Bio1A MT1 Prep Part2

MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Proteins: Functions of Proteins
2/14/16, 5:33 PM
Chemistry Review - Proteins: Functions of Proteins
Review the Functions of Proteins tutorial.

Then answer the question.
Part A
Which biological activity does NOT directly involve proteins?
ANSWER:
Defending cells against viruses.
Breaking food polymers into smaller molecules.
Sensing light.
Changing the shape of a cell.
None of the above; proteins are involved in all of them.
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Proteins: Levels of Structure
2/14/16, 5:39 PM
Chemistry Review - Proteins: Levels of Structure
Review the Levels of Structure tutorial.

Then answer the questions.
Part A
The protein shown here has ...
ANSWER:
primary structure.
secondary structure.
tertiary structure.
All of the above.
All of the above, plus quaternary structure.
Part B
This ribbon diagram represents a protein in water. Even without showing the side chains, it's clear that the protein's
quaternary structure ...
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Proteins: Levels of Structure
2/14/16, 5:39 PM
ANSWER:
is stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
is stabilized by forces between backbone groups.
is weaker than that of entirely helical proteins.
consists of helices.
None of the above. There's no quaternary structure.
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Proteins: Models of Proteins
2/14/16, 5:42 PM
Chemistry Review - Proteins: Models of Proteins
Review the Models of Proteins tutorial.

Part A
A major limitation of the ribbon model of a protein is:
ANSWER:
(a) It's hard to see how the backbone folds.
(b) It can't show the orientation of key side chains.
(c) It gives a false sense of open space in the protein.
Both (a) and (c).
(a), (b), and (c).
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Proteins: Primary Structure
2/14/16, 5:47 PM
Chemistry Review - Proteins: Primary Structure
Review the Primary Structure tutorial.

Part A
The human myoglobin protein contains 153 amino acids. If you take one guess at the amino acid sequence, what is
your chance of being right?
ANSWER:
One chance in 15320.
One chance in 20x153.
One chance in 153.
Part B
A biochemist modified a protein so the amino acid lysine occurred where the amino acid aspartic acid previously
occurred. This change could ...
ANSWER:
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(a) alter the protein's secondary structure without affecting the primary structure.
(b) alter the protein's tertiary structure.
(c) affect the protein's backbone.
Both (b) and (c).
(a), (b), and (c).
Part C
Identify the empirical formula of a free amino acid whose side chain is just H.
ANSWER:
CH6O2N
C2H5O2N
C2H4O2N
C2H5ON
None of the above.
Part D
An amino acid residue in a protein differs from a free amino acid in having ...
ANSWER:
(a) one less H.
(b) one less OH.
(c) one less H and one less OH.
Either (a) or (b).
Could be any of the above.
Part E
A residue in the middle of a polypeptide has CH3 as its side chain or R group. How many atoms does the residue
contain?
ANSWER:
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7
9
10
12
13
Part F
Amino acids are called "acids" because they ...
ANSWER:
contain amino groups in the side chain part.
contain amino groups in the backbone part.
contain carboxyl groups in the backbone part.
act as acids when they are bound to proteins.
contain carboxyl groups in the side chain part.
Part G
In a protein, peptide bonds connect ...
ANSWER:
C-R to N-H.
N-H to C-H.
C=O to C-R.
C=O to N-H.
All the above.
Part H
Which statement is true of the side chains that occur in proteins?
ANSWER:
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2/14/16, 5:47 PM
(a) Some of them contain only C and H.

(b) Some of them contain carboxyl groups.
(c) None of them join the backbone at more than one point.
Both (a) and (b).
All the above.
Part I
A certain amino acid side chain ionizes at low pH but not at very high pH. What else is true of this side chain?
ANSWER:
It donates H+ to water at low pH.
It contains an amino group.
It is one of 7 kinds of amino acids that share this property.
It contains a carboxyl group.
It is acidic.
Part J
In this diagram a biological polymer is being broken down; the fuzzy yellow lines represent a chemical reaction that is
removing a subunit. Which statement is true?
ANSWER:
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(a) The reaction is removing a nucleotide from a DNA molecule.

(b) R represents an atom that could belong to one of 20 chemical elements.
(c) The arrow is pointing at a peptide bond.
(d) The reaction is a decomposition.
Both (b) and (d).
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Proteins: Quaternary Structure
2/14/16, 5:48 PM
Chemistry Review - Proteins: Quaternary Structure
Review the Quaternary Structure tutorial.

Part A
Which of the following is NOT true of protein quaternary structure?
ANSWER:
A single polypeptide may have quaternary structure.
A quaternary protein cannot have fewer than two carboxyl groups.
Hydrogen bonds may hold the polypeptides in contact.
Part B
Some of the strongest biological structures (e.g., beaks and claws) are made of many molecules of the protein keratin.
What else is true of structures made of keratin?
ANSWER:
(a) Disulfide bridges bind the proteins together.
(b) Each protein is a single long alpha helix.
(c) Hair is another example.
Both (a) and (b).
(a), (b), and (c).
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Proteins: Secondary Structure
2/14/16, 6:00 PM
Chemistry Review - Proteins: Secondary Structure
Review the Secondary Structure tutorial.

Part A
The helical foldings of proteins are stabilized mainly by bonds between ...
ANSWER:
S and S.
water molecules.
side chains.
CO and NH.
ionic groups.
Part B
Which of the following is true of pleated sheet foldings within a polypeptide?
ANSWER:
Its loops are held in place mainly by disulfide bridges.
The side chains are parallel to the plane of the sheet.
They are part of the polypeptide's quaternary structure.
They depend on regular occurrence of CO and NH.
All the above.
Part C
What will probably be the effect on a protein if you replace the amino acid proline with the amino acid glycine (side chain
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Proteins: Secondary Structure
2/14/16, 6:00 PM
-H) at several points?

ANSWER:
The primary structure of the altered protein will be shorter than before.
There will be less rotation around backbone bonds than before.
The altered protein will have fewer hydrogen bonds than before.
The altered protein will have longer helices than before.
The altered protein will have shorter helices than before.
Part D
The helical foldings in proteins ...
ANSWER:
are part of the protein's primary structure.
are kept folded by hydrogen bonds.
are kept folded by base-pairing.
are kept folded by forces between side chains on adjacent turns of the helix.
None of the above.
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Proteins: Tertiary Structure
2/14/16, 6:09 PM
Chemistry Review - Proteins: Tertiary Structure
Review the Tertiary Structure tutorial.

Part A
What do the three main forces that stabilize protein tertiary structure have in common?
ANSWER:
(a) They involve the side chains.
(b) They involve the water around the protein.
(c) They are weaker than covalent bonds.
Both (a) and (b).
Both (a) and (c).
Part B
Among the forces that stabilize protein tertiary structure, hydrogen bonds are especially important because they are ...
ANSWER:
more numerous than the other forces.
more associated with side chains than the other forces.
less associated with the backbone than the other forces.
more resistant to environmental disturbance than other forces.
stronger than the other forces.
Part C
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2/14/16, 6:09 PM
Which fact results from the presence of both polar and nonpolar side chains in a protein?
ANSWER:
A protein's folding doesn't depend on the polarity of the environment.
Each protein has many functions.
Proteins ionize when they are placed in water.
pH has a strong effect on secondary structure.
Water has a strong effect on tertiary structure.
Part D
The sequence of polar and nonpolar side chains has a strong effect on a protein's folding mainly because ...
ANSWER:
water attracts polar but not nonpolar groups.
nonpolar side chains repel water.
polar side chains attract one another.
water repels nonpolar side chains.
nonpolar side chains attract one another.
Part E
The graph shows how the rate of action by a certain enzyme protein responds to temperature. The decrease between 43
C and 60C probably results from ...
ANSWER:
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2/14/16, 6:09 PM
changing primary structure.

breaking disulfide bridges.
breaking peptide bonds.
breaking hydrogen bonds.
ionizing side chains.
Part F
When a protein has been unfolded enough to lose its function, the protein has been ...
ANSWER:
metastasized.
distempered.
denatured.
hydrolyzed.
None of the above.
Part G
The amino acid lysine has an amino group in its side chain. In a protein, a scientist replaced every lysine with serine
(side chain -CH2OH). The alteration made the protein's folding ...
ANSWER:
more sensitive to pH.
less sensitive to pH.
less dependent on hydrogen bonds.
less sensitive to heat.
more dependent on amino acid sequence.
Part H
Which factor is most important in determining a protein's optimum pH?
ANSWER:
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2/14/16, 6:09 PM
The locations of side-chain carboxyl groups.

The sensitivity of hydrocarbon side chains to pH.
The number of amino groups in the protein's backbone.
The number of backbone carboxyl groups.
The pH of the protein's environment.
Part I
The two cysteine residues in this picture are positioned just right to make ...
ANSWER:
(a) the most common kind of bond that stabilizes tertiary structure.
(b) an especially strong hydrogen bond.
(c) the strongest kind of bond that stabilizes tertiary structure.
Both (a) and (b).
Both (b) and (c).
Part J
Why don't cells rely more on disulfide bridges to stabilize the folding of proteins?
ANSWER:
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Disulfide bridges are too weak. Proteins can get more stability from ionic forces.
There's no room for more disulfide bridges. Most proteins have many of them.
Disulfide bridges can only occur just after proline in the amino acid sequence.
They make the protein rigid. Many proteins change their shape as they work.
Though strong, disulfide bridges put a strain on the backbone.
Part K
To make a disulfide bridge, it's necessary to ...
ANSWER:
remove two H atoms.
remove an H and an OH.
perform a hydrolysis reaction.
remove two OH groups.
None of the above.
Part L
A certain protein is not very sensitive to pH. It may have many side chains with ________ groups.
ANSWER:
-NH2
-PO3H2
amino
carboxyl
-CH2OH
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More Info
2/14/16, 6:15 PM
1. Is it true that cold alcohol can cook an egg by replacing water?

Sure is. If you break an egg into a glass of pure alcohol, in a few days the egg white will be as solid and opaque as if it had
been boiled. That's because the water in the egg diffuses into the alcohol, leaving the egg proteins surrounded by alcohol.
Alcohol doesn't make as many hydrogen bonds as water, so the proteins unfold and become tangled.
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2/14/16, 6:18 PM
2. Why does a little heat make enzymes work better?

That is because reactions, including enzyme-catalyzed reactions, proceed faster when the reacting molecules have more
heat energy. You'll learn more about this effect in the section on Enzymes and Pathways. If the heat is too much, though, it
denatures the enzyme.
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2/14/16, 6:18 PM
3. Why are hot springs proteins more resistant to heat?

They haven't been studied enough to make the answer clear, but the most likely answer is that their folding depends less
on polar forces than does the folding of proteins from organisms that live at lower temperatures.
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: DNA Replication
2/14/16, 8:10 PM
Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: DNA Replication
Review the DNA replication tutorial.

Part A
Which fact is most important in explaining why wrong base pairs are rarely incorporated into the double helix?
ANSWER:
Sugars cannot link with wrongly paired bases.
Nucleotide pairing affects the action of DNA polymerase.
Strands of the helix won't separate if base pairs are wrong.
Wrong base pairs are low in energy.
A-T and G-C are the only base pairs that can join with hydrogen bonds.
Part B
In an experiment, a scientist fed radioactive nucleotides to a cell that was previously non-radioactive. After the cell
duplicated its DNA, which statement would be true?
ANSWER:
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: DNA Replication
2/14/16, 8:10 PM
In each strand, half the nucleotides would be radioactive and half non-radioactive.
The old DNA helices would be non-radioactive; the new ones would be radioactive.
Each DNA helix would have one radioactive strand and one non-radioactive strand.
Part C
In DNA replication,
ANSWER:
(a) the original strands remain together.
(b) the replica strands are complementary to the templates.
(c) each replica strand has the same base sequence as its template.
(d) DNA copies itself.
both (b) and (d).
Part D
Why do cells make nucleic acids from monomers like this one?
ANSWER:
They don't. Cells make nucleic acids from free nucleotides.
Free nucleotides cannot base-pair with the template.
Extra phosphates cause stronger base pairing.
Each nucleotide has three phosphates.
None of the above.
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: Functions of Nucleic Acids
2/14/16, 8:20 PM
Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: Functions of Nucleic Acids
Review the Functions tutorial.

Part A
Which statement is true of nucleic acids?
ANSWER:
(a) rRNA positions amino acids along mRNA.
(b) mRNA binds amino acids together to make proteins.
(c) mRNA is part of the ribosome.
(d) DNA carries information for making RNA.
Both (b) and (d).
Part B
The information in DNA tells a cell how to make ...
ANSWER:
(a) proteins.
(b) DNA.
(c) tRNA.
Both (a) and (b).
(a), (b), and (c).
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2/14/16, 8:20 PM
Part C
The green molecules in the diagram ...
ANSWER:
(a) contain the base uracil.
(b) contain the sugar deoxyribose.
(c) are made by copying RNA.
Both (a) and (c).
(a), (b), and (c).
Part D
Which statement is true of the process in the animation below?
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ANSWER:
(a) It's called DNA replication.
(b) Cells do it to produce proteins.
(c) Its product contains the nitrogenous base thymine.
Both (a) and (b).
Both (b) and (c).
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: Structure
2/14/16, 8:22 PM
Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: Structure
Review the Structure tutorial.

Part A
RNA nucleotides contain __________ than DNA nucleotides.
ANSWER:
less oxygen
more oxygen
less phosphorus
different purines
None of the above.
Part B
The orange unit with two linked rings in this diagram represents ....
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2/14/16, 8:22 PM
ANSWER:
a sugar.
a pyrimidine.
a purine.
a nucleotide.
an amino acid.
Part C
How likely is it that the next base, out of sight at the top of this polymer, is uracil?
ANSWER:
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2/14/16, 8:22 PM
Since RNA has five bases, there is one chance in five.

It's as likely as any of the bases; about one chance in four.
The chances are very good, since the bases are equally common.
It's sure to be uracil, since A, C, and G are already present.
Not a chance, since this is a DNA molecule, not an RNA molecule.
Part D
Which statement helps to explain how DNA stores hereditary information?
ANSWER:
DNA is a self-replicating type of protein.
DNA contains 20 kinds of amino acids.
DNA contains four kinds of nitrogenous bases.
DNA is made from thousands of kinds of monomers.
DNA binds a master copy of each kind of protein.
Part E
DNA and mRNA differ with respect to ...
ANSWER:
(b) the kinds of purines they contain.
(a) the kind of sugar they contain.
(c) how many kinds of nucleotides are used to make the polymer.
Both (a) and (b).
(d) the ability to make a double helix.
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: The Double Helix
2/14/16, 8:26 PM
Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: The Double Helix
Review the The Double Helix tutorial.

Part A
If you measure the amounts of the bases in any sample of DNA, you'll find that ...
ANSWER:
the amount of A + the amount of C = the amount of G + the amount of U.
the amount of A = the amount of G; the amount of T = the amount of C.
the amount of A + the amount of G = the amount of T + the amount of C.
the amount of A + the amount of T = the amount of G + the amount of C.
None of the above.
Part B
Which statement expresses a real difference between DNA and RNA?
ANSWER:
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: The Double Helix
2/14/16, 8:26 PM
(a) DNA can make a double helix; RNA cannot.

(b) DNA is much longer than RNA.
(c) DNA has more kinds of bases than RNA.
Both (a) and (b).
(a), (b), and (c).
Part C
What holds the strands of the DNA double helix together?
ANSWER:
Attractions between polar sugars.
Covalent bonds between A and T, and between C and G.
Attractions between the ionized phosphates.
Hydrogen bonds between purines and pyrimidines.
Proteins that bind to DNA bases.
Part D
If you were to analyze a DNA sample from a eukaryotic cell, you would find that:
ANSWER:
(a) the number of purines equals the number of pyrimidines.
(b) the number of adenines equals the number of uracils.
(c) the number of guanines equals the number of cytosines.
Both (a) and (c).
(a), (b), and (c).
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: Transcription
2/14/16, 8:29 PM
Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: Transcription
Review the Transcription tutorial.

Part A
How would this molecule have to be altered, to be used in RNA transcription?
ANSWER:
(a) Add another OH to the sugar.
(b) Remove a CH3 group from the base.
(c) Remove two phosphates.
Both (a) and (b).
Both (a) and (c).
Part B
You can tell this diagram is showing transcription rather than replication because ...
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MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Nucleic Acids: Transcription
2/14/16, 8:29 PM
ANSWER:
(a) an enzyme is doing it. Replication doesn't need an enzyme.
(b) only one strand is being used as template.
(c) the product contains U.
Both (b) and (c).
(a), (b), and (c).
Page 2 of 2
MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Enzymes & Pathways: Biosynthesis
2/14/16, 8:30 PM
Chemistry Review - Enzymes & Pathways: Biosynthesis
Review the Biosynthesis tutorial.

Part A
How do cells use ATP to raise the energy level of reaction substrates?
ANSWER:
ATP is hydrolyzed to release its energy.
The ADP part of ATP is bound to the substrate.
The terminal phosphate of ATP is bound to the substrate.
All of the above
Part B
Why is ATP a good source of energy for biological reactions?
ANSWER:
Links between adenine and sugar are unstable.
Peroxide links are highly reactive.
Triphosphate chains are unstable.
Links between sugar and phosphate are unstable.
The answer is still unknown.
Part C
A reaction is said to be unfavorable if ...
ANSWER:
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(a) it will be very slow without a catalyst.

