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JogJogodob 309%. 45 abgarobsyro gsdmiyndob boogdmho qgergds gyrgmgbob grdmd3gdere ngghboob* First published by Verso 1983 This revised and extended edition published by Verso 1991 Eighth impression 1998 © Benedict Anderson. 1983, 1991 All rights reserved Verso UK: 6 Meard Street, London WIV 3HR USA: 180 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014-4606 ISBN 0-86091-329-5 ISBN 0-86091-546-8 (Pbk) FogGo godnggdye209 “gabgGoee9Go ygGedab -qboggGbogg IsMgilbhyeerdone IGey'Jyob” (CEU Translation Proj boggy. — yorkwols OSE — Zug, d.yw0330 | Loegoeegdos abhangqgob gollndgydegodob _ysbqo00e gabameb (CPD), yeibeob “eos badmgowogds — ba hatoy (OSGF) bergosee Hogmpdoos IbomwogqGob IGmsGod (SSSP) eo bogodmdyydeyer-Ioohy@yerBorne Ierg,Hadobs ( qoboblyo byeeIgFyordoo The edition was published with the support of the “Cen! 4p European University Translation Project”, sponsored by ~ ~ OSI-Zug Foundation and with the contribution of > € k uv Center for Publishing Development of the Open Soci G% » Institute-Budapest. 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BILS38SL0 Bgg6, momgdab IyyaREggg~a, somgymra GZragegdgdob IMAGerNG gee IsM{bobdobs Qs AAJlazee Amdhserdsors AVGrGasda. 38 Aeog gbbyyowgdje oGGgsgub odbsbry%qdb spbeegho mdgdo 3096 693b, yodsyfosbs gs Kooga Bmeols, sd MBL JGo, 6-333 ArgenafighBo Jyrdh AbAgQL gogorejom Goyeogdo SHog00 Aoqdeerwsor, gosgtig Labberabeyzab gobsdsGorregdeose Ast flo'bdob aymbayma Shaya Igdals ImBggmagdas Bhar Ayogeomdgdb. alge Amgeagh Pb, Gemgm@pPBoy3 age 1969G. Rabyor-badJor0rs yogdoro’s Ajosdsegryma Usbsbegzaom yoReasho, gqge9sboob (1953), 1979G. ax6394Fo gag5sdob Boyes PRWBRsBo Qs Bobo my¥739G02 FoMImsegq6es 3oGggQe0 goearrsbIhsd06 Uessbesth neo db, Gemagmoy, ysb6sberH(oges WMnds g3merq_gogysIs — IsGJbabSymds Gggo9Is Igmeab 15Fobssmaregg,! 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Apodeagds 3063 —IAFSyEyyevo ayo’ aBsBo, Hera, yhor FBggbag% Rh, oNZrbGIZO9 WS sm~ds6qO bymPIMoye dngsb 96 gosbomgdg6? gogo ag6gd5, org omdmbogeagn gzamdob Wbgreobbgs RITBIM, GrBePo MsdmbePH Forge Boab gsbeggbsb boyqoso ByMMBrGoogs6, goongoerabGFabyIq6, Ged 1945 Fows6 Vsbgyrers KoMgdo BlerrerySye godmHoybsgn6y6 GJlabSyeo Sgyndgdb Inco, Bgoshsegoger yrByeangihgdb vB Gqgoebd3o. sbgon AobsbAgdgda BL -ybgsdqb 08 qo4hb, Ged ageney Abergenae edo Byekeqg, yrggmo FoAdgoyero Gqgrery30s osgobs arsgh ghegbignoo whyAdo6q00 o8jgareqdes — Bobynal bsbsgebeo KybIP0ys, 7o9GHIob Wergosmobsytin