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Supplementary
Material
d T cells have been evolutionarily conserved as a lymphocyte lineage whose signature TCR (TCRgd) does not
obey the paradigm of MHC restriction (1). In fact, we
know very little about Ag specificity and recognition via TCRgd
(2). Although this has not precluded advances in exploiting the
functional properties of these lymphocytes, particularly in cancer
immunotherapy (3), or in dissecting their pathological contribution to autoimmunity (46), it remains a priority to understand
how gd cells are activated in vivo. As part of our efforts to elucidate the contribution of costimulatory receptors to this process
(7, 8), we addressed the role of the Ig superfamily protein CD28.
Much of what we know about T cell costimulation has come
from studies on CD28 and its ligands, B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2
(CD86), which are typically found on professional APCs, such as
*Unidade de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de
Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Unidade de Malaria,
Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa,
1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; and Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2781-901 Oeiras,
Portugal
Received for publication January 23, 2012. Accepted for publication May 24, 2012.
This work was supported by Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (PTDC/SAU-MII/
104158/2008) and the European Molecular Biology Organization (Young Investigator Programme). L.M.-S. is supported by a European Molecular Biology Organization fellowship (ALTF960-2009).
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Prof. Bruno Silva-Santos or Dr. Julie
Ribot, Unidade de Imunologia Molecular, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Avenida
Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal. E-mail addresses: bssantos@fm.ul.pt
(B.S.-S.) and jribot@fm.ul.pt (J.R.)
The online version of this article contains supplemental material.
Abbreviations used in this article: B6, C57BL/6; DC, dendritic cell; HMB-PP, 4hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate; ICOSL, ICOS ligand; LN, lymph node;
OX40L, OX40 ligand; PbA, Plasmodium berghei ANKA; WT, wild-type.
Copyright 2012 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/12/$16.00
www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.1200268
gd T cells play key nonredundant roles in immunity to infections and tumors. Thus, it is critical to understand the molecular
mechanisms responsible for gd T cell activation and expansion in vivo. In striking contrast to their ab counterparts, the
costimulation requirements of gd T cells remain poorly understood. Having previously described a role for the TNFR superfamily
member CD27, we since screened for other nonredundant costimulatory receptors in gd T cell activation. We report in this article
that the Ig superfamily receptor CD28 (but not its related protein ICOS) is expressed on freshly isolated lymphoid gd T cells and
synergizes with the TCR to induce autocrine IL-2 production that promotes gd cell survival and proliferation in both mice and
humans. Specific gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated a nonredundant function for CD28 interactions
with its B7 ligands, B7.1 (CD80) and B7.2 (CD86), both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, gd cell proliferation was significantly enhanced
by CD28 receptor agonists but abrogated by B7 Ab-mediated blockade. Furthermore, gd cell expansion following Plasmodium
infection was severely impaired in mice genetically deficient for CD28. This resulted in the failure to mount both IFN-gmediated
and IL-17mediated gd cell responses, which contrasted with the selective effect of CD27 on IFN-gproducing gd cells. Our data
collectively show that CD28 signals are required for IL-2mediated survival and proliferation of both CD27+ and CD272 gd T cell
subsets, thus providing new mechanistic insight for their modulation in disease models. The Journal of Immunology, 2012, 189:
12021208.
were used as blocking reagents; anti-mouse mAbs for CD3 (145.2C11) and
CD28 (37.51) were used as agonists.
The following anti-human mAbs were used for flow cytometry: anti
CD28-FITC (CD28.2; eBioscience); antiCD69-PE (FN50), antiCD70PE (ki-24), antiCD80-PE (L307.4), and antiCD86-allophycocyanin
(2331) (all from BD Pharmingen, San Diego, CA); and antiOX40 ligand
(OX40L)-PE (11C3.1) and antiICOS ligand (ICOSL)-PE (2D3) (both
from BioLegend, San Diego, CA).
The mAbs used as blocking reagents in human cell cultures were antiCD70 (ki-24) and anti-CD86 (IT2.2) (both from BD Pharmingen); antiICOSL (9F.8A4; BioLegend); and anti-CD80 (37711) and anti-OX40L
(159403) (both from R&D Systems). IgG1 (MOPC-21), IgG2 (MPC-11),
and IgG3 (MG3-35) were used as isotype controls (all purchased from
BioLegend).
Statistical analysis
Statistical significance of differences between populations was assessed
using the MannWhitney test.
mAbs
The following anti-mouse mAbs were purchased from eBioscience (San
Diego, CA) and used for flow cytometry: FITC-labeled anti-TCRd
(eBioGL3), anti-CD69 (H1.2F3), and antiIL-17 (eBio17B7); PE-labeled
anti-TCRd (eBioGL3), anti-CD11c (N418), and anti-IFN-g (XMG1.2);
PerCP-Cy5.5labeled anti-CD3 (145.2C11); PE-Cy7labeled anti-CD19
(eBio1D3); allophycocyanin-labeled anti-TCRd (eBioGL3), anti-CD11b
(M1/70), and antiIL-17 (eBio17B7); eFluor 450-labeled anti-CD4
(RM4-5); biotin-conjugated anti-CD28 (37.51); and streptavidin-PE.
In murine cell cultures, anti-mouse mAbs (from eBioscience) specific for
IL-2 (JES6-1A12), ICOS (7E.17G9), CD80 (16-10A1), and CD86 (GL1)
Results
B7CD28 interactions promote the proliferation and survival
of murine gd T cells
This study began with the observation that lymphoid (spleen and
LN) gd cells, in contrast to their intraepithelial counterparts (13
15), constitutively express CD28 at similar levels to ab cells (Fig.
1A). Moreover, in vitro activation with anti-CD3 (aCD3) mAb
significantly upregulated CD28 levels on isolated (FACS-purified)
gd cells (Fig. 1B), whereas the addition of B7-expressing APCs
provoked CD28 downregulation (Supplemental Fig. 1A). In contrast, the CD28-related Ig superfamily member, ICOS, was not
expressed in either resting or activated gd cells (Fig. 1B).
To functionally test the role of B7CD28 interactions in gd cell
activation, we used CD28 agonists (anti-CD28 mAb) or antagonists (anti-B7.1/CD80 and anti-B7.2/CD86 mAbs) in cocultures of
gd cells (10%) and irradiated splenocytes (90%). After 3 d of
activation (with aCD3 mAb), the percentage of live gd cells
recovered from these cultures was markedly higher in the presence
of CD28 agonists and lower in the presence of CD28 antagonists,
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FIGURE 2. CD28 costimulation of gd cells induces secretion of IL-2 required for proliferation. gd cells were sorted using FACS from pooled spleen and
LN of Tcra2/2 mice and activated with the indicated amounts of plate-bound anti-CD3 mAb in the presence of 10 mg/ml plate-bound anti-CD28 mAb
(aCD28; in green) or isotype control (iso ctrl). (A) CFSE dilution profiles after 2 d under the indicated concentrations of anti-CD3 (left panel) and extracted
numbers of cells/division at 0.1 mg/ml anti-CD3 (right panel). (B) IL-2 concentration was measured at the indicated time points in the supernatant of
cultures stimulated with 0.1 mg/ml anti-CD3. (C) Quantitative real-time PCR for Il2 expression in purified gd cells cultured for 6 h with 0.1 mg/ml anti-CD3
mAb in media alone, media supplemented with soluble rCD70 (sCD70) or anti-CD28 mAb (aCD28), or isotype control (iso ctrl). Expression was normalized to the housekeeping gene Efa1 and expressed in arbitrary units (a.u.). CFSE dilution profiles (D) and extracted numbers of cells/division (E) after
3 d of stimulation with 0.1 mg/ml plate-bound anti-CD3 in the presence of 10 mg/ml isotype control (iso ctrl) (gray), 10 mg/ml plate-bound anti-CD28
(green), 5 mg/ml antiIL-2 (white), or 300 U/ml rIL-2 (black). Error bars represent SD (n = 3). Data are representative of three independent experiments.
*p , 0.05, **p , 0.01, ***p , 0.001.
