AKOLOUJIES

Sumbolismo

N = {1, 2, 3, . . .} to snolo twn fusikn arijmn.

N0 = {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .} = N {0}.
Z to snolo twn akerawn arijmn.
Q = {m
n , pou m, n Z, n 6= 0} to snolo twn rhtn
R to snolo twn pragmatikn arijmn.

arijmn.

Orismc akoloujac

Enac arqikc (diaisjhtikc) orismc thc akoloujac pragmatikn arijmn enai o exc:
Akolouja

enai

mia

peirh

sullog

pragmatikn

arijmn

me

orismnh

ditaxh.

Gia

pardeigma:

1, 12 , 31 , . . .
1, 1, 1, . . .
2, 2, 2, . . .
10, 20, 30, . . .
Parathrs te ti s ta parapnw paradegmata, gia na ekfrsoume thn apeira twn rwn
qrhsimopoiome tic treic teleec, pou den mpore na jewrhje aus thrc sumbolismc.
Gia na xepersoume aut to prblhma kai na dsoume aus thr orism thc akoloujac,
knoume qrsh thc nnoiac thc apeiknishc .

Orismc 1.

Akolouja

(pragmatikn

arijmn)

lgetai

mia

apeiknish

a : N R
H parapnw apeiknish antis toiqe se kje fusik arijm

a(n).

ton pragmatik arijm

M autn ton trpo parnoume mia peirh sullog pragmatikn arijmn me

orismnh ditaxh h opoa prorqetai ap thn ditaxh twn fusikn arijmn. Oi arijmo

a(n)

lgontai roi thc akoloujac. Gia pardeigma:

a : N R me a(n) = n1 orzei akolouja arijmn me prtouc rouc,

1
1
dhl. gia n = 1, 2, 3, . . ., touc a(1) = 1, a(2) =
2 , a(3) = 3 , . . ..
n+1 orzei akolouja arijmn me prtouc
H apeiknish a : N R me a(n) = (1)
rouc touc a(1) = 1, a(2) = 1, a(3) = 1, . . ..
H apeiknish a : N R me a(n) = 2 orzei akolouja arijmn me prtouc rouc
touc a(1) = 2, a(2) = 2, a(3) = 2, . . ..
H apeiknish a : N R me a(n) = 10n orzei akolouja arijmn me prtouc rouc
touc a(1) = 10, a(2) = 20, a(3) = 30, . . ..

H apeiknish

Sumbolismc 1.

Estw

a : N R
a(n)

mia

1.

Sumbolzoume,

gia

aplthta,

to

2.

Sumbolzoume,

gia

aplthta,

thn

me

akolouja.

an

apeiknish

a : N R

me

(an )

Epomnwc, to ants toiqo thc kfrashc

 ddetai h akolouja pou orzetai ap thn apeiknish
ja enai

a : N R

me

a(n) =

1
n

(an )

 ddetai h akolouja

me

an =

1
n

,

aplos tera
 ddetai h akolouja
Gia mi akolouja

n =genik,

( n1 )

.

(an ), oi arijmo a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . lgontai

lgetai

genikc

roc

thc

, o d

roi thc akoloujac

an ,

akoloujac

n2 ,

2
(an ) me an =
dhl. h akolouja (n ) qei prtouc
2
2
2
2
rouc touc 1 = 1, 2 = 4, 3 = 9, . . . kai genik ro ton n .
(1)n
(1)n
H akolouja (an ) me an =
n , dhl. h akolouja ( n ) qei prtouc rouc touc
(1)n
1
1 1
1 = 1, 2 , 3 , . . . kai genik ro ton
n .
H akolouja

Paradegmata:

'Orio akoloujac

To erthma pou ja mac apasqolsei enai:

to

megalnei tte o roc

an

(an )

mikranei kai plhsizei to mhdn.

fusiologik na pome ti h akolouja tenei s to mhdn.

erthma gia tic akoloujec

(an ) tan to n
an = n1 , tan

po tenei h akolouja

gnetai lo kai megaltero? Gia pardeigma, gia thn akolouja

n
)
((1)n+1 ), (10n), ( n+1

me

Epomnwc, enai

An mwc jsoume to dio

h apnthsh den enai profanc.

H duskola gkeitai s to ti to parapnw erthma den enai aus thr diatupwmno,

dhl.

den qoume dsei aus thr orism s thn nnoia tou tenei.

tai na eisgoume ton orism tou

s ta majhmatik.

orou

miac

akoloujac

Gi' aut qreize-

, orismc pou uprxe s tajmc

O trpoc pou orzetai to rio miac akoloujac enai majhmatik

aus thrc, dskola mwc efarmshmoc wc qei.

Aut enai mia sunhjismnh prak-

tik s ta majhmatik. Pollc forc oi orismo ennoin enai dskolo na efarmos ton
wc qoun.

'Omwc, me bsh touc orismoc, apodeiknoume idithtec pou enai eukol-

qrhs tec kai ousias tik s thn prxh douleoume me autc.

H angkh tou aus thro

orismo paramnei diti h jewra pou anaptssoume prpei na enai kal jemeliwmnh.
Arqzoume me mia prokatartik nnoia.

Orismc 2.
tou

aktnac

Estw

r>0

pragmatikc arijmc kai

sumbolik

Da (r)

Da (r) = {x R,
O

jetikc

arijmc

lgetai

aktna

Dhlad, me lla lgia, to snolo

pou h aps tas touc ap ton

thc

orzetai

me

jetikc pragmatikc arijmc.

na

enai

to

Geitoni

snolo

|x a| < r}.

geitonic.

Da (r)

periqei louc touc pragmatikoc arijmoc

enai mikrterh ap

r.

Oso mikranei h aktna

tso

mikrterh gnetai kai h geitoni. Shmeinoume th isodunama

|x a| < r a r < x < a + r.

Ddoume tra ton orism tou orou miac akoloujac gewmetrik.