GgbIgderayo es 0.8. — L. gh gomdgmatigds BQOh7yE03 Tbermene o8oGod, Hd yoMsagds Gdmeab BVIGRBUS «eo boea'by goqedsbgomna. ob 3 obsbsgh Iobae Seoeoepiob Foyg6qdb. goyggWGrdns msgows6 stayoreadmag, Igboderms LagoGer SQBoRQgd Bale seQostyBo, Ho8 1978G. weyJgRGob oog@obbIab Usdsdog odge Bgootampdigeer Bgeho498s, GmBgeoy aha Ggymerygegtia Imdésedabs FoABrBsaggiger IsHGobsBl Inhob Imbes. sebaI-yjeo Aggmeayoryto BndGserdgbo yo Usoaggh goyorgron seq. 1971 Freagsé omgdg6. 19775. sMoggal Igseqg Lbarbagtio ayoFgVo, Gyros oBogossags ydoraergials AbeaWé Angongs, es HOB}EMs aaseronl "W839 Bdsdg’ 09(5 699.9933, Berdoos es grjpbgdam Wssdsre gsobsge, Boge 1977G. seyjgBqeBo, Bngs Bosgsha gaghb®qyho wogQsbbIs goEbmAQog~ns, sQbodiymds BergeogbydIs_ yyRA6sy309b Boomfagh. oyAgs, BuybBdyRe yhoggdqdocgo6 26g m0 26 obabsyQs BoBGae IbGab Gygodgbob ~sdbmBsb 36 awe GahinGeGogVab ggQIgos’. sy RsAqdab HsmQxfirads Byyemgerws 1978G. RAIIBINT asHyGILor Gomegimdsb, mBob Bobgbyims6 es39g80%ghoo» grdnanJagmo InbsdMpRqbo ByedaGagbono Lareybyhoa sab Kdrysrrodqdyro Ubyscgabbys Windg’Go. gh BAmdgdos: Stephen P. Heder, “The Kampuchean- Vietnamese Conflict’, David W. P. Elliott ed.,“The Third Indochina Conflict”, 33. 21-67, Anthony Barnett, ‘Inter-Communist Conflicts and Vietnam’, Bulletin of Concemed Asian Scholars, U:4 (October-December 1979), a3. 2-9; Laura Sammers, ‘In Matters of War and Socialism Anthony Barnet would Shame and Honour Kampuchea Too Much’, oggq, 3. 10-18et ON ag 2 sbyoo JPgeqhon ABsoyge aegsdes |gbgb a3 SghoGesoger 9 — UEOAsE7YH WaZhQQ8o, AmIgmog Bg3yg0QHgrd0m Hg3M@pGo@RI~A FoSb-ymogss Asmbes oepd-ymo. sdols Wwowabsomeg, ab qaJiho, Gnd lads ysgdoHo wage Sais shyma’s Rs FAgommyn oGerobeank IgqGograma Ledggel Igsgbore Jggg6ob LobyeoFegdsdo 36 smboAagb yhemg6gdsb, ggohgq6q3b, Ged gh 33396 Bsyambsmobdob gshyGsdeg sly yea Iggbesdgbg Us-ygfoab QabsbGoyho Wlgyer@BFagegbob BpBzgo—mGgqso ws ergesdgg ng, Loggabalr ab&gHbsgombomgso Lsbogswngdab FobsdmGdqe0(32 9693 IMWI_O Logbgsom Amorseo03, Gyo sgb«eyBb, Gd ‘Ash Pah§ yer IndhomdVbs Ls lobyrrAfogeng’ adgor Ioxw@rg yorngo 2H BHO GeMBo, sodj~ BoGssGbonsy ysbobys gHnghgero, 3.4. 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II n’y a pas en France dix familles qui puissent fournir la preuve d'une origine franque...” (“ynggeo g%5g0 ngommogab oy 339 RogoFypsyre ORs aymb IsGaeomdgh ody. agyodyeq Lag 3 98930 VsdbAgO Laghsb6gqnBo AMbQoho brygo-gghs. bogysabgqndo 36 ImadgbBs soa mysbay yo, Hmdgmay Iydmghes wsd_aGzougaro Ledgoab FsGInggqQ6b, 63 FaGdmImdom geabyoo"). 11, Emest Gellner, “Thought and Change”, ag. 169. ymagbgstgdob maaogom. 2239096.!2 yoorbgoy “306 stabs ySsqa X?’, ErGdoergtia Sobgybo ofBQdrega “sh> sGobihogGohaob GagGo", shsdge “X-ob romeo", “QoMn6 Y-ob ods 96 “IHymao Z-ob yevag6Go". 969 GoHImbsbymos, AmgmGy 3sGg3q7~ y9%3er940 Berfyg ger Borgrghs 9as6_ yggevoy Low JHU, Jo, Hemdgroors Borbsbegeds Boeoseelyyy o@gAHQs 93490 Asthaapros ymoboryeo, Byg%33 Laghydoo 3944373~0 babexzhpdo, Heagmor dows Ubgs gHg80 Vbeed 6. 963 goo ho 3 HZmab, Hm ob Igsgb PEGI’ Lbzs — MIG’) FoGImIowgzg6jeo%. ygqro'g Aglos6as, GyombsoakSPbs;3 yo 6 waghoBIpBso erg, Gereeqhsys SQ0deGn3 Yyg~s Gabab FsImdseayiyra Jor yrengbgdb Aooggds, aby, Grant go@ggaree prose JOobGosbyo y6ydmdeb6g6 bsyoggmaser JOobgas6-yer Sers6y G3. 300 Gohdmbsbymns, Geng; Lagggbyero q_yBMIg60, Hasceqs6 {Ha 46939 ohb~@s 03 Ighamedo, Gmys gobIboompords «es Aggmerygos GoegyeQesys agrAgJoymo wobsbGorya bsdggers MgMIVGoga@ GROVE mAZAGodyHrdob. ysyrbGoedal abyhertoob Wodfogo’ babsdo, Amys Gpobdogho Vsynggmose Ageeagoob 39@9%q_gHog-7—0 IodegZG]d0(3 yor Boma pohobIomeggderce6y6 Mga Ggmogay JeryHseroBIL wo smdmGyowI Gare gyre BFAQ6IM9 MEG MrMogZo_h Inobrggdbs go HyQsoGmGoge ByGongdsb Insab, gagdo yGperBebyB orsgobrygegs'by I or0\s I_wAg}~edon. 93 — Mogol-yRegdob bGabesmo yo, yd Wygq%gByeor bobgerdFoyer ager. 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FMsAQOYR HyeVaZoye Ibergerdbymggevordsors BMgAngamo, GmarGoyss FRgrbyge, IJaJorea yozobyq%o, eryxo Boyolggtio Qs Erybo, Fsdrgaqds Lagmogaes6 ws Ifgbs%g bdo wobFnJl Bsgogs LoGyggdb: Borgosrgmds, MoGlgds, ‘Yaqgs6s!” 2. “Bgda debs GgBo [agmds0 sdg6nggerab Bgbsbgd] bogdore Qoga bbab Fo6, IAdeeab aye Rsdoysmades eo smamabenegl Bgggrams. asdo6sy gagmowo ws sbergy B03sR6n3, Gd ab Bkrgmomb y4a-Jhmo YyjnromIrBagegbo qog7s9, 69 26 goGnbsbmg@gds Bdrm eo Sbgreawe LsdbgeKe agobgdgdam, ogo sdobosbogg, ghm-yma yggmrabg Bgydmoeragayss [Sic]... ogo abmmoo’ Wy_OAob FoMdnsegn6l eo BGogsb—eqean Iorbogwo IGGoorgoraobs [sic] Vogyamgher Asgsmranab grdnbsqergd9s. ob gyyorg6ab Bnsdndagevrdsbs es asgzabygmydobs Qs BdeQjoRPMmdob IGabyorgdob Jo~esgqd0b agambsdaobaa, ardsgogga maedob mamgtins. dogg aagoba goebgdgdoos 29 BoeFyagsom, ago gyymgGab sFAyob wa, o8egbare, Rygha bsgnartgBov...” Douglas MacArthur, “Duty, Honour, Country”, Address to the U.S. Military Academy, West Point, May 12, 1962, §og68a “Soldier Speaks”, a3. 354 seo 357. 