FIGURE 1. CD28 signals promote murine gd T cell activation and proliferation. (A) Cells pooled from spleens and LN of adult WT B6 mice were
stained with mAbs specific for CD3, TCRgd, and CD28. The graph shows the expression of CD28 on pregated CD3+ TCRgd+ cells, CD3+ TCRgd2
cells, and CD32 cells. Peripheral lymphoid cells from Cd282/2 mice (shaded curve) are shown as a negative control. (B) gd cells were sorted from pooled
spleen and LNs of Tcra2/2 mice and cultured with plate-bound anti-CD3 mAb. Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD28 or ICOS stainings at indicated
time points are shown. Dashed line represents isotype control staining. (CG) gd cells were sorted by FACS from pooled spleen and LNs of Tcra2/2 mice,
labeled with CFSE, and cultured for 3 d in the presence of APCs and soluble anti-CD3 mAb, without mAbs (ctrl), or with the addition of the following
mAbs: blocking anti-ICOS, blocking anti-CD80 and anti-CD86 (aB7), or agonist anti-CD28. (C) Representative forward scatter (FSC)/side scatter (SSC)
plots. Numbers refer to percentages of cells within the indicated regions. (D) CD69 expression on gd cells at day 2 (upper panel) or at the indicated time
points (lower panel). Color code is the same as used in (G). (E) [3H]thymidine incorporation for 18 h between days 2 and 3, measured in a scintillation
counter (cpm). (F) CFSE dilution at day 3 (left panel) and extracted numbers of cells per division (right panel). (G) Percentage of annexin V+ cells at day 3.
Error bars represent SD (n = 3). All data are representative of three to five independent experiments.*p , 0.05, **p , 0.01, ***p , 0.001.
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Discussion
A critical step toward the development of more efficient therapeutic
strategies based on gd T cells is improvement of our understanding
of the molecular mechanisms that control their activation and
expansion. In this study, we showed that gd cell activation critically requires CD28 costimulation in both mice and humans. The
selective effect of CD28, but not of its related Ig superfamily
comember ICOS, emphasizes the biological relevance of B7
CD28 interactions in gd T cell activation. Importantly, the role of
CD28 signaling was established through in vitro systems, as well
FIGURE 5. B7CD28 interactions are necessary for survival and proliferation of activated human Vg9Vd2 T cells. MACS-sorted gd PBLs
were stimulated for 4 d with 10 nM HMB-PP (in the presence of 25 U/ml
recombinant human IL-2 [rhIL-2]). Blocking Abs specific for CD80 and
CD86, ICOSL, OX40L, or CD70 (or isotype controls) were added at the
beginning of the cultures. (A) Cells were labeled with CFSE before being
cultured for 4 d and then analyzed by flow cytometry. Cells from isotype
control cultures are shaded in gray. (B) Annexin V staining was performed
on day 4 and analyzed by flow cytometry (gating on Vg9+ cells). (C) [3H]
thymidine was added during the last 18 h of culture, and its incorporation
was measured in a scintillation counter (cpm). All data are representative
of three independent experiments with similar results. Error bars represent
SD. *p , 0.05, **p , 0.01. IL-2high, Cells cultured in the presence of 100
U/ml rhIL-2 (in addition to CD80/CD86 blockade).
highly activated by soluble metabolites produced by apicomplexan protozoa like P. falciparum (39). To study the expression
dynamics of CD28 and its B7 ligands, CD80 and CD86, on
Vg9Vd2 PBLs exposed to microbial Ags, we established an experimental system in which either total PBMCs or purified gd
PBLs were incubated for 26 d with supernatants collected from
P. falciparum-infected erythrocyte cultures. We observed a
marked downregulation of CD28 after 2 d of culture with
P. falciparum-derived supernatants (Fig. 4A), concomitantly with
the induction of CD80 and CD86 expression on Vg9Vd2 PBLs
(Fig. 4B). This induction was a direct effect of the Plasmodium
Ags on Vg9Vd2 PBLs, because it was also observed on isolated
Vg9Vd2 PBLs (Supplemental Fig. 4A).
A strong candidate P. falciparum Ag was HMB-PP, the most
potent natural Vg9Vd2 TCR agonist known (33, 39), because it is
the product of HMB-PP synthase (GcpE) present in all Plasmodium spp. and is predominantly expressed on mature blood-stage
parasites (http://plasmodb.org; Gene ID: PF10_0221). Therefore,
we established similar cultures of PBMCs or purified Vg9Vd2
PBLs on medium supplemented with HMB-PP. This resulted in
the marked induction of both CD80 and CD86 on Vg9Vd2 PBLs
from various healthy donors (Fig. 4C, Supplemental Fig. 4B). The
upregulation of B7 ligands and downregulation of CD28 receptor
on P. falciparum-activated or HMB-PPactivated Vg9Vd2 PBLs
prompted us to test the functional consequences of CD28 engagement in human gd cells.
Acknowledgments
We thank M.M. Mota, T. Hanscheid, J.P. Simas, J. Decalf, A.E. Sousa, L.
Graca, and J. Borst for reagents and suggestions and the staffs of the Flow
Cytometry and Animal facilities of Instituto de Medicina Molecular for
technical assistance.
Disclosures
The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.
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