Gi tr
tng i, tuyt i v tc chuyn dch c xc nh tng t nh
chuyn dch thng ng.
3. Yu cu chnh xc v chu k quan trc
3.1 i vi quan trc ln
chnh xc o ln cng trnh c qui nh c th i vi tng
loi cng trnh trong TCXDVN 271:2002.
Vic o ln c tin hnh lp i lp li nhiu ln gi l chu k o.
C th phn chia qu trnh o ln thnh 3 giai on trong cc chu k
o c la chn nh sau:
a. Giai on thi cng
Chu k quan trc u tin c tin hnh o sau khi xy dng
xong phn mng cng trnh
Cc chu k tip theo c thc hin tu theo tin xy dng.
Thong thng chng c thc hin sau khi cng trnh t c
25%, 50% v 100% ti trng. i vi cc cng trnh quan trong xy dng
trn khu vc c iu kin a cht phc tp c th tng chu k o trong
qu trnh thi cng xy dng.
b. Giai o u khi a cng trnh vo khai tc s dng
Trong giai on ny cc chu k quan trc c n nh tu thuc vo tc
ln ca cng trnh. Tc ln cng ln th s chu k o phi n nh
cng dy, ngc li tc ln cng nh th s chu k o n nh cng
tha. Trong thng trong giai on ny chu k o dao ng trong
khong 1-6 thng.
c. Giai on cng trnh i vo n nh
Chu k o trong giai on ny c th n nh t 6 thng n 1 nm
Vc quan trc s kt thc khi tc ln ca cng trnh nh hn
2mm/nm
3.2 i vi quan trc dch chuyn ngang
Yu cu chnh xc quan trc dch chuyn ngang cng tu thuc vo
tnh cht ca cng trnh v nn mng ca chng. Sai s gii hn khi
quan trc dch chuyn ngang c qui nh nh trong bng sau
Bng VIII.1 Sai s gii hn quan trc chuyn dch ngang cng trnh

25

Th
t
1
2
3
4

Loi nn mng cng trnh

Sai s gii
hn
Cng trnh xy dng trn nn gc
1 mm
Cng trnh xy dng trn nn t st, t ct
3 mm
Cng trnh xy dng trn nn t chi p
5 mm
lc cao
Cng trnh xy dng trn nn t p, t
10 mm
snh ly

Cc chu k quan trc

a. Trong giai on thi cng xy dng cng trnh
Chu k quan trc u tin c thc hin ngay sau khi xy dng
xong phn mng trc khi c p lc ngang tc ng vo cng trnh.
Cc chu k tip theo c n nh tu theo mc tng hoc
gim p lc ngang ln cng trnh
b. Trong giai on u vn hnh cng trnh
Thc hin hai chu k quan trc trong nhng iu kin khc bit nht
Khi tc chuyn dch < 2mm/nm c th ngng quan trc
4. Phng php quan trc
4.1 Quan trc ln
C nhiu phng php quan trc ln nhng hin nay c hai
phng php ch yu c p dng l phng php thu chun
hnh hc v phng php thu chun thu tnh. Phng php thu
chun hnh hc c p dng rng ri nht do n c nhiu u im nh
cho php o nhanh, tin cy cao. Phng php thu chun thu tnh
ch p dng trong cc trng hp c bit nh khng gian thao tc cht
hp khng th t my v mia c.
4.2 Quan trc dch chuyn ngang
Hin nay ngi ta s dng cc phng php sau y quan trc dch
chuyn ngang
- Phng php hng chun
- Phng php to
Phng php hng chun quan trc dch chuyn ngang kh tin
li nhng n ch p dng c cho cc cng trnh c dng thng. Ngy
nay, vi s tr gip ca cng ngh GPS v cc my ton c in t
phng php to ang ngy cng c s dng rng ri.
5. Qui trnh quan trc chuyn dch v bin dng
Vic quan trc chuyn dch (ln hoc chuyn dch ngang) ca cng trnh
c thc hin theo qui trnh sau y
a. Lp phng n k thut
Trong phng n k thut cn nu r cc c im nn mng v kin
trc ca cng trnh, cc iu kin a cht cng trnh v a cht thu vn
trong khu vc xy dng trn c s phn tch cc c im trn c
26