26Robydse godegds Boomgorem’ Asaa abGyMigho sesdosbob, LsdysienBo Bobo segocwabs Qo Gbg%gdob JaSeBanedabssgdo. (Agmogoyiia Ibergrdbjegncemds — yBRs gabgsbbgsgma 09 Germolgs6, Grdgmbs ob sbergeegd gomggqye grshobyryee Vok}{d2.03 wo gAbI~RBsQaok \eGsns ~oys6bgdBo). soggmmdon Lbgsesbbgs Legosmegys geMdsgasda dye@obdob, JobGosErBabs ory obeesdab gseo@hyG sabpedob 1000-Geremgs6o AbGereook Asbdory'sy yhenagoHoe SFr 7PU sxesdos6ryho Hs6yegob Vaddodab — sgomdgmqmrdals, estsboRAgdab, geomgob, obsgabs «eo Laygeomab Iylsbyd gos ygaQme FHHImbsbyVab sbgedob. A959 goqPbrQ0 3683? Gogherdss Bodo Logagngher Aggmasio AstommopPrye00? Gods Bgdo Joea'dgzora gebydMagore KdrARgbarva? yorggeragy sda sBLBSb GRarredg6 Gymagogso. gabbyob yggers sHbydyer0 BIUVIGOIA/JOmgA@gl|mo LGamab wae Labrybyhge, I JbabJab Bacrgeoan, dohbyy e203 ob, Ged sugar yoobyydy Isb-ybo yrggerargol AyyyBoagdgeo —radamwas. sdagq wQGeab, Ggmagoyso sGergbgds BOLbyoggh|msIe bUGob yyymogBob ~ 39 Igeryboms es oeyBseoghoor Amyy_e GyHm8QL, GeIgmogy IgwobGg@sb Ahoga-yer Imgershore (js, ensgees3aergzmo Goreggs £29 9:8.) odgggl. saga, oByhy%ghols 3. 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Badgbgermgs6os obog, md Agnghordyhg boys 760Qs6 “obgrrabrya” cabs bos 99% Iymosges KmbRaGl (Ls jombogos, Astrnsgeo yo 86s8e9?), sbg39 32773909, Hs “yhengigdU" bes Bogsgqrgher Iqederbydo?25 AghyowIQd] Loygyoy8o - 08 Iobg¥gdab ardn, GmI~grbq.3 2H gangmanr bozo gobgsgdsb — wesbsgegor gghe3ob Voegor InbsAJoab ysbrbaghghs orsbGQsms6moor BybybS es. 1649G., ers Zob6bA ogres msbsdgemngg gimJob Ioggroa Gagmeey(303, 01930 Ieggqngh RaGm LGV Gb. 1650-036 FrogsBo gz@n30b yhor- hor -yA6adgigrrergs6gb UsbyedGogm’ aggob Goygers~@ Agadorr IABg1BGo BGarsgeo. ongdyo Serplabs Qo sgoberbab g3m4oBo 4° RI yoRgZ IQamo Ifrbres abgo Aydrbgq33db, Geryys Iggo’ bggro Jy _Mbab Gogol sberyrges. by JzGsze9 369 Wyhorg mao oxoQdyng gdb, agagg be_imEs yr6Isbomerg—d~omdob _y3emJob Wsxg6qq0rB0(3, 53639 ype Aigyndo eeobergerrePengs. 9} SyObI3RE IE IgGbeGya — evga XV es coyo XVI2 ayg49 1789 Geoob ‘Ipkegg, Geng ysGrGoW ybGagbrds grdoGerbes, “InbsHJosd” 4339 Bobgg%IQ LASGQIMB EO doyegeoals Usb; Boomer. BG eo “BqQGob 8g” grbeQbge “od3ghsGomgso": Imdyywe basddo Gods V-3 (Rymmsemenbggo@ba) bagqosto goggdo Qo ddoWBgo~gdo go3bsg69 36 3H-39H IR QHOQOL, Moberbobls Wo SgAm@obob bsdgger ysoby GrR60b dobseghse. 1887 F. 86 ImsbyeoGs IPBygoreeqmdob LobigAols ABLGBAGorbsmabsGos, GmI~ab Iobgegams(3 Iosggea dg 898330 beQdm~es. Ingo’ odggo%ds Vodgageeds, basdo gg@m3ob “Gogarmo bo" AmbsJosos 0g 7340 Booyg6s,"" Asgrsd 03039 LakyhgAors By bom, Ldgge GobHo Fora byes magbybygmoegae Imdobigflyrakyhb, Gordgerboys arg Godkegamrare ssgo6 gssdgggres. 25. ggmrbg%o yaroempdsl ArbyoeBU woGsbgurms ~adsbabosorgdgre agobydo%g, Gmag2aG Qbery FoAInImdoagok —yosoGgbrdob dobaggdo¥o rdeabsipBs. 853639 39 qyGmrAgEl ab drerar6 gaFGe obi y43MyQoGosb DIAL: “aegoremdGago shabdersGopo yabryS AmboAIL sdgmBobyeeby6, Goeqo6 Bons AQZMJgrbol. HO ob Gogol dogFbGedmees”. “Thought and Change”, gg. 136. 26. Mare Bloch, “Les Rois Thaumaturges”, gg. 390 @s 398-399 27. Noe! A. Battye, “The Military, Government and Society in Siam 1868-1910”, PhD thesis, Cornell, 1974, 4g. 270. 41AnBstJogbAs yo Ibsto QUnJoMgb Ab, ngs Moss6joob, Ggbgorob, Wwd_Hdsqnob, IggqQoob, ~sboaks «Wo asimbook FoMdmdoeag6rrgdo Bob yrtmBsijosb woghGFAG76 19, dag, —ogdeGAgu G39 VI- BW I4nby3Q gaMorbygs2! 1914 Geesteg gabsbgogso bobgmdFagegso Ibmggeam Srmaghos geo Lobsgdob Faghor jihogerghedsb Fahd sceagbreb6, 33338, Geant Jgqdrar esfig%axgboo gobzoborrszo, Iggéo gga aoMygqairo wera asbdoreby GRaMdmes “Gscjombspeoryeo” AbsM—QsJqQG0L JomGqgs’, Garegs6 eaggoihod-yMmdal dggrea 306 30 30 Rhos gs6dsgremdsdo Fyrr-G9Ms ByGR_Ims. 3sdo6, Ameghse; {aha cowab (1740 -1786) xsAgho osgab Goggddo 33693 “gb ge” amgeeogs, Jobo rearga BaLBzommabs - _howAa’ gorrdgerd I-ob (1797-1840) xsMgdo BABIMALGb, gBsobybsghs «eo SLI BgEGAL Gogh godsAQrgmo aaadda Sgy_QmGdgbob Byeagor, Theremenee “yhngbigero - Jéyboymgdom rymBergAhgPyero” ayo” BMLSGHISSEN ROMOL BILS6IS Bympdmgygormds of6pIQs, GMI ghos FoGdnbsbgoora Usbergssomgds6o, gama Abeng, Gymogory ghomdsors Fasebs es RabsbHorys VsIg{M3s smdmggegdyme, IgnMgb dbHag yo, dso Apaggreare Imgerq6oe Boggqh6os. ses odobs, GMI Lsmgorr ghomds88s, g6938 > LoggoMgqror Bsdmdsgmmdsd ayyMorergder RIBZMSLIL309 _ZHAGsIVg’, Bod_ogmergbsxe agygeagderys Wsdgstreals 28. Stephen Greene, “Thai Government and Administration in the Reign of Rama Vi (1910-1925)”, PhD thesis, University of London 1971, ag. 92. 29. 1806F. 36yborygeo sob 7000-8000 yogesb myogyGos bosdo 1000-9 Aydo gabrgeeo oye. “boys shBoo'do boBgomee yevobab Ierybogeegdb yGberggegdo LAGdmae6g6. gb LFerm sbb6ob ydyd6owo goaImaJdob, GMA@ab mobsbaswe, Isybos Jggys6s yo 96 oy, GoAgerboey s4Ioo Iyoueo. H6I9@ LFomge oGBosb PoGImspeaq6oo, Benilyeboe Jgqy6o aJeibyo". 1798Y. 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Yabes, “The Modern Literature of the Philippines”, Pierre-Bernard Lafont and Denys Lombard (eds), Littiiratures Contemporaines de I" Asie du Sud-Est, gg. 287-302. 48“eng§mBG0b Sergraerb, 493986 Gyre YUmbawe M6 WE Sager 9 LOL LHGHOLL Faygeradab godotngs Iobes ashbasbyero. Aorybywogere odobs, Gnd Mb VabGosgo’ sbyoo G3 36 UBggeegs, 336 As06y BbmmmE ebb Ym wEgh, Fyowmabsb odes bows Fares SbsbyB. gh s8Bsgo grogob UobFesqom gogeygro~ws 349902398, SobmbQerbs org Jomsgal KBobdogs yRGBsels wo BEAsdyHrbOL [goeasg6on Bpdomedarro Bows Jomogob] yorggee 30b9-3963'7e39q_ Jo bbgo oMoggHo ayrr lomsdsoye. 08 365, srogsbo Gorge axeogbye AlYabdgea’ ApkyGsuoow leaps. 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Adsdobo gsbomengdyera yoyos, Asb yes, Ged 47. ‘Paalam Albaniang pinamamayanan ng casama, t, lupit, bangis caliluhan, acong tangulan mo, i, cusa mang pinatay Sa iyo, i, malaqui ang panghihinayang’. “Ago@mdoo, sQdsGgoer, GF 439 b93gg%3 Buaerzrdob, basgob go VabsHgeo Zomob, BEL yomgame rdygg~b Logeygbregh dolImd, 8g go ISL Foreby gee dggobFgMob ygmsg_GAg2om ZoAcrmg”. 23 Emdama LiGmgab 06434759409 begga gomasabgeros BaGGomgoolagal CoBbemdeogo ayydma epbyrgdab bsbyb ompdb, 33633 coryBGHs ZROHIYEPL, Gerd stgwo oByIGgQho\09 GoAhenGoS-yer Bmodsl FoAdnseaq6. “Tagalog Poetry”, 33. 125. eoyBgGsb_orstgdsbo. 8g rgbog Bggqgor9 Gobo Gogore-7%0 HyJUho 08 do'bboo, God ob 1973G. aodaggdgero megghal Bgbodygoka yoqagmagn. ogymabbagds ab eegJlo, Goaggad baggage 1861F. gsdoggd> FoABnoeqq6eo. 48. 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IyBQb0, GmAEg_IOGZ Asmsbagdbs wo MgyakydIo ogg6y6 gabsJAgd-yeV, Yorgge Bods, Cogasés odd] GoJmde6y6, ory bow, Jomejob Gmdg~ yymbyda gogkgoA6sm so Amget 39g 2MqdoBoor Vomader. 393499 43 Qsdoo Boo ageqo gryGrygeIo = G7YRIS S806 QIS ges Uggerds gibgdd> ons ysdoaFyos. dns3s¢0 Jaka20, Smdmgdag BaggevadG03 asdggome oy besmdy HOHLIAHGom ed Bopbam, GsGogm~o wd Foderggryro BsGes. 51. Gagogseea gySdsmabihob Bnyerg, Iggy yGaghob Iyiegg, Imcosbeogeo Zombayso bymolagergdal Gog% Inbes BAJob obhy@boAgs sboero ag06go0 walogergar GaGorrab Bows Fbstg¥o, 3ergq6 wagyerdo, dlorgmarrls {ho-jhm 3a%gge9 Lsym6GgbH42G0m d96og90. 1932G., gdgbe Geoob S9hodMmdob BgAkegg, ab of goSwsaggoers. Henry Chambert-Loir, ‘Mas Marco Kartodicromo (c.1890-1932) ou L’Education Politique’. 33. 208, Littératures contemporaines de I’ Asie du Sud-Est. dsayorb yoag%ob Ijbsbyd LG yobgorep~@ Bybeymgdyme oboema Magma sbgstodabagzol obagogn Takashi Shiraishi, “An Age in Motion: Popular Radicalism in Java, 1912- 1926”, ooggdo 2-5 wo 8. $2. glos dsb As yor ya omvoghdnk (ersber. 