Orismc 3

(Gewmetrikc orismc tou orou akoloujac ).

pragmatikc arijmc.

sugklnei

ston

arijm

Lme ti h akolouja

tenei

ston

(an )
c

arijm

Estw

(an )
c

qei rio ton arijm

tan

isqei

to

exc:

akolouja kai
(diaforetik:

An

doje

arijmc

mia

n0

opoiadpote

geitoni

Dc ()

tou

>0

aktnac

tte

uprqei

fusikc

(o opooc exarttai ap thn epilog thc parapnw geitonic) gi ton opoo

na

isqei

an Da (), n n0

ti

Perigrafik aut ekfrzetai wc exc: dosmnhc miac opoiasdpote geitonic tou

c (os-

odpote mikrc) tte mporome na paraleyoume kpoiouc, peperasmnouc to pljoc,

arqikoc rouc thc akoloujac s te loi oi uploipoi roi na periqontai se aut
thn geitoni. T psouc arqikoc rouc paralepoume, exarttai ap to mgejoc thc
geitonic pou ddetai. Oso mikrterh h geitoni tso perissteroi oi arqiko roi pou
paralepoume.
Lambnontac

upyh

ton

orism

mporome

na

metafrsoume

ton

parapnw

gewmetrik orism tou orou s ton ktwji algebrik.

Orismc 4

(Algebrikc orismc tou orou akoloujac ).

pragmatikc arijmc.

sugklnei

An

doje

ston

nac

exarttai

ap

arijm

Lme ti h akolouja

tenei

opoiosdpote
thn

epilog

ston

jetikc
tou

>0

gi

(an )
c

arijm

ton

tte

(an )
c

akolouja

qei rio ton arijm

tan

isqei

uprqei

opoo

Estw

na

to

ti

(diaforetik:

exc:

n0
|an c| < , n n0

fusikc

isqei

kai

arijmc

(o

opooc
.

O gewmetrikc orismc enai pio epoptikc, mwc o algebrikc enai autc me ton

n0

opoo mporome na doulyoume s thn prxh. Oti to

,

n0 = n0 ().

to paris tome me

Sumbolismc
qrhsimopoiome

2.
ton

Gia

lim (an ) = c

uprqei

5.

cR

na

lim an = c.

(an )
lim an = c

Estw
me

dhlsoume

ti

akolouja

(an )

akolouja.
.

Aplostera

Lme

thn

lim(an ) = c

(an )

rio

ton

arijm

Diaforetik lme thn

(an )

An

to akraio mroc tou

mikrteroc soc tou

lim an = c,

sugklnousa

ti

sugklnei,

apoklnousa ti apoklnei.

Ac dome tra kpoia paradegmata me ria akoloujin.

nan sumbolism.

qei

sumbolism

n
Orismc

exarttai ap thn epilog tou

Upenjumzoume prta

a R enai nac pragmatikc arijmc, sumbolzoume me [a]

a, pou orzetai wc o megalteroc akraioc arijmc pou enai
a. Dhlad,
[a] = mgis to{k Z, k a}.

[2.5] = 2, [4.97] = 4, [] = 3, [] = 4, [6] = 6, [0.25] = 0, [0.5] =

1. Shmeinoume ti [a] a < [a] + 1.
Gia pardeigma,

Pardeigma 1.

H akolouja enai h
ti ddetai

 > 0,

(an )

me

>1

efarmsoume ton algebrik orism.

tte zhtme nan fusik arijm

|
An

lim n1 = 0.
an = n1 . Ja

Dexte ti

dialgoume

n0 = n0 ()

s te na isqei

1
1
1
0| = | | = < , n n0 .
n
n
n

n0 = 1.

Tte, prgmati,

n n0 = 1

1
1 < .
n
3

qoume

Es tw

 1 tte orzoume 0 = 1 1 kai dialgoume n0 = [0 ] + 1.

n n0 qoume
1
1
1
1
= 0

< 0 = .
n
n0
[ ] + 1


An

Tte, prgmati,

Parathrs te s to parapnw pardeigma ti so mikrtero einai to

mikrterh enai h geitoni tou

c = 0, tso megatero enai to n0 , dhl.

,

dhl.

so

tso megaltero

pljoc ap touc arqikoc rouc thc akoloujac prpei na paraleyoume s te oi uploipoi na ankoun s thn dojesa geitoni.

Pardeigma 2.

Dexte ti h akolouja

(an )

me

Ja qrhsimopoisoume thn epagwg eic topon.

c.

kpoion pragmatik

an = (1)n+1

Upojtoume kat' arqc ti

c 0.

 > 0, gia pardeigma

n0 = n0 () s te na isqei

tan doje kpoioc pragmatikc

brome nan fusik arijm

apoklnei.

Es tw ti h akolouja sugklnei se
Ap ton orism, ja prpei

pre

=

1
2,

na mporome na

1
|an c| = |(1)n+1 c| <  = , n n0 .
2
Omwc aut den enai efikt, diti gia opoiondpote fusik

2n0 n0

n0 ,

tan dialxoume

ja qoume

|an c| = |(1)2n0 +1 c| = | 1 c| = 1 + c >

Omowc ftnoume se topo an to

Pardeigma

an = c.

n=

3.

Es tw

1
.
2

c 0.

pragmatikc arijmc.

Orzoume thn akolouja

(an )

me

Aut lgetai s tajer akolouja. Eukola fanetai ap ton orism ti to ri

thc enai to

c.

Prtash 1.

Estw ti h akolouja

(an )

sugklnei.

Tte to ri thc enai monadik.

lim an = c kai lim an = c0 me c 6= c0 . Upojtoume qwrc blbh

c0 c
0
thc genikthtac ti c > c. Es tw  =
2 > 0. Tte afo lim an = c uprqei n0 N
0
0
ttoio s te |an c| < , n n0 . Epshc, afo lim an = c uprqei n0 N ttoio
0
0
0
s te |an c | < , n n0 . Es tw n1 = mgis to(n0 , n0 ). Tte gi kje n n1 ja
Apdeixh.

Es tw ti

qoume

c0 c
c0 c
c0 + c
= an < c +
=
2
2
2

|an c| <  =
kai epshc

c0 c
c0 c
c0 + c
= c0
=
< an .
2
2
2

|an c0 | <  =

Oi do teleutaec sqseic odhgon se topo.

Prtash

2.

Dhlad,

(an )

an

To

rio

miac

akolouja

akoloujac

kai

N N

enai

anexrthto

orzoume

thn

twn

akolouja

prtwn

(a0n )

me

rwn

Tte

akolouja

(an )

sugklnei

ston

akolouja

(a0n )

sugklnei

thc.

a0n = aN +n

ston

(an ) sugklnei s to c, deqnoume ti h (a0n ) sugklnei s to

c. Prgmati s tw ti ddetai  > 0, zhtme n0 ttoio s te |a0n c| < , n n0 . H
(an ) sugklnei kai epomnwc gia to parapnw  uprqei na m0 ttoio s te |an c| <
, n m0 . Epilgoume n0 = mgis to(1, m0 N ). Tte n n0 N + n m0 kai
0
ra |an c| = |aN +n c| < . Analgwc gnetai kai h apdeixh tou antis trfou.

Apdeixh.

=

Es tw ti h

1
qei rio to mhdn. Prgmati, ap
bn = n+1
1
to pardeigma 1 gnwrzoume ti h akolouja (an ) me an =
n qei rio to mhdn. Ap
thn llh meria, parathrs te ti bn = an+1 . Omowc, an n0 nac opoiosdpote fusikc
1
arijmc, qoume ti lim
n+n0 = 0.
H akolouja

Pardeigma 4.

Prisma 1.
qoun

thn

dia

wc

proc

thn

sgklish.

lim an = 0 lim |an | = 0

Pragmati aut isqei diti

|an 0| = ||an | 0|.

To parapnw den isqei tan to rio thc akoloujac enai

Shmewsh 1.

(an )

mati h akolouja

(|an |)

me

An do akoloujec diafroun mnon kat touc prtouc rouc touc tte

sumperifor

Prtash 3.

Apdeixh.

(bn )

enai h akolouja

an = (1)n+1 den qei rio (enai

me |an | = 1 kai ra qei rio to 1.

me

Pardeigma 5.

lim (1)
=0
n

Otan qoume mia akolouja

diti

lim n1 = 0,

6= 0.

Prg-

apoklnousa), mwc h

bl. pardeigma 1.

(an ) tjentai do basik erwtmata:

To prto enai an

h akolouja enai sugklnousa apoklnousa. Kai to detero: s thn perptwsh pou

h akolouja

(an )

enai sugklnousa tte na breje to ri thc. Shmeinoume ti pol-

lc forc mporome ekola na apodexoume ti mia akolouja enai sugklnousa qwrc

mwc na emas te se jsh na prosdiorzoume to ri thc!!. Opwc qoume pe, me apl
efarmog tou orismo enai, en gnei, dskolo na apantsoume s ta parapnw erwtmata.

Aut mwc pou ja knoume enai na meletsoume idithtec twn sugklinousn

apoklinousn akoloujin pou ja mac bohjsoun s thn prxh na meletsoume tic

akoloujec.

Orismc 6.

M 0

ttoioc

Mia

(an )
|an | M, n N

akolouja

ste

lgetai

fragmnh

an

uprqei

pragmatikc

arijmc

Shmeinoume ti

|an | M M an M , n N .
Prtash 4.
arijmo

H akolouja

M1 , M2

ttoioi

(an )
M1 an M2 , n N

enai fragmnh an kai mnon an uprqoun pragmatiko

ste

M me M an M .
M1 = m, M2 = M . Ants trofa, an uprqoun arijmo M1 , M2 ttoioi
M1 an M2 tte dilexe M = mgis to(|M1 |, |M2 |).

Apdeixh.

An h akolouja enai fragmnh tte uprqei arijmc

Tte dilexe
s te

Jerhma 1.

An

akolouja

(an )

sugklnei

tte

enai

fragmnh.

c. Tte an dialxoume  = 1
ja uprqei fusikc n0 ttoioc s te |an c| < 1, n n0 dhlad c 1 < an <
c+1, n n0 . Dialgoume M2 = mgis to(c+1, a1 , . . . , an0 1 ) kai M1 = elqis to(c
1, a1 , . . . , an0 1 ). Tte M1 an M2 , n N .
Es tw ti h

Apdeixh.

(an )

sugklnei s ton arijm

Shmeinoume ti to ants trofo tou parapnw jewrmatoc den isqei.

Shmewsh 2.

Gia pardeigma, h akolouja

(an ) me an = (1)n+1 enai fragmnh, mwc den sugklnei,

bl. pardeigma 2.

Prisma 2.

An

akolouja

(an )

den

enai

fragmnh

tte

enai

apoklnousa.

Ddoume touc paraktw orismoc pou ja qrhsimopoisoume s thn sunqeia.

Orismc 7.
matikc

2.

1.

Mia akolouja

arijmc

Mia akolouja

M2
To

ttoioc

M1

M1

ttoioc

(an )
M1 an , n N

lgetai fragmnh ap ktw an uprqei prag-

ste

(an )
an M2 , n N

lgetai fragmnh ap pnw an uprqei pragmatikc arijmc

ste

M2 )

(ant.

s ton parapnw orism lgetai na ktw frgma (ant.

nw

frgma) thc akoloujac. Ap thn prtash 4 qoume ti mia akolouja enai fragmnh
an kai mnon n enai fragmnh ap ktw kai ap pnw.
Klenoume aut thn pargrafo me mia sqetik prtash.

(an )
M an , n m0
M lim an
lim an M

Prtash 5.
thn

Estw

mia

idithta

Tte

(ant.

(ant.

Apdeixh.

M
an M, n m0

sugklnousa

Me eic topon epagwg.

akolouja

kai

pragmatikc
gia

kpoion

arijmc
fusik

me

m0

).

lim an = c < M . Tte gia

s te |an c| < , n n0 . Epomnwc

Ac upojsoume ti

M c
2

=
> 0 uprqei nac fusikc n0 ttoioc
an < c +  = c + M2c = M2+c < M +M
= M.
2
n mgis to(n0 , m0 ) ja qoume M an < M .

Aut mwc enai topo diti tte an

Idithtec twn orwn

Es tw

(an ), (bn )

akoloujec.

(an ) kai (bn ) lgetai h akolouja (an + bn ).

thc (an ) meon (bn ) lgetai h akolouja (an bn ).
twn (an ) kai (bn ) lgetai h akolouja (an bn ).
an
thc (an ) dia thc (bn ) lgetai h akolouja (
bn ), me thn propjesh ti bn 6=
0, n N.

thc akoloujac (an ) lgetai h akolouja (

an ), me thn propjesh
ti an 0, n N.

Ajroisma

twn

Diafor

Ginmeno
Phlkon

Tetragwnik rza

an = 1, bn = n1 tte to jroism touc enai h akolouja ( n+1

n )
n1
2
2
kai h diafor thc (an ) meon (bn ) enai h akolouja (
n ). An an = n , bn = n + 1
n2
tte to phlkon thc (an ) dia thc (bn ) enai h akolouja ( 2
).
n +1

Pardeigma 6.

An

Ston parapnw orism tou phlkou akoloujac jsame ton periorism

Shmewsh 3.

bn 6= 0, n N.

an = n kai bn = (n 1)(n 5), tte me

( abnn ) den orzetai. Ap thn llh meri, to
prblhma uprqei mno s touc rouc pou antis toiqon s tic timc tou n = 1 kai 5, dhl.
`Etsi gia pardeigma, an

bsh ton parapnw orism to phlkon

prblhma uprqei mno se kpoiouc - peperasmnouc to pljoc - arqikoc rouc thc

akoloujac phlkon. 'Opwc mwc qoume de s thn prtash 2, to rio miac akoloujac
enai anexrthto twn arqikwn thc rwn kai epomnwc enai fusiologik na perilboume
s thn melth mac kai akoloujec pwc thn parapnw.
orism tou phlkou do akoloujin wc exc.

Es tw

(an ), (bn )

akoloujec kai s tw

Es tw m0 o
bn = 0. Orzoume tte to phlkon thc
(an ) dia thc (bn ) wc thn akolouja (cn ) me cn = abnn , an n > m0 kai cn = otidpote,
p.q.
cn = 1, an n = 1, . . . , m0 . Diathrome mwc ton sumbolism ( abnn ) gia na
dhlsoume to phlkon twn do akoloujin. Epomnwc, gia pardeigma, n an = n
n
kai bn = (n 1)(n 5) tte h akolouja phlko (
(n1)(n5) ), enai h akolouja (cn )
n
me cn =
(n1)(n5) , an n > 5 kai c1 = = c5 = 1. 'Otan mwc h akolouja (bn )
n
qei peirouc to pljoc rouc pou lambnoun thn tim mhdn, p.q. bn = cos
2 , tte
peperasmnoi mno to pljoc roi thc

bn

Epektenoume epomnwc ton

lambnoun thn tim mhdn.

megalteroc fusikc gia ton opoo isqei ti

h akolouja phlkon den rzetai.

To paraktw jerhma enai na ap ta kria ergalea gia thn eresh orou akoloujin.

Jerhma 2.

Isqoun

ta

(an )

Estw

kai

(bn )

sugklnousec akoloujec me

lim an = a

kai

lim bn =

paraktw:

1.

lim(an + bn ) = a + b

2.

lim(an bn ) = a b

3.

lim(an bn ) = ab

4.

An

b 6= 0

Shmewsh 4.

tte

lim( abnn ) =

a
b

Shmeinoume ti an

b 6= 0

tte h akolouja

bn

qei to pol peperas-

mno pljoc rwn me tim mhdn kai epomnwc h akolouja phlkon orzetai. Prgmati,
afo

b 6= 0,

ac upojsoume q.b.g.

ti

b > 0.

H akolouja

bn

qei rio to

 = b/2 > 0 tte uprqei kpoioc fusikc n0

|bn b| < b/2, n n0 = bn > b b/2 = b/2 > 0, n n0 .
pomnwc an dialxoume

kai e-

ttoioc s te

Prn knoume thn apdeixh thc parapnw prtashc ac dsoume kpoia porsmata
kai paradegmata.

Prisma 3.
matikc

Estw

arijmc.

(an )

Isqoun

lim(can ) = ca
lim(an c) = a c
a 6= 0
lim( a1n ) =

akolouja pou sugklnei ston pragmatik

ta

kai stw

prag-

paraktw:

An

tte

Pardeigma

Afo

lim 1 = 1

7.

kai

1
a

n+1
n+1
n . 'Eqoume n
n+1
lim n = 1 + 0 = 1.

Na breje to rio thc akoloujac

lim

1
n

= 0,

bl. pardeigma 1, tte

= 1+

1
n.

Na breje to rio thc akoloujac

Pardeigma 8.

1
1 n+1
.

Afo

1
lim 1 = 1 kai lim n+1
= 0, bl.

Pardeigma

lim

1
n

= 0,

9.

lim

10.

Na

breje

to

1
n2

= 0 0 = 0.

rio

thc

1
.
n2

akoloujac

(n+1)1
n
n+1 =
n+1
n
lim n+1
= 10 =

'Eqoume

pardeigma 4, tte

Na breje to rio thc akoloujac

bl. pardeigma 1, tte

Pardeigma

n
n+1 .

1
n2

'Eqoume

1
.
n2 1

1 1
n n.

Afo

1
n2 1

'Eqoume

=
1.

1
1
= n1
n+1 . Ap thn prtash 2 kai to prism thc, qoume ti to 1
1
1
rio twn akoloujin
n1 , n+1 enai to dio me to rio thc akoloujac n , dhlad mhdn.
1
Epomnwc, lim 2
= 0 0 = 0.
n 1
1
(n1)(n+1)

Pardeigma 11.
tou

lim

n2 +1
'Eqoume
n2 1

orou:

1
n2 1

Na breje to rio thc akoloujac

=0

lim

2
n2 1

= 1+

2
n2 1

= 0.

lim n12 = 0,

trpoc

ereshc

Ap to pardeigma 10 qoume ti
2

Sunepc,

1+
n2 + 1
=
2
n 1
1
Afo

Prtoc

lim nn2 +1
= 1 + 0 = 1.
1
2
Diairntac ton arijmht kai ton paronomas t me n , qoume

kai epomnwc

trpoc ereshc tou orou:

n2 1+2
n2 1

n2 +1
.
n2 1

parnoume ti

lim nn2 +1
=
1

1+0
10

1
n2
1
n2

Deteroc

= 1.

b = 0 s thn perptwsh tou phlkou thc parapnw prtashc tte

an
h sumperifor thc akoloujac phlkon (
bn ) wc proc to rio enai aprosdiris th. Gia
1
1
pardeigma, an an =
tte
lim abnn = 0. Ap thn llh, an an = 1 kai
kai
b
=
n
n
n2
Shmewsh 5.

bn =

(1)n
n

An to

tte h akolouja

Shmewsh 6.

( abnn )

den sugklnei.

Mporome na qrhsimopoisoume kai ton akloujo sumbolism gia na

diatupsoume tic idithtec twn akoloujin pou anafrontai s to jerhma 2:

lim(an + bn ) = lim an + lim bn ,

lim(an bn ) = lim an lim bn ,
lim(an bn ) = lim an lim bn ,
an
lim abnn = lim
lim bn .
Ja prpei mwc na qoume upyh mac ti aut h graf isqei mnon s thn perptwsh

lim an kai lim bn uprqoun - kai s thn perptwsh tou phlkou na enai
lim bn 6= 0. 'Etsi, gia pardeigma, mporome na gryoume lim n13 = lim n1 lim n12 ,

pou ta ria
to

(1)n
mwc den enai sws t na gryoume ti
n
(1)n
parathrs te ti
, bl. pardeigma 5, en to

lim

lim

=0

= lim(1)n lim n1 .
lim(1)n

Gia to teleutao
den uprqei, bl.

pardeigma 2.
Gurnme tra s thn apdeixh tou jewrmatoc 2;

0 = /2 > 0. Afo

lim an = a kai lim bn = b uprqoun n1 , n2 ttoia s te |an a| < 0 , n n1 kai
|bn b| < 0 , n n2 . Epilgoume n0 = mgis to(n1 , n2 ). Tte |(an + bn ) (a + b)| =
|(an a) + (bn b)| |an a| + |bn b| < 0 + 0 = , n n0 .
Apdeixh.

Apdeixh

Apdeixh

tou

2:

tou

1:

'Es tw ti ddetai

Anlogh me aut tou 1.

 > 0.

Jtoume

Apdeixh

tou

Afo h akolouja

3:

(an )

enai sugklnousa ja enai fragmnh, bl.

Uprqei epomnwc pragmatikc arijmc M > 0 ttoioc s te |an |



M, n N. 'Es tw tra ti ddetai  > 0. Jtoume 1 = 2(|b|+1)
> 0.
> 0 kai 2 = 2M
Afo lim an = a kai lim bn = b uprqoun n1 , n2 ttoia s te |an a| < 1 , n n1
kai |bn b| < 2 , n n2 . Epilgoume n0 = mgis to(n1 , n2 ). Tte |(an bn ) (ab)| =
|(an bn an b + an b ab| = |b(an a) + an (bn b)| |b||an a| + |an ||bn b| <


|b| 2(|b|+1)
+ M 2M
< 2 + 2 = , n n0 .
Arke na apodexoume to erthma s thn eidik perptwsh pou an = 1,
1
1
dhlad ti lim
bn = b . H apdeixh thc genikc perptwshc enai sunpeia thc eidikc
an
an
1
1
perptwshc kai thc perptwshc 3: prgmati,
bn = an bn kai epomnwc lim bn = a b =
jerhma 1.

Apdeixh tou 4:

a
b.

Gia thn apdeixh thc eidikc perptwshc qrhsimopoiome thn exc paratrhsh, h

apdeixh thc opoac sungetai ap aut pou anafrontai s thn shmewsh 4: uprqei
fusikc

n1
0

me thn idithta
n
|b|2
(diti

|b|
2 ,

>

n n1 .

'Es tw tra ti ddetai

 > 0.

 > 0
b 6= 0). Afo lim bn = b uprqei n2 ttoio s te
|bn b| <
n n2 . Epilgoume n0 = mgis to(n1 , n2 ). Tte | b1n 1b | = |b|bnnb|
b| =
1 1
2 1
0
||bn b| |bn | |b| <  |b| |b| = , n n0 .
Jtoume

0 ,

Jerhma
sugklnei

3.

ston

Apdeixh.

Estw
arijm

(an )
c
.

a 0, n N
n
lim an = c

akolouja

Tte

me

Upojtoume

ti

(an )

c 0,

Parathrome prta ti

bl.

5, kai epomnwc h tetragwnik rza

c mpore na orisje s touc pragmatikoc. Apodeiknoume thn prtash prta gia thn
c = 0 efarmzontac ton orism tou orou. Es tw ti ddetai  > 0. Jtoume
0 = 2 > 0. Afo lim an = 0 uprqei nac fusikc n0 ttoioc
s te |an | = an <

0
2
 =  , n n0 . Sunepc, gia to dio n0 ja qoume ti an < 2 = , n n0 .
Apodeiknoume tra thn prtash gia thn perptwsh c 6= 0. Es tw ti ddetai  > 0.

0
Jtoume  = 
c > 0. Afo lim an = c uprqei nac fusikc n0 ttoioc s te

|an c| =< 0 , n n0 . 'Eqoume |an c| = (| an c|)( an + c) sunepc

|a c|
n

<  c = , n n0 .
| an c| = |aann c|
+ c
c
perptwsh

Pardeigma 12.

Jerhma

(Egkibwtismc).

lim n1 = 0

'Estw

an bn cn , n N
lim an = l = lim cn
lim bn = l

thn
ti

Gnwrzoume ti

sqsh

Tte

sunepc

(an ) (bn ) (cn )

N
,

pou

kpoioc

lim 1n =
akoloujec

fusikc

0 = 0.

pou

arijmc.

sundontai
'Estw,

me

epshc,

 > 0. Afo lim an = l kai lim cn = l uprqoun n1 , n2

|an l| < , n n1 kai |cn l| < , n n2 . Epomnwc l  <
an , n n1 kai cn < l + , n n2 . Epilgoume n0 = mgis to(N, n1 , n2 ). Tte
l  < an bn cn < l + , n n0 kai sunepc l  < bn < l + , n n0 ,
dhlad |bn l| < , n n0 .

Apdeixh.

'Es tw ti ddetai

ttoia s te

n|
lim cosn n = 0. Prgmati, arke na dexoume ti lim | cos
= 0, bl.
n
| cos n|
prtash 3. Gnwrzoume ti | cos n| 1, n N. 'Eqoume loipn 0
n1 .
n
|
cos
n|
1
Afo, lim 0 = 0 kai lim
= 0.
n = 0 sungoume lim
n

Pardeigma 13.

Gia to epmeno pardeigma ja qrhsimopoisoume thn mjodo thc majhmatikc epagwgc thn opoa sunoyzoume paraktw. H mjodoc aut efarmzetai prokeimnou na
apodexoume ti mia prtash, h opoa ekfrzetai me thn bojeia fusiko arijmo

n,

isqei gia lec - sqedn lec - tic timc pou dnatai na lbei o fusikc arijmc

n.

Qrhsimopoiome ton sumbolism

P (n)

gia na dhlsoume mi prtash h opoa ek-

frzetai me thn bojeia fusiko arijmo

n.

Mjodoc

morf:

majhmatikc

An gia mi prtash

epagwgc

P (n)

prth

Es tw

n0

1. H prtash alhjeei gia

n = n0 .
n n0 h P (n) enai alhjc
ti h P (n + 1) alhjeei.

