Advanced Formation Evaluation 2014

Midterm Exam (Time 3 hrs)

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1- Plot porosity versus grain diameter and explain the change in porosity with grain diameter changes. (10/100)
Answer:
Random Packing is grain size dependent and the ordered packing cannot
be formed in real life due to its unstable behavior and randomization.
Equilibrium porosity depends on stability parameters which are: Frictional
forces and Cohesive forces.
Forces are proportional to exposed surface are of grains.
When all other forces are equal and for a given weight, coarse grain
stabilized at lower porosity than finer grains. Increase in porosity only
becomes significant at grain size lower than about 100 mm.
When grain size increases past 100 mm frictional force decrease until a
limit is reached. This limit represents random frictionless packing point.
The limit occurs at porosity of about 0.4
Under irreversible deformation, further loss of porosity can be achieved.

2- A well is perforated at a depth of 10,000 ft. The mean surface temperature is about 80 F. The temperature at the depth
of 5000 ft is 120 F. The formation water concentration was measured at 75 F. The analysis showed that the water
includes 460 (ppm) of Calcium (Ca), 210 (ppm) of Magnesium (Mg) as we as 2000 (ppm) of NaCl. For this well:
a. What is the geothermal gradient? (5/100)
Answer:

b. What is the total solid concentration of the sampled water? (5/100)

Answer:

c. What is the solution resistivity at reservoir temperature? (10/100)

Answer:
Temperature at reservoir depth:
Equivalent NaCl concentration: Using the total solid value and following chart

Considering the next chart:

3- For a porous rock:

a. Define formation factor as a function of tortuosity (10/100).
Answer:

b. Define flushed zone, invaded zone and virgin or true formation and show that: (
Answer: In general:

)(

) (15/100).

Virgin zone: The zone in which true reservoir fluid has not been displaced by drilling fluids and therefore true reservoir
properties can be measured in this zone.

Invaded Zone: The zone in which reservoir is invaded by drilling fluid (mud filtrate). The invaded zone includes both flushed
zone and transition zone. Therefore depending on type of reservoir and type of drilling fluid, the whole reservoir fluid or
portion of it will be displaced.

Flushed Zone: The zone nest to the well that the reservoir fluid will be flushed by the mud filtrate. The change in reservoir
fluid saturation is much more than transition zone. In another word, reservoir fluid will be displaced as much as possible.

)(

c. Assuming n=2 and knowing that

)(

)] show that:

)] (10/100)

Answer:
(

)(

)]

)]

[(

)(

) ]]

) ]

4- For the sample log presented below:

a. Identify oil and water zones (5/100)
Answer:
1. The water zone at the bottom is characterized, in this case, by rather low-resistivity readings and the lack of
separation between the deep and shallow laterolog readings.
2. The hydrocarbon zone is indicated by the high-resistivity readings above 12,470 ft. For 20 ft below this zone the
readings are higher than in the water zone. This could indicate a small amount of hydrocarbons or a change in
porosity.

b. For this log, the mud filtrate resistivity (

) is reported as 0.08
i. What is the salinity of the mud filtrate solution?(5/100)
Answer:
from chart: Salinity = 90,000

at 75 F.

ii. Find the values for

and water resistivity (

So from chart:

) at formation temperature of 200 F (assume SSP = -80) ?(10/100)

.Therefore using the chart we have:

Similarly you may use the chart

c. Compare shale volume calculated using linear and Clavier methods at the depth of 1430ft. (10/100)
Answer:

Linear VSH = 0.33%

Clavier Method:

) )

) )

d. At the depth of 1430, after correcting log readings for wellbore diameter and mud cake thickness of 6mm, find the
values for
,
and (10/100).
Additional information:

Caliper = 14 in
Answer:
Flushed zone: We will use MSFL log: Log reading is equal to: 50
Transition zone (invaded zone): LLS: Log reading is equal to: 900
True reservoir: LLD: Log reading is equal to: 1000

Corrections:

From chart:

and

Correction for
. Considering clipper reading of 14 in, we have:
So

Now lets correct it with regards to mud cake (

, mud thickness of 6mm:

):

Correction:

Correction: