0

)(

1393

-1
...........................................................................................
3.....................................................................................
- 2 )line
............................................................................................ ( pipe
4.....................................