phng n b tric cc mc chun v cc mc quan trc (mc o ln

hoc cc mc quan trc dch chuyn ngang), n nh phng php v
chnh xc o, chn chu k o cng nh cc my mc , thit b o c.
b. B tr mc chun
Cc mc chun c vai tr quan trng quyt nh n chnh xc ca
kt qu qua trc chuyn dc ca cng trnh. Cc mc chun phi c
thit k ph hp v phi c t ti cc v tr n nh lu di.
c. B tr cc mc quan trc
Cc mc quan trc (mc o ln hoc mc quan trc dch chuyn
ngang) c b tr ti cc v tr nhy cm ca cng trnh vi s lng
thc hp c th nh gi c mt cch y , cj trng nht cho
dch chuyn ca n.
d. T chc thc hin o c i lng chuyn dch theo phng php
chn
Vic t chc o c c tin hnh theo ng cng c
ph duyt trong phng n k thut
e. X l s liu, ng gi v giao np h s
Sau khi tin hnh o c cn khn trng x l s liu v giao np
cho ch u t cng trnh
VIII mt s my mc trc achuyn dng trong xy dng

1 Cc my o gc

Cc my o gc c gi l c my kinh v (Theo dolite) c

dng o gc ngang v gc ng trong li khng ch v trong qu
trnh thi cng xy dng cng trnh ni chung v NCT ni ring y l mt
trong nhng loi thit b quan trng khng th thiu v chnh xc ca
n nh hng rt ln n chnh xc xy dng cng trnh.
1.1 Phn loi cc my kinh v
1.1.1 Phn loi cc my kinh v theo cu to v cch c s theo
c tnh ny c th chia my kinh v thnh 3 loi:
a. My kinh v c hc: Cu to bn bng kim loi vch khc
c chia trc tip trn bn v c s bng knh lp. y l loi my
c hin nay khng c sn xut v qu lc hu.
b. My kinh v quang hc: Bn ca my c ch to bng thu
tinh, c thit b c s trc tip gn trong my. y l cc loi my kinh
v hin i hin nay ang c s dng rng ri. Nhc im ca loi
my ny l ngi s dng my phi trc tip c s nn khng c iu
kin truyn s liu trc tip t my kinh v ra cc thit b khc v khng
c kh nng t ng ho qu trnh o.
c. My kinh v s (Digital Theodolite). y l loi my kinh v hin
i nht mi xut hin trong nhng nm gn y. u im ca loi my
ny l xut kt qu ra mn hnh tinh th lng nn vic c s rt d

27

dng. N goi ra, my cn c th kt ni vi cc thit b khc. Phn ln

thao tc o c thc hin t ng.
1.1.2 Phn loi my kinh v theo n v o gc
Theo n v o gc c th phn my kinh v thnh 3 loi sau:
a. Loi s dng n v - Pht - giy
y l loi my c s dng ph bin nc ta i vi loi my
ny, mt vng trn (bn ngang hoc bn ng) c chia thnh
3600. Mi chia thnh 60' v mi pht chia thnh 60''.
b. Loi my kinh v s dng n v grad (gon)
i vi my loi ny mt vng trn (bn ngang) theo mi grad
chia thnh 10 xi grad, 1 xi grad c chia thnh 10 xng ti grad
vv.H grad rt tin dng trong vic lp trnh trn my tnh nhng
nc ta, do thi quen nn cc my h grad khng c a dng nhng
rt ph bin chu u.
c. Loi my kinh v s dng n v li gic (mil)
Mt vng trn trong my ny c chia thnh 6400 li gic. Loai
my ny hay c dng M, nc ta loi my ny rt him.
1.1.3 Phn loi my kinh v theo chnh xc
chnh xc ca my kinh v l tham s quan trng nht ca my.
chnh xc ca my kinh v c hiu l sai s trung phng o gc
(gc ngang hay gc ng) khi thc hin mt vng o hon chnh. Theo
chnh xc ca my c th phn cc my kinh v thnh 3 loi:
a. My kinh v chnh xc cao l my c chnh xc o gc nh
hn 2"
b. My kinh v chnh xc: L my kinh v c chnh xc o gc t
3-5"
c. My kinh v chnh xc trung bnh: Sai s trung phng o gc >
5"
Hnh 8.1 .l mt s my kinh v ca cc hng ni ting trn th
gii.

28

H.8.1 My kinh v c hc v my kinh v in t ca hng NIKON, Nht Bn

2. Thit b o chiu di
2.1 Thc thp
Thc thp l loi thit b o chiu di kh tin li, r tin v cho
chnh xc rt tt trong thi cng xy dng nh cao tng. c im ca
o chiu di trong xy dng nh cao tng l ch cn o cc khong cch
tng i ngn (khong cch gia cc trc ca NCT nm trong khong
t 5(20m), vi iu kin o c trn cc sn b tng kh bng phng.
y l iu kin l tng thc hin vic o khong cch bng thc
thp.
Hin nay trn th trng c bn nhiu loi thc vi gi t
250.000VN n 1.500.000 tu theo cht lng v chiu di ca
thc. xut hin cc loi thc bng si thu tinh - carbon c bn
cao v h s gin n nhit thp.
Khi s dng thc thp cn ko thc vi lc cng n nh v
phi nh k kim tra thc pht hin cc sai s h thng ca n v
loi tr sai s ny ra khi cc kt qu o.
2.2 Cc my o xa nh sng

29

Ngay t thp k 60 xut hin cc my o khong cch bng

sng nh sng nhng cc my ny thng cng knh nn t c s
dng trong thi cng xy dng cng trnh. T nhng nm 90 xut hin
cc my o xa c nh c th lp gn trn cc my kinh v in t o gc
nn chng dn dn c ng dng

H.8.2 Cc my o xa nh sng c nh lp trn my kinh v in t s

trong thi cng xy dng cng trnh. H.8.2 l mt s my o xa c lp

trn my kinh v in t ca Nht Bn.
Xu hng hin nay l ngi ta khng sn xut cc my o xa
ring m lp chung my o xa vo trong my kinh v to thnh mt loi
my a chc nng rt mnh gi l my Ton c in t m chng ta s
ni ti phn sau
Trong nhng nm gn y xut hin loi my o khong cch c
nh bng LASER cho php o khong cch ny dng kim tra
nghim thu cng trnh rt nhanh chng v thun tin.
3. Cc my ton c in t
My ton c in t l t hp ca 3 modul chnh l: My kinh
v in t s DT (Digital Theodolite), my o xa in t EDM (Electronic
Distance Meter) v CPU nh hnh 8.3
EDM
CPU
DT
H.8.3 S khi tng qut ca my ton c in t

30

Cc my ton c in t thc s l mt cng c mnh trn cng trnh

xy dng, ngoi vic o cnh o gc thng thng my cn cho php
thc hin cc chc nng khc mt cch nhanh chng chnh xc nh xc
nh to khng gian 3 chiu ca cc im, b tr im thit k ra thc
a, xc nh din tch ca cc tha kn v rt nhiu chng trnh tin
ch khc. c bit l gn y xut hin cc my ton c in t c
ch o trc tip bng LASER khng cn gng. Cc my ny bit
tin li trong vc xy dng cc cng trnh cao. Hnh 8.4 l mt s my
ton c in t thng dng hin nay

H.8.4 My ton c in t NIKON DTM-750 ca Nht Bn v LEICA TCR-303

ca Thu S

4. Cc my o cao
4.1. Nguyn tc o cao
C hai nguyn tc o cao chnh hin nay ang c s dng
l: o cao hnh hc v o cao lng gic.
4.1.1 o cao hnh hc
Nguyn l c bn ca o cao hnh hc l xc nh chnh cao gia
hai im bng mt tia ngm nm ngang nh hnh:

A
H.II.3 Nguyn l o cao hnh hc

31

Gi s c hai im A v B trong bit cao ca im A l HA

cn xc nh cao im B (HB).
Gi s t cc im A v B ta dng hai mt phng hon ton nm
ngang (v d nh mt nc) gi l mt thu chun i qua cc im ni
trn, khong cch gia hai mt phng gi l chnh cao ca im B
so vi im A.
Ti mt im bt k nm gia A v B chng ta dng mt mt thu
chun th 3 v ti cc im A v B t 2 mia vung gc vi mt nm
ngang. Gi s mt thu chun th 3 ct mia ti A v tr a v mia v tr
B ti b (a v b chnh l s c trn cc mia ti A v B).
T hnh v ta s c biu thc sau:
a=b+ h
(24)
hay
h=a-b
Nh vy chnh cao ca im B so vi im A chnh l hiu s c
ti mia A v mia B.
Trong thc t, cc mt phng ngang i qua A v B (mt thu
chun qua A v B) ch l 2 mt tng tng v chng ta khng cn phi
dng n. xc nh c chnh cao gia hai im A v B ch cn
dng mt mt phng i qua im trung gian gia A v B. Mt phng ny
d dng dng c nh mt my thu bnh m b phn quan trng nht
ca n l mt ng thu nm ngang v mu cht ca vic o thu chun
(o cao) l a tia ngm vo v tr nm ngang.

S
B

i
A
H.8.5 Nguyn l o cao l-ng gic

4.1.2 o cao lng gic

o cao lng gic l vic xc nh chnh cao gia hai im bng
cch o gc nghing (gc ng) v cc cng thc lng gic quen
thuc.
H.II.4 gii thch nguyn l ca o cao lng gic.
32

Gi s my c t ti im A v ti B ngi ta t mt tiu
ngm c chiu cao l l. Gi s gc hp bi gia ng thng ng v
tia ngm t my ti tiu ngm l Z (gc thin nh).
T hnh II.4 ta c th vit ng thc
h +l = ScosZ + i
(24)
Trong i l chiu cao t my
hay h = S.cosZ + i - l
(25)
Nh vy xc nh c chnh cao theo nguyn l o cao lng
gic, ngoi gc thin nh Z cn cn phi o c khong cch nghing gia
hai im A v B iu gii thch ti sao phng php ny ch c th
c s dng i vi cc my ton c in t v cc my ny cho php
o gc Z v o c khong cch gia hai im.
Phng php thu chun hnh hc c chnh xc rt cao v rt
d thc hin nhng n c nhc im l mi mt trm o n ch xc
nh c mt gi tr chnh cao hn ch (v l thuyt chnh cao ti a
n c th xc nh c bng chiu di ca mia) thc t ngi ta cng
ch xc nh chnh cao mt trm khong 2-2.5m. V vy s dng
phng php ny trong xy dng nh cao tng cng c nhng kh khn
nht nh nhng khng v th m khng s dng phng php ny m
phi tm cc bin php khc phc nhng kh khn trn.
Phng php thu chun lng gic nhn b ngoi th c th rt
thch hp cho vic s dng chuyn cao ln nh cao tng. Tuy
nhin khi s dng phng php ny phi ht sc thn trng v chnh
xc ca phng php ny khng c cao lm.
4.2 Cc loi my o cao thng dng hin nay
4.2.1 My thu chun thng thng
Cc my thu chun khng t ng cn bng l cc my m khi
s dng ngi vn hnh my phi iu chnh tia ngm v v tr nm
ngang bng cch vn c chnh a bt nc v v tr cn bng.
- u im ca loi my ny l cho kt qu n nh c tin cy
cao.
- Nhc im l thi gian thao tc lu, i khi xy ra trng hp
qun (i vi cc cn b cn t kinh nghim).
4.2.2 My thu bnh t ng
y l loi my thu bnh m tia ngm ca n c t ng iu
chnh vo v tr nm ngang nh mt con lc (c hc hoc con lc t
tnh).
- u im ca loi my ny l thi gian thao tc nhanh.
- Nhc im: C cu con lc c th b hng m khng c du
hiu g cnh bo cho ngi s dng phng v vy khi s dng
loi my ny phi ht sc thn trng.
4.2.3 My o thu chun lng gic
33

Khng c loi my ring, bt k my kinh v c hc, kinh v in t

hoc ton c in t no c th o c gc ng u c th s dng
c xc nh cao theo nguyn l o cao lng gic.
- u im: Rt linh hot, nhanh chng, c th cho php o cc
chnh cao ln.
- Nhc im: chnh xc khng cao lm, t c chnh
xc tng ng hng IV hoc tiu chun k thut cn phi c kinh
nghim v chng trnh o c bit.
HII.4 l mt s my thu chun t ng cn bng NA-724 ca
Thu S thng c dng trn cc cng trnh xy dng nh cao tng.

H.8.6a My thu chun t ng cn bng NA-724 v NAK-2, Thu S

4 mt s my mc khc dng trong xy dng

4.I My chiu ng ZL
My chiu ng ZL l loi my chuyn dng to ra tia ngm
thng ng (ging nh mt dy di) chiu t di ln trn. Cc my
ny c s dng chuyn to t tng lp rp c s ln cc tng
trn. Hin nay trn th trng c mt s loi my nh PZL (c) ZL v
NZL ca LEICA (Thu S) trong NZL c th chiu c hai chiu:
chiu t di ln trn hoc chiu t trn xung di.
H.8.6 l my chiu ng PZL ca c cho php chiu cc im
ln cao 100 m vi sai sai s 1mm.

34

H.8.6 My chiu ng PZL-100

4.2 H thng nh v GPS

H thng nh v GPS (Global Positionming System) l h thng
nh v ton cu bng cch thu tn hiu t cc v tinh bay tr cc qu
o n nh v c to chnh xc. Hin nay nc ta ang s dng
h thng GPS ca M. Ngoi M ra Nga cng c h thng nh v ring
gi l GLONAS. T 2006 tr i, Lin minh Chu u cng d kin a
vo khai thc s dng h thng nh v ton cu GALILEO bng cc v
tinh ca mnh.
Trong xy dng NCT, cc h thng nh v c th c s dng
chuyn to t di mt t ln cc tng cao m khng cn c l
nh trong phng php my chiu ng.
H 8.7 l h thng nh v GR ca hng LEICA (Thu S).

35

H.8.7 H thng nh v GP-R1 ca hng LEICA, Thu S

36