1890-1932) FoFoAdnghob “Three Early Indonesian Short Stories ~ og As60, Gmager0g Agbergegyeras Berge aggro’ Gog%, gg. 7. bobgsbBs gos 54agrog ory grogmbydeom gma, byob, dsomsbab Bbyagrob BBL, Qgbgdabs es Breodgdab Ggdab bas yO. LWy@sGsbga AnFmggdywo ager. Imskgoe~pryce abysb gobob maddgdab ByJo gagdewes, Gmagebsy QameIeAa Dbgrobes sQiebogregaols Jota. sb3mgrBAes yoga, GmIgeog yhdge~ bsgomdgm’dn ayes, BrbQab jonbyrmdes. ab Bomas6e yombgoBo oy Poqerygro. 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Gmynay “Semarang Hitam”-ob AgImbggge gqohgghydb, mmo bosbols IybAbsLAG gym AgGae oyer ESyrgDoG dso yGmIob;orn6, 20249 gb semgh begds. eoggSb4og badorygese aoilmsigqgs mogobo Iyo@yeeo GmAshyso Iodgenoeryer go'vgoydBo. 62. “gadgggamo dobeegdo Yboyge gogdoGk qoeybggeryrqre> odsnmgob, golsyy 36 Aygdeem Jodsgqdo Iyomenws BHggeo «es, 306% InGogs6 AodsGonages bars Iqeeojsb”. Elizabeth L.. Eisenstein, “Some Conjectures about the Impact of Printing on Western Society and Thought”, Journal of Modern History. 40:1 (March 1968), 33. 42 63. 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Jy gargera, Gd argo Bbodegdromds ghob Fsdbsbgobs alyhomayends godehertydds B2dmoGgogb. 08 gam’, of, yaeBIe7L0 Gbrgagboborgob adsbabosegdgreds bs84s dasanrsseds (369839, Hendgrros6 odoggls Babggdo FoAbyrBo odgb goegdgeon, esystas osgabo sflamass,qio 3232959 aEsdasbabs gobyds'by. Io ggrra Isorgsbo ayn Ambs pds, Gord gsQzgqy~o Go3ob QsdFgGeemds BobsFzemdb Beows MBGMMMgog® JAsGaGgdsb, aBegse, MsIegbsesy 33 J2BMG0G gb grGqymgyer CGarb Fsrdnseggies. UGevtgge 09 0293 BbG2 Qobsdsdo JHabGosbmdob Cag GAGs smb Hob6gh 46 O6sdggmBMerdsb, abersdOb ~yBb eo 9.3. Igerty ager Loibergoxeergdob BoAnggeogdalssedo wsjgPrepsghab, Aso Jy7qg@rendndsdo yorbab LAQRosE S{bgBEGO3 Ingergboxe smastgbs — AnBsMJgda, Gerdergdac Ggdabdagho Lymaghobgs6 gsdnabyyrab IhagZag2q,00m AggermdaebP, smbImermgagtio (mgors~Paga) Goon Bhorsgeo6y6 Bombls «Qo Jgag6sb. jrmnsemdals gsdmbsbsgow yo sygoregdgero ayer oghsAjJorgerds @3 g6GSobzgoymed9, Gsmeqo6 Idogqe0, B24re2JP, obreagareyryho osyimBFnBgnds yo Yoarns6 yrreadhoy® Sgdoes Hedger Ubgs Bpdnbygg330 sboee VabyeBFagerpdMag cojgoGod-y4mdsdo doobb gadeaGggges”. “The Break-up of Britain”, a3. 24. yerggeogg gb D3QU 94 ofgqgb. Avg693 FrdrdveggemBoonn Igqsbo'bda (sRy36gb0?) adgarmo go GRAD mrGagygob AJerby cemghsUGayeens. gHmasbe Gydab gndergerabyds FoHBrbsbgana GbogMgob yrrggmemays Gygy7momedsBo WGOM QyQm sobsbybo. 61obggg Ging Lsgyerghor wodfghemds, Asoo Gbeargéob sbbs 9 byewBgagaw Goyysh FoAdmsmeaghes. 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