(b) the free energy change for the reaction is positive.
(c) equilibrium favors the reactants, not the products.
Both (a) and (b).
Both (b) and (c).
Part D
The reaction A B is unfavorable by itself, but through energy-coupling, cells can use ATP to convert A into B. How
is this done?
ANSWER:
(a) Hydrolysis of ATP releases heat that is used by the unfavorable reaction.
(b) ATP acts as a catalyst to speed the unfavorable reaction.
(c) The unfavorable reaction is replaced by two favorable reactions.
Both (a) and (b).
Both (b) and (c).
Part E
How do cells replace the energy-rich ATP that is destroyed in energy-coupled reactions?
ANSWER:
(a) Chloroplasts use light energy to synthesize ATP.
(b) Mitochondria synthesize ATP using energy that's released by oxidizing sugars and fats.
(c) Ribosomes use catalytic RNA to couple ADP with Pi.
Both (a) and (b).
(a), (b), and (c).
Part F
Which answer is true of the molecule shown here?
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ANSWER:
(a) Its energy is associated mainly with the adenine group.
(b) If it had one less O atom, it could be a subunit for replicating DNA.
(c) Protein kinases use it to control the action of some enzymes.
Both (b) and (c).
(a), (b), and (c).
Part G
Life on this planet would be much less abundant without the process shown here. Which answer is helpful in
explaining why this process is important?
ANSWER:
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Every chemical reaction decreases free energy.

Inorganic substances are low in free energy.
ATP is a catalyst for some of life's most important reactions.
Every event decreases the entropy of the universe.
Chemical fuels lack the energy needed to make ATP.
Page 4 of 4
MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Enzymes & Pathways: Controlling Enzymes
2/14/16, 8:30 PM
Chemistry Review - Enzymes & Pathways: Controlling Enzymes
Review the Controlling Enzymes tutorial.

Part A
Which type of control agent never speeds an enzyme's action?
ANSWER:
Substrate analog
Protein kinase
Allosteric effector
Regulatory protein
None of the above.
Part B
Which type of control agent exerts noncompetitive inhibition?
ANSWER:
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2/14/16, 8:30 PM
(a) Substrate analog

(b) Protein kinase
(c) Allosteric effector
Both (b) and (c).
(a), (b), and (c).
Part C
In cooperativity, ...
ANSWER:
if one substrate is bound, the next binds more easily.
two enzymes cooperate to produce a control agent.
two enzymes share a binding site for a control agent.
two control agents must bind to affect enzyme action.
two or more enzymes are needed to bind one control agent.
Part D
Which statement is characteristic of allosteric effectors?
ANSWER:
(a) They bind to the active site.
(b) Covalent bonds attach them to the enzyme.
(c) They may not resemble the enzyme's substrates.
Both (b) and (c).
(a), (b), and (c).
Part E
When allosteric effector X binds to enzyme #1, the enzyme stops working. Nevertheless, the speed of the reaction
can be altered by adjusting the concentration of X. How?
ANSWER:
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X easily escapes from the allosteric site.

There are many copies of the enzyme.
When X detaches from an enzyme, the enzyme regains full activity.
All of the above.
None of the above.
Part F
When a pathway is subject to allosteric feedback inhibition, ...
ANSWER:
an accumulation of effectors slows the pathway.
the last enzyme in the pathway is allosteric.
an increase in effector concentration speeds the pathway.
the concentration of effectors does not change with time.
the effector is made by another pathway.
Part G
Which statement is true of the control mechanism shown in the animation below?
ANSWER:
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2/14/16, 8:30 PM
It's often used in feedback control.

The enzyme is an allosteric effector.
It's a case of competitive inhibition.
This is a case of protein kinase action.
It involves substrate analogs.
Page 4 of 4
MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Enzymes & Pathways: Enzyme Action
2/14/16, 8:30 PM
Chemistry Review - Enzymes & Pathways: Enzyme Action
Review the Enzyme Action tutorial.

Part A
Which statement is true of enzymes?
ANSWER:
(a) Enzymes can be either proteins or RNA molecules.
(b) When a cell makes an enzyme, it makes many copies.
(c) Their substrate specificity involves matching of shapes.
Both (a) and (b).
(a), (b), and (c).
Part B
What's false?
(1) Enzymes may change shape when they bind substrates;
(2) Enzymes provide no energy for the reaction, except collision energy;
(3) Enzymes may release substrates.
ANSWER:
None of the statements is false.
Statement 1 is false.
All three statements are false.
Part C
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How can induced fit influence the specificity of an enzyme?

ANSWER:
(a) It can not influence the specificity of an enzyme.
(b) It moves the reactive portion of the enzyme closer to the substrate.
(c) The enzyme's active site changes shape to fit the correct substrate but not other molecules.
Both (b) and (c).
None of the above.
Part D
Enzymes speed reactions mainly by ...
ANSWER:
protecting the catalysts.
raising the kinetic energy of the reactants.
lowering EA.
providing activation energy.
None of the above.
Part E
Which fact is most important in explaining how enzymes speed reactions?
ANSWER:
High-energy collisions are less common than low-energy collisions.
It takes less energy to break a hydrogen bond than a covalent bond.
Very low potential energy tends to make molecules unstable.
Every reaction step adds to the time required for the overall reaction.
Large molecules collide more energetically than small molecules.
Part F
In an experiment with an enzyme, the 58th amino acid seems to form a covalent bond with a substrate molecule as
part of the catalytic process. What would you say?
ANSWER:
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It couldn't happen. Catalysis doesn't alter the enzyme.

There must be an error. Enzymes don't make covalent bonds with substrates.
This is possible in theory, but it's never been observed.
At some point the bond between the amino acid and the substrate must break.
This is probably a case where the enzyme changes the position of equilibrium.
Part G
Dr. Haxton thinks a certain enzyme works by the steps shown in the animation below. What would a good student say
about the proposed mechanism?
ANSWER:
If he's right, it's a first-an enzyme that donates atoms to a substrate!
Enzymes do the kinds of things that are shown here; it's possible.
It's unlikely. Enzymes don't make covalent bonds with their substrates.
It has too many steps to be realistic. Enzymes simplify reactions.
It's unrealistic because it could run in reverse.
Page 3 of 3
MasteringBiology: Chemistry Review - Enzymes & Pathways: Metabolic Pathways
2/14/16, 8:40 PM
Chemistry Review - Enzymes & Pathways: Metabolic Pathways
Review the Metabolic Pathways tutorial.

Part A
This animation below shows a metabolic pathway with three kinds of enzymes. Which enzyme comes second in the
pathway?
ANSWER:
The enzyme at the lower right.
It depends on which enzyme starts to work first.
There is not enough information to answer this question.
The enzyme at the lower left.
The enzyme at the upper middle.
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More Info
2/14/16, 8:27 PM
1. Who discovered the double helix?

Credit the discovery to the American James Watson and the Englishman Francis Crick in 1953 at Cambridge University,
England. This was the most momentous discovery in the history of biology. It revolutionized biological and biochemical
research and is having a major impact on medicine.
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2/14/16, 8:36 PM
1. How fast can enzymes work?

Typical speeds range from 10 million times faster than the uncatalyzed reaction to trillions of times faster. An especially
fast enzyme is urease, an enzyme that converts urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. Soil microbes produce urease,
which breaks down the urea that animals release in urine. Urease speeds the breakdown by a factor of 100 trillion.
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Tour of the cell midterm prep
2/14/16, 10:24 PM

Due: -You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy
Multiple Choice 6.18
Part A
Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes?
ANSWER:
a cell that is digesting food particles
a cell that is enlarging its vacuole
a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes
a cell that is secreting proteins
a cell that is constructing its cell wall or extracellular matrix
Part A
Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
ANSWER:
ribosome
contractile vacuole
lysosome
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondrion
Part A
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
https://session.masteringbiology.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?displayMode=studentView&assignmentID=4521177
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ANSWER:
plasmodesmata
lysosomes
tight junctions
Golgi vesicles
rough ER
Part A
The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly
describes this polarity?
ANSWER:
Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to
the other.
Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side
of the Golgi to the other.
Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side.
Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to
the other.
All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi function.
Part A
The fact that the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope has bound ribosomes allows one to most reliably conclude
that
ANSWER:
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the nuclear envelope is not part of the endomembrane system.

the nuclear envelope is physically continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
small vesicles from the Golgi fuse with the nuclear envelope.
at least some of the proteins that function in the nuclear envelope are made by the ribosomes on the nuclear
envelope.
nuclear pore complexes contain proteins.
Part A
The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely
determined by
ANSWER:
the modification of the membrane components once they reach their final destination.
the physical separation of most membranes from each other.
the synthesis of lipids and proteins in each of the organelles of the endomembrane system.
the function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting membrane components.
the transportation of membrane among the endomembrane system by small membrane vesicles.
Mutiple Choice 6.1
Part A
When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they most likely would use
ANSWER:
a transmission electronic microscope.
a scanning electron microscope.
a light microscope and a scanning electronic microscope.
a scanning electronic microscope and a transmission electronic microscope.
a light microscope.
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Part A
Why is it important to know what microscopy method was used to prepare the images you wish to study?
ANSWER:
so that you can make a judgment about the likelihood of artifacts having been introduced in the preparation
so that you can know whether to view the image in color or not
so that you can interpret the correct biochemical process that is occurring
so that you can judge whether the images you are seeing are of cells or of organelles
so that you can decide whether the image is actually of the size described
Multiple Choice 6.2
Part A
The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that
ANSWER:
light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy, and light microscopy allows one
to view dynamic processes in living cells.
light microscopy provides for higher resolving power than electron microscopy.
light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy.
light microscopy provides for higher magnification than electron microscopy, and light microscopy provides for
higher resolving power than electronic microscopy
light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells.
Multiple Choice 6.3
Part A
A primary objective of cell fractionation is to
ANSWER:
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separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined.
view the structure of cell membranes.
identify the enzymes outside the organelles.
determine the size of various organelles.
crack the cell wall so the cytoplasmic contents can be released.
Multiple Choice 6.4
Part A
In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific
cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is
ANSWER:
the number of enzymes in the fraction.
the presence or absence of lipids in the component.
the relative solubility of the component.
the percentage of carbohydrates in the component.
the size and weight of the component.
Multiple Choice 6.5
Part A
Which of the following correctly lists the order in which cellular components will be found in the pellet when homogenized
cells are treated with increasingly rapid spins in a centrifuge?
ANSWER:
vacuoles, ribosomes, nucleus
nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes
chloroplasts, ribosomes, vacuoles
ribosomes, nucleus, mitochondria
nucleus, ribosomes, chloroplasts
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Multiple Choice 6.6
Part A
Quantum dots are small (15 - 30 nm diameter), bright particles visible using light microscopy. If the dots can be
specifically bound to individual proteins on a plasma membrane of a cell, which of the following correctly describes the
advantage of using quantum dots in examining proteins?
ANSWER:
The dots permit the position of the proteins to be determined more precisely.
The dots permit the average distance between the proteins to be determined more precisely.
The dots permit the motion of the proteins to be determined more precisely.
The dots permit the size of the proteins to be determined more precisely.
The dots permit visualization of proteins interacting with lipids.
Multiple Choice 6.7
Part A
If a modern electron microscope (TEM) can resolve biological images to the nanometer level, as opposed to the best
light microscope, this is due to which of the following?
ANSWER:
The focal length of the electron microscope is significantly longer.
The electron microscope cannot image whole cells at one time.
The electron microscope has much greater ratio of image size to real size.
Contrast is enhanced by staining with atoms of heavy metal.
Electron beams have much shorter wavelengths than visible light.
Multiple Choice 6.8
Part A
A biologist is studying kidney tubules in small mammals. She wants specifically to examine the juxtaposition of different
types of cells in these structures. The cells in question can be distinguished by external shape, size, and 3-dimensional
characteristics. Which would be the optimum method for her study?
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ANSWER:
light microscopy using living unstained material
transmission electron microscopy
scanning electron microscopy
light microscopy using stains specific to kidney function
cell fractionation
Multiple Choice 6.9
Part A
A newspaper ad for a local toy store indicates that a very inexpensive microscope available for a small child is able to
magnify specimens nearly as much as the much more costly microscope available in your college lab. What is the
primary reason for the price difference?
ANSWER:
The toy microscope magnifies a good deal, but has low resolution and therefore poor quality images.
The toy microscope usually uses a different wavelength of light source.
The college microscope produces greater contrast in the specimens.
The toy microscope does not have the same fine control for focus of the specimen.
The ad agency is misrepresenting the ability of the toy microscope to magnify.
Part A
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except
ANSWER:
DNA.
a plasma membrane.
an endoplasmic reticulum.
ribosomes.
a cell wall.
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Part A
The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in
animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that
ANSWER:
plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells.
the basic functions of plant cells are very different from those of animal cells.
plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells.
plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.
animal cells are more spherical, while plant cells are elongated.
Part A
A mycoplasma is an organism with a diameter between 0.1 and 1.0 m. What does its size tell you about how it might be
classified?
ANSWER:
It could be a very small bacterium.
It must be a single celled protist.
It could be a typical virus.
It could be almost any typical bacterium.
It must be a single celled fungus.
Part A
Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?
ANSWER:
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the difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

the evolution of larger cells after the evolution of smaller cells
the evolution of eukaryotes after the evolution of prokaryotes
the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function
the observation that longer cells usually have greater cell volume
Part A
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
ANSWER:
lipids
steroids
proteins
starches
glucose
Part A
The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could
cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect to be the most likely consequence?
ANSWER:
failure of chromosomes to carry genetic information
inability of the nucleus to keep out destructive chemicals
the inability of the cell to withstand enzymatic digestion
a change in the shape of the nucleus
the loss of all nuclear function
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Part A
Recent evidence shows that individual chromosomes occupy fairly defined territories within the nucleus. Given the
structure and location of the following parts of the nucleus, which would be more probably involved in chromosome
location?
ANSWER:
the outer lipid bilayer
nuclear pores
the nuclear lamina
the nucleolus
the nuclear matrix
Part A
In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the
following organelles functions in this compartmentalization?
ANSWER:
peroxisome
lysosome
glyoxysome
chloroplast
central vacuole
Part A
Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein disposal from prokaryotic cells?
ANSWER:
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The mechanism of protein excretion in prokaryotes is probably the same as that in eukaryotes.
Prokaryotes are unlikely to be able to excrete proteins because they lack an endomembrane system.
In prokaryotes, the ribosomes that are used for the synthesis of secreted proteins are located outside of the
cell.
Proteins that are excreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic
surface of the plasma membrane.
Prokaryotes contain large pores in their plasma membrane that permit the movement of proteins out of the cell.
Part A
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very
large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?
ANSWER:
mitochondria
the Golgi apparatus
the lysosome
the endoplasmic reticulum
membrane-bound ribosomes
Part A
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in
this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
ANSWER:
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Nuclear envelope
smooth ER
rough ER
Transport vesicles
Golgi apparatus
Part A
Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?
ANSWER:
vacuole
mitochondrion
lysosome
Golgi apparatus
peroxisome
Part A
Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?
ANSWER:
Golgi apparatus
lysosome
peroxisome
vacuole
mitochondrion

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Part A
Which of the following is a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?
ANSWER:
mitochondrion
lysosome
vacuole
peroxisome
Golgi apparatus
Part A
Which is one of the main energy transformers of cells?
ANSWER:
peroxisome
lysosome
mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
vacuole
Part A
Which of the following contains its own DNA and ribosomes?
ANSWER:
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mitochondrion
vacuole
Golgi apparatus
lysosome
peroxisome
Part A
Which of the following contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?
ANSWER:
vacuole
lysosome
mitochondrion
Golgi apparatus
peroxisome
Part A
Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in
ANSWER:
chloroplasts.
lysosomes.
nuclei.
mitochondria.
vacuoles.

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Part A
Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include
ANSWER:
mitochondria.
ribosomes.
chloroplasts.
ribosomes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts
mitochondria and chloroplasts only
Part A
The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In
eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Where are the corresponding
reactions likely to occur in prokaryotic respiration?
ANSWER:
on the inner nuclear envelope
in the cytoplasm
on the inner plasma membrane
on the inner mitochondrial membrane
on the endoplasmic reticulum
Part A
A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and then centrifuged the mixture to fractionate the organelles. Organelles in
one of the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light, while organelles in the lighter fraction could produce ATP in
the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to contain, respectively,
ANSWER:
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mitochondria and peroxisomes.

chloroplasts and mitochondria.
peroxisomes and chloroplasts.
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
chloroplasts and peroxisomes.
Part A
Which of the following are capable of converting light energy to chemical energy?
ANSWER:
mitochondria
leucoplasts
peroxisomes
Golgi bodies
chloroplasts
Part A
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It
could be a cell from
ANSWER:
a plant or an animal.
a plant, but not an animal.
a bacterium.
any kind of organism.
an animal, but not a plant.
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Part A
The mitochondrion, like the nucleus, has two or more membrane layers. How is the innermost of these layers different
from that of the nucleus?
ANSWER:
The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is separated out into thylakoids.
The space between the two layers of the nuclear membrane is larger.
The inner mitochondrial membrane is devoid of nearly all proteins.
The two membranes are biochemically very different.
The inner mitochondrial membrane is highly folded.
Part A
Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?
ANSWER:
It is not attached to the outer nuclear envelope.
It is not involved in protein synthesis.
It only has two membrane layers.
It has too many vesicles.
Its structure is not derived from the ER.
Part A
The peroxisome gets its name from its interaction with hydrogen peroxide. If a liver cell is detoxifying alcohol and some
other poisons, it does so by removal of hydrogen from the molecules. What, then, do the enzymes of the peroxisome
do?
ANSWER:
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combine the hydrogen with ATP

transfer the hydrogens to oxygen molecules
use the hydrogen to break down hydrogen peroxide
transfer the harmful substances to the mitochondria
Part A
How does the cell multiply its peroxisomes?
ANSWER:
They are built de novo from cytosol materials.
The cell synthesizes hydrogen peroxide and encloses it in a membrane.
They split in two after they are too large.
They are brought into the cell from the environment.
They bud off from the ER.
Part A
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?
ANSWER:
membrane proteins
cellulose fibers in the cell wall
ribosomes
sites of energy production in cellular respiration
cytoskeletons

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Part A
Cells can be described as having a cytoskeleton of internal structures that contribute to the shape, organization, and
movement of the cell. Which of the following are part of the cytoskeleton?
ANSWER:
mitochondria
microfilaments
nucleoli
the nuclear envelope
lysosomes
Part A
Of the following, which cell structure would most likely be visible with a light microscope that has been manufactured to
the maximum resolving power possible?
ANSWER:
nuclear pore
mitochondrion
microtubule
largest microfilament
ribosome
Part A
Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules?
ANSWER:
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cilia
centrioles
cilia, centrioles, and flagella
cilia and flagella only
flagella
Part A
Use the following to answer the following question.
Property
Microtubules (tubulin
polymers)
Microfilaments (actin
filaments)
Intermediate filaments
Structure
Hollow tubes; wall consists

of 13 columns of tubulin
molecules
Two intertwined strands of

actin, each a polymer of
actin subunits
Fibrous proteins
supercoiled into thicker
cables
Diameter
25 nm with 15-nm lumen
7 nm
8-12 nm
Main functions
Cell motility
Cell motility
Anchorage
Tubulin is a dimer, made up of 2 slightly different polypeptides, alpha and beta. Given the structure above, what is the
most likely consequence to the structure of the microtubule?
ANSWER:
Microtubules in cilia must never grow or become shorter.
Microtubules grow by adding a complete circular layer at a time rather than spiraling.
One end of a microtubule can grow or release dimers at a faster rate than the other.
One "half-pipe" side of the tubule must be heavier in alpha and the other in beta subunits.
Tubulin molecules themselves must be rigid structures.
Part A
Use the following to answer the following question.
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Property
Microtubules (tubulin
polymers)
Microfilaments (actin
filaments)
Intermediate filaments
Structure
Hollow tubes; wall consists

of 13 columns of tubulin
molecules
Two intertwined strands of

actin, each a polymer of
actin subunits
Fibrous proteins
supercoiled into thicker
cables
Diameter
25 nm with 15-nm lumen
7 nm
8-12 nm
Main functions
Cell motility
Cell motility
Anchorage
The differences among the three categories of cytoskeletal elements would suggest that each of the following has
specialized roles. Which of the following is a correct match?
ANSWER:
microtubules and cleavage furrow formation
microfilaments and ciliary motion
intermediate filaments and cytoplasmic streaming
microtubules and chromosome movement
microfilaments and the nuclear lamina
Part A
Centrioles, cilia, flagella, and basal bodies have remarkably similar structural elements and arrangements. This leads us
to which of the following as a probable hypothesis?
ANSWER:
Motor proteins such as dynein must have evolved before any of these four kinds of structure.
Disruption of one of these types of structure should necessarily disrupt each of the others as well.
Loss of basal bodies should lead to loss of all cilia, flagella, and centrioles.
Natural selection for motility must select for microtubular arrays in circular patterns.
Evolution of motility, of cells or of parts of cells, must have occurred only once.
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Part A
If an individual has abnormal microtubules, due to a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect
dysfunction?
ANSWER:
egg cells (ova), uterus, and kidneys
limbs, hearts, areas with a good deal of contraction
all ducts, such as those from salivary or sebaceous glands
sperm, larynx, and trachea
microvilli, alveoli, and glomeruli
Part A
Which of the following possesses a microtubular structure similar to a basal body?
ANSWER:
centriole
peroxisome
ribosome
nucleolus
lysosome
Part A
Microfilaments are well known for their role in which of the following?
ANSWER:
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formation of cleavage furrows

ameboid movement and formation of cleavage furrows only
ameboid movement
contracting of muscle cells
ameboid movement, formation fo cleavage furrows, and contracting of muscle cells
Part A
Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true?
ANSWER:
The dynamic aspect of cytoskeletal function is made possible by the assembly and disassembly of a large
number of complex proteins into larger aggregates.
Microfilaments are structurally rigid and resist compression, while microtubules resist tension (stretching).
Transport vesicles among the membranes of the endomembrane system produce the cytoskeleton.
Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each
other.
Chemicals that block the assembly of the cytoskeleton would cause little effect on the cell's metabolism
Part A
Animals cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella?
ANSWER:
centrosomes and ribosomes only
ribosomes
actin
centrosomes
centrosomes, ribosomes, and actin
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Part A
All of the following serve an important role in determining or maintaining the structure of plant cells. Which of the
following are distinct from the others in their composition?
ANSWER:
intermediate filaments
nuclear lamina
microfilaments
microtubules
plant cell walls
Part A
Which of the following relationships between cell structures and their respective functions is correct?
ANSWER:
lysosomes: formation of ATP
chloroplasts: chief sites of cellular respiration
ribosomes: secretion
cell wall: support, protection
chromosomes: cytoskeleton of the nucleus
Part A
The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma
membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic of all of these extracellular structures?
ANSWER:
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They must block water and small molecules in order to regulate the exchange of matter and energy with their
environment.
They must permit information transfer between the cell's cytoplasm and the nucleus.
They must provide a rigid structure that maintains an appropriate ratio of cell surface area to volume.
They are composed of a mixture of lipids and carbohydrates.
They are constructed of materials that are largely synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the
cell.
Part A
When a potassium ion (K+) moves from the soil into the vacuole of a cell on the surface of a root, it must pass through
several cellular structures. Which of the following correctly describes the order in which these structures will be
encountered by the ion?
ANSWER:
secondary cell wallplasma membrane primary cell wallcytoplasmtonoplast

tonoplastprimary cell wallplasma membranecytoplasm
primary cell wallplasma membranecytoplasmtonoplast
primary cell wallplasma membranetonoplastcytoplasmvacuole
plasma membraneprimary cell wallcytoplasmtonoplast
Part A
A cell lacking the ability to make and secrete glycoproteins would most likely be deficient in its
ANSWER:
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nuclear DNA.
extracellular matrix.
nuclear DNA, extracellular matrix, and Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus.
extracellular matrix and Golgi apparatus only
Part A
The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information
from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following?
ANSWER:
gap junctions
plasmodesmata
DNA and RNA
integrins
the nucleus
Part A
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?
ANSWER:
peroxisomes
extracellular matrix
gap junctions
desmosomes
tight junctions
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Part A
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through
ANSWER:
desmosomes.
gap junctions.
tight junctions.
plasmodesmata.
intermediate filaments.
Part A
Which of the following makes it necessary for animal cells, although they have no cell walls, to have intercellular
junctions?
ANSWER:
Maintenance of connective tissue shape requires cells to adhere to one another.
Cell-to-cell communication requires physical attachment of one cell to another.
The relative shapelessness of animal cells requires a mechanism for keeping the cells aligned.
Large molecules, especially proteins, do not readily get through one, much less two adjacent cell membranes.
Cell membranes do not distinguish the types of ions and molecules passing through them.
Part A
Recent evidence shows that the extracellular matrix can take part in regulating the expression of genes. A likely
possibility for this might be which of the following?
ANSWER:
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Mechanical signals of the ECM can alter the cytoskeleton, which can alter intracellular signaling.
Intracellular signals might cause changes in the fibronectin binding to the cell surface.
Proteoglycans in the ECM become large enough in aggregate to force genetic alteration.
Orientation of microfilaments to the ECM can change the gene activity.
Fibronectin binds to integrins built into the plasma membrane.
Part A
Of the following molecules of the ECM, which is capable of transmitting signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton?
ANSWER:
integrins
proteoglycans
collagen
middle lamella
fibronectin
Chapter 6 Quiz
Part A
Which of the following choices correctly matches a tool and its proper application (Concept 6.1)
You did not open hints for this part.
ANSWER:
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cell fractionation to study the function of specific organelles

transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study the movement of organelles within a living cell
light microscopy to study the internal structure of cilia
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to study the surfaces of preserved cells
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the detailed movements of living cells
Part B
Which of the following clues would tell you if a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? (Concept 6.2)
ANSWER:
the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall
whether or not the cell contains DNA
whether or not the cell is partitioned by internal membranes
the presence or absence of ribosomes
whether or not the cell carries out cellular metabolism
Part C
Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? (Concept 6.2)
ANSWER:
mitochondrion ... photosynthesis
ribosome ... manufacture of lipids
nucleus ... cellular respiration
central vacuole ... storage
lysosome ... movement
Part D
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Which statement(s) correctly describe(s) the relationship between the nucleus and ribosomes of a eukaryotic cell?
(Concept 6.3)
ANSWER:
The components of the ribosomes are first assembled in the nucleus.
The nucleus contains the instructions for protein synthesis by the ribosomes.
All of the proteins of the cell are synthesized on ribosomes bound on the nuclear envelope.
The first two answers are correct.
The first three answers are correct.
Part E
Which one of the following statements about the endomembrane system is correct? (Concept 6.4)
ANSWER:
Most of the phospholipids of the endomembrane system are synthesized in the mitochondria.
The endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the plasma membrane.
Mitochondria function in the modification and sorting of lipids and proteins.
Proteins that will be secreted from the cell are likely to be found in closed spaces bounded by membranes of
the endomembrane system.
Ribosomes move lipids and proteins among the different organelles of the endomembrane system.
Part F
A cell has formed a food vacuole as it ingested a food particle. Which of the following events is associated with the
breakdown of that food particle? (Concept 6.4)
ANSWER:
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Digestion of the food particle occurs in a vesicle enclosed by a membrane that separates the digestion from
the cytoplasm.
Proteins for digestion of the food are made by ribosomes in the Golgi apparatus.
The membrane of the food vacuole is derived from the cell wall.
Enzymes for the breakdown of the food are delivered to the food vacuole from the cytosol.
Proteins for digestion of the food particle were initially processed in mitochondria.
Part G
Mitochondria are found in _____. (Concept 6.5)
ANSWER:
animal cells and bacterial cells, but not in plant cells
animal cells only
plant cells only
all cells
plant and animal cells
Part H
Which of the following are common traits of chloroplasts and mitochondria? (Concept 6.5)
ANSWER:
both have their own DNA
both reproduce by meiosis
both are surrounded by a single membrane.
both are found in plant and animal cells
All of the above are correct.
Part I
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Which of the following functions is associated with the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells? (Concept 6.6)
ANSWER:
the beating of cilia or flagella
determining the shape of animal cells
maintaining the position of the nucleus in the cell
the contraction of muscle cells in animals
All of the choices are correct.
Part J
Which statement about extracellular structures (plant cell walls and the extracellular matrix of animal cells) is correct?
(Concept 6.7)
ANSWER:
Some extracellular structures provide for cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells.
Information can be transmitted from these extracellular structures to the cytoplasm.
Extracellular structures can play a role in determining cell shape.
Proteins and carbohydrates are common components of extracellular structures.
All of the choices are correct.
Part A
The fact that the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope has bound ribosomes allows one to most reliably conclude
that
ANSWER:
Page 32 of 33
2/14/16, 10:24 PM
at least some of the proteins that function in the nuclear envelope are made by the ribosomes on the nuclear
envelope.
the nuclear envelope is not part of the endomembrane system.
the nuclear envelope is physically continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
small vesicles from the Golgi fuse with the nuclear envelope.
nuclear pore complexes contain proteins.
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