2. Me thn upjesh ti gi na
mporome na apodexoume
Tte h prtash

P (n)

kpoioc fusikc arijmc.

isqoun ti

alhjeei gi kje

(epagwgik upjesh)

n n0 .

Mjodoc majhmatikc epagwgc - deterh morf:

An gia mi prtash

P (n)

isqoun

ti
1. H prtash alhjeei gia

n = n0 .

2. Me thn upjesh ti gi na
me

n0 k n

n n0

P (n)

k
P (n + 1)

enai alhjc gi kje fusik

(epagwgik upjesh) mporome na apodexoume ti h

alhjeei.
Tte h prtash

P (n)

Pardeigma 14.

alhjeei gi kje

Dexte ti

2n n 2 ,

n n0 .
gia kje fusik

24

n0 = 4 .

n 4.

Qrhsimopoiome thn

n = 4 diti
= 16 =
Upojtoume tra ti h prtash isqei gia nan fusik n 4, dhlad
2n n2 . Apodeiknoume ti isqei gia ton fusik n + 1, dhlad ti 2n+1 (n + 1)2 .
n+1 = 2 2n 2n2 ap thn epagwgik upjesh. Ap thn llh meri isqei
Prgmati, 2
2
ti 2n
(n + 1)2 gia n 4 diti 2n2 (n + 1)2 2n2 n2 + 2n + 1
2
n 2n + 1 2 (n 1)2 2 pou alhjeei tan n 3 kai epomnwc kai gia
n 4.
prth morf majhmatikc epagwgc me

H prtash isqei gia

42 .

Ddoume tra na detero pardeigma gia to jerhma tou egkibwtismo.

lim 2nn = 0. Ap to parapnw pardeigma 14 qoume ti 2n n2 ,

n, gia n 4. Sunepc, 0 2nn n1 , gia n 4. Afo,
gia n 4 kai ra
lim 0 = 0 kai lim n1 = 0 sungoume ti lim 2nn = 0. Me anlogo trpo mporome na
nk0
dexoume ti an k0 nac fusikc arijmc tte lim
2n = 0.
Pardeigma 15.

2n
n

Montonec akoloujec

Orismc

8.

an+1 an

(ant.

enai

axousa

(an )
an+1 an

Estw

akolouja.
)

gia

(an )
nN

kje

lgetai
.

Mia

axousa

akolouja

(ant.
lgetai

fjnousa)

an

montonh

an

fjnousa.

Paraktw diatupnoume to basik jerhma sgklishc gia montonec akoloujec.

10

(an )

Jerhma 5.

Estw

ap

ktw).

pnw

(ant.

mia axousa (ant.

Tte

(an )

enai

fjnousa) akolouja pou enai fragmnh

sugklnousa.

H apdeixh tou parapnw jewrmatoc xefegei ap ta plasia tou majmatoc.

Diaisjhtik mwc mporome na pisjome gia thn aljeia twn parapnw isqurismn.
An gia pardeigma qw ma fragmnh ap pnw akolouja s tw

na nw frgma

thc. Tte oi roi thc akoloujac suneqc auxnoun kai den mporon na uperbon to

M.

M)

Epomnwc ja prpei na sugkentrnontai se kpoion arijm (

enai kai to rio thc akoloujac.

o opooc ja

To jerhma aut enai qarakthris tik perptwsh

majhmatiko isqurismo pou apodeiknetai h parxh enc prgmatoc qwrc na ddetai

trpoc kataskeuc tou. Epomnwc me to parapnw jerhma mporome na apodexoume
ti mia akolouja enai sugklnousa qwrc - pnta - na mporome na prosdiorsoume
to ri thc.
Pardeigma

akolouja

16.

(an )

me

'Es tw

an = cn .

pragmatikc arijmc me

0 c < 1

kai orzoume thn

Me to parapnw jerhma mporome na dexoume ekola

ti h akolouja sugklnei. Prgmati enai fragmnh ap ktw (p.q. na ktw frgma

thc enai to mhdn) kai, epshc, enai fjnousa: prgmati

an+1 an .

0 c 1 = cn+1 cn =

An mwc mac zhthje na brome to ri thc ja prpei na doulyoume lgo

c = 1 tte h akolouja enai s tajer kai to ri thc enai to 1. An

c = 0 tte h akolouja enai, epshc, s tajer kai to ri thc enai to 0. 'Es tw loipn
ti 0 < c < 1. Tte deqnoume ti lim an = 0. Prgmati s tw ti ddetai  > 0.
ln 
Dialgoume nan fusik n0 me thn idithta n0 >
ln c . Shmeinoume ti ln c < 0 diti
0 < c < 1. Epshc to ln  enai 0 an  1, diaforetik enai kai aut arnhtikc
n <  n ln c < ln
arijmc. Tte gia n n0 ja qoume |an 0| <  c
ln 
n > ln c pou isqei. Me anlogo trpo mporome na apodexoume ti lim cn = 0 tan
1 < c < 0. Shmeinoume ti n c = 1 tte h akolouja enai h (1)n pou pwc
qoume de apoklnei. An tra to c > 1 to c < 1 tte mporome sqetik ekola na
n
dexoume ti h akolouja (c ) den enai fragmnh epomnwc apoklnei, bl. prisma 2.
n
Sumperasmatik qoume ti h akolouja (c ) sugklnei s to mhdn tan 1 < c < 1,
sugklnei s to 1 tan c = 1 kai apoklnei gia lec tic llec timc tou pragmatiko
arijmo c.
parapnw.

An

(an ) me an = (1 + n1 )n sugklnei. Gi' aut

thn skhsh ja qrhsimopoisoume thn anisthta tou Bernoulli pou enai h exc: An x
n
pragmatikc arijmc me x 1 tte (1+x) 1+nx, gia kje fusik n. H apdeixh
enai me epagwg s to n. Gia n = 1 isqei diti 1 + x = 1 + x. 'Es tw ti isqei gia n,
n+1 = (1 + x)(1 + x)n (1 + x)(1 + nx), ap
to deqnoume gia n + 1. 'Eqoume, (1 + x)
2
epagwgik upjesh kai epeid 1+x 0. 'Omwc, (1+x)(1+nx) = 1+(n+1)x+nx
1 + (n + 1)x. Epanerqmenoi s thn akolouja, ja dexoume ti enai axousa kai

Pardeigma 17.

Dexte ti h akolouja

fragmnh. Gia to axousa:

1 n+1
1 n
) (1 +
)

n
n+1
1
1 + n+1
(n + 1)2 1 n+1
1
)n+1 = (
)

(1 + )1 (
1
(n + 1)2
n
1+ n
1
1
1
(1
)n+1 ,
n+1
(n + 1)2
(1 +

11

Bernoulli

pou isqei ap thn anisthta tou

fragmnh, deqnoume kat' arqn ti h akolouja

1
n+1 .

x=

gia

bn

Gia na dexoume ti enai

bn = (1 + n1 )n+1

me

enai fjnousa.

Prgmati,

1 n+1
1 n+2
)
(1 +
)

n
n+1
1 + n1 n+1
1
(
1+

1 )
n+1
1 + n+1
1
1
(1 +
)n+1 1 +
.
2
(n + 1) 1
n+1
(1 +

Bernoulli

H teleutaa alhjeei, diti ap thn anisthta tou

(1 +

qoume

1
n+1
n+1
1
)n+1 1 +
1+
=1+
.
2
2
2
(n + 1) 1
(n + 1) 1
(n + 1)
n+1

1 n+1
n 1 thn anisthta an+1 = (1 + n+1
)
(1 + n1 )n+1 =
bn b1 = 22 = 4. Epshc, a1 = 2 < 4 kai epomnwc an 4 gia kje n 1 kai ra h
(an ) enai fragmnh ap pnw. Sunepc, h (an ) qei rio, to opoo sumbolzoume me
e, dhlad
1
lim(1 + )n = e.
n

'Eqoume tra, gia kje

Upakoloujec

Orismc 9.
fusikn

arijmn

kn <

orzontai

pwc

me

kn0

(dhl.

mporome
h

Pardeigma

(kn0 )

(an )
nN
(a0n )
(an )

'Estw ti ddetai mia akolouja

na

(a0n )

18.

kn N

lgontai

Es tw

= 2n + 1

orsoume

gia
thn

kje

me

thc

(kn )
k1 < k2 < <

Epilgontac mia akoloujac

akolouja

upakoloujec

(an )

thn
me

idithta

a0n = akn

Akoloujec

mia akolouja.

Sthn akolouja fusikn arijmn

antis toiqe h upakolouja

(a0n ),

me

a0n = a2n+1 ,

pou kaletai

upakolouja twn perittn rwn. Epshc, s thn akolouja fusikn arijmn

kn00

= 2n,

antis toiqe h upakolouja

rtiwn rwn.

Gia pardeigma, an

antis toiqe s to

a0n

1
2n+1

(a00n )

me

1
n

an =

a00n

pou

= a2n

(kn00 ),

me

pou kaletai upakolouja twn

tte h upalokouja twn perittn rwn

kai h akolouja twn rtiwn rwn antis toiqe s to

a00n =

1
2n .

To basik jerhma sqetik me thn sqsh akoloujac - upakoloujac wc proc thn

sgklish enai to exc.
Jerhma 6.
kje

Estw

upakolouja

thc

enai

mia

sugklnousa

sugklnousa

me

akolouja
to

dio

me

rio

ton

arijm

Tte

kai

rio.

(an ) me
= a0kn . 'Es tw ti ddetai  > 0.
Afo lim an = c uprqei fusikc n0 me |an c| < , n n0 . Shmeinoume ti afo
k1 < k2 < < kn < ja qoume k1 1, k2 2, . . . , kn n, . . .. Epomnwc gia
0
kje n n0 qoume |an c| = |akn c| < , diti kn kn0 n0 .

Apdeixh.

Es tw

(a0n )

(an )

a0n

upakolouja thc

To parapnw jerhma to qrhsimopoume,

kurwc,

gia na apodexoume ti mia

akolouja apoklnei. Gia pardeigma, an brome mia upakolouja thc pou apoklnei
an brome do upakoloujec thc pou sugklnoun se diaforetik ria tte, me bsh to
jerhma h akolouja prpei na apoklnei.

12

(an ) me an = (1)n apoklnei diti h upakolouja

0
0
2n+1 = 1 pou sugklnei s to 1, en
twn perittn rwn thc enai h (an ), me an = (1)
00
00
2n = 1 pou sugklnei
h upakolouja twn rtiwn rwn thc enai h (an ), me an = (1)

Pardeigma

19.

H akolouja

s to 1.

Sgklish s to

((1)n ), (10n). Kai oi do enai apoklnousec. Oi

enallssontai s to 1 kai to 1, epomnwc den sugkentrnontai

Ac jewrsoume tic akoloujec

timc thc prthc

poujen. Oi timc thc deterhc lo kai auxnoun kai epomnwc mporome na pome ti
sugkentrnontai s to

Orismc 10.
an

doje

nan

nac

fusik

+.

H akolouja

opoiosdpote

n0

Ddoume ton paraktw orism.

me

thn

(an )

M >0
an > M

arijmc

idithta

H akolouja

Pardeigma 20.

M <0
an < M

sugklnei sto

(ant.

(ant.

(ant.

gia

), tan isqei to exc:

tte

mporome

kje

n n0

na

brome

(10n) sugklnei s to + kai h akolouja (n) s to

.
Shmewsh

akolouja.

7.

An h akolouja

(an )

(an )

sugklnei s to

tte enai apoklnousa

enai sugklnousa mnon tan qei rio kpoion pragmatik ar-

ijm.
Sunoyzoume paraktw tic idithtec twn akoloujin pou sugklnoun s to
sumbolzei nan pragmatik arijm.

To

Epshc, h kfrash aprosdiris to shmanei ti

den mporome na bgloume sumprasma.

lim an = + kai lim bn = c

1
p.q. lim(n +
n ) = +.

1. An

tte

lim(an + bn ) = +.

lim bn = c tte lim(an bn ) = + an c > 0, an c < 0

kai aprosdiris to an c = 0.
(1)n
1
n
p.q. gia to aprosdiris to: lim(n ) = lim 1 = 1, en lim(n
n
n ) = lim(1)

2. An

lim an = +

kai

pou den uprqei.

lim bn = c tte lim abnn = + an c > 0, an c < 0 kai

aprosdiris to an c = 0.
n
n
2
n 2
p.q. gia to aprosdiris to: lim 1 = lim n = +, en lim (1)n = lim(1) n

3. An

lim an = +

kai

pou den uprqei.

4. An

lim an = c

5. An

lim an =

p.q.
6. An

lim

n2
n

kai

lim bn = +
kai

tte

lim bn =

= lim n = +, lim

n
n2

lim abnn = 0.

tte

lim abnn

= lim

1
n

enai aprosdiris to.

= 0.

lim an = + kai lim bn = + tte lim(an +bn ) = +.

'Omwc,

lim(an bn )

enai aprosdiris to.

p.q.

lim(n n) = lim 0 = 0, lim(n2 n) = +,

= lim (1)n pou den uprqei.

gia to aprosdiris to:

lim(n (n +

(1)n ))

13

Anlogec idithtec isqoun kai tan to rio enai to

Anadromikc akoloujec

Anadromikc akoloujec lgontai oi akoloujec pou o genikc touc roc den ddetai
wc kfrash tou

all prosdiorzetai me anadromik tpo, gia pardeigma wc exc:

Pardeigma 21.

Es tw

(an ) h akolouja me a1 = 1 kai an+1 =

2 + an .

Parathr-

s te ti gia mia akolouja pou ddetai me autn ton trpo, enai ekolo na brome touc

a2 =

prtouc rouc thc, p.q.

2 + a1 =

3, a3 =

2 + a2 = 2 + 3, . . .,
an wc proc n. Par' la

en gnei enai dskolo na ekfrsoume ton genik ro

all
aut

mporome na meletsoume thn parapnw akolouja wc proc thn sgklish. H melth

baszetai s to jerhma 5 me to opoo af' enc exasfalzoune thn parxh tou orou kai
af' etrou mporome na to upologsoume. 'Etsi gia thn parapnw akolouja douleoume wc exc:
Bma 1:

an > 0 gia kje n 1.

a1 = 1 > 0.
an > 0 ra 2 + an > 0

Parathrome ti h akolouja enai kala orismnh diti

Aut mporome na to apodexoume me epagwg:

n to apodeiknoume
2 + an = an+1 > 0.

Es tw ti isqei gia

kai epomnwc

gia

Gia

n + 1.

n=1

isqei diti

'Eqoume,

an+1 an , n. Pli knoume qrsh

n = 1 isqei diti a2 = 3 1 = a1 . 'Es tw ti isqei gia n, dhl. s tw

ti an+1 an . Ja to dexoume gia n + 1, dhlad deqnoume ti an+2 an+1 . 'Eqoume

an+2 an+1 2 + an+1 2 + an 2 + an+1 2 + an an+1 an , pou

Bma

2:

Deqnoume ti enai axousa, dhl. ti

epagwgc. Gia

isqei ap thn epagwgik upjesh.

H akolouja enai fragmnh ap pnw. Deqnoume me epagwg ti an 2.
n = 1 isqei diti a1 = 1 2. 'Es tw ti isqei gia n, dhl. s tw ti
an 2
, deqnoume ti isqei gia n + 1 dhl.
ti an+1 2.
Prgmati qoume,

an+1 = 2 + an 2 + 2 = 4 = 2, ap thn epagwgik upjesh. Sunepc ap to

Bma

3:

Gia

jerhma 5 h akolouja sugklnei.

Bma

4:

'Es tw loipn

lim an = c,

gia kpoion pragmatik arijm

tpoc pou orzei thn akolouja enai o

an+1 =

2 + an .

c.

O anadromikc

Epomnwc, an ton jew-

rsoume wc isthta akoloujin qoume ti h aris ter akolouja enai h

a0n

= an+1

kai epomnwc ap thn prtash 2 qoume ti

me

bn =

epomnwc, ap to jerhma 3, qoume ti

(a0n )

qoume ti
afo pwc

dexame loi oi roi thc akolouja enai jetiko, to rio den mpore na enai to
sunepc

me

= c. Ap thn llh,
lim 2 + an = 2 + c kai

2 + an . 'Eqoume
ti

lim
b
=
2
+
c
. Epomenwc ja
n

c = 2 + c = c2 = 2 + c = c2 c 2 = 0 = c = 1 c = 2. 'Omwc,
h dexi akolouja enai h

(bn )

lim a0n

kai

lim an = 2.

nac pragmatikc arijmc me 0 < c < 1 kai s tw (an )

an+1 = c(1 + an ). Tte douleontac pwc parapnw
mporome na dexoume me epagwg ti 1) h (an ) enai axousa: qoume a2 = c(1 +
c) = c + c2 c = a1 , ra isqei gia n = 1. 'Es tw ti isqei gia n dhl. ti
an+1 an to deqnoume gia n + 1: prgmati, an+2 = c(1 + an+1 ) kai an+1 = c(1 + an )
sunepc, an+2 an+1 c(1 + an+1 ) c(1 + an ) an+1 an pou isqei ap
c
epagwgik upjesh. 2) h (an ) enai fragmnh ap pnw: deqnoume ti an
1c , n.
c
c
Prgmati, a1 = c
1c diti 0 < 1 c < 1. 'Es tw ti an 1c tte an+1 =
c
c
c(1 + an ) c(1 + 1c ) = 1c
. Epomnwc, h (an ) wc axousa kai fragmnh ap

Pardeigma

h akolouja me

22.

'Es tw

a1 = c

kai

14

lim an = l. Tte ap ton anadromik

c
c
l = c(1 + l) = l(1 c) = c = l = 1c
, dhlad lim an =
1c .
pnw qei rio kai s tw loipn

tpo ja prpei

To rio thc parapnw akloujac mpore na breje kai me diaforetik trpo. Sthn
sugkekrimnh perptwsh, o anadromikc tpoc pou orzei thn akolouja enai sqetik

an thc akoloujac
n. Prgmati, mporome na dexoume me epagwg ti an = c + c2 + + cn :
2
n tte qoume
gia n = 1 qoume a1 = c kai ra isqei. 'Es tw ti an = c + c + + c
2
n
2
an+1 = c(1 + an ) = c(1 + c + c + + c ) kai epomnwc an+1 = c + c + + cn+1 .
aplc kai qoume thn dunatthta na ekfrsoume ton genik ro
wc proc

Ap thn llh meri, qoume ti

c + c2 + + cn = c(1 + c + + cn1 ) = c

1 cn
.
1c

1 xn = (1 x)(1 + x + + xn1 )
n1 = 1xn . Pollaplasizontac ta do
kai ra, tan x 6= 1, qoume ti 1 + x + + x
1x
c
1cn
mlh thc isthtac me x parnoume to zhtomeno. Sunepc, lim an = lim c
1c = 1c
n
diti lim c = 0, afo 0 < c < 1, bl. pardeigma 16.
H parapnw isthta, s thrzetai s thn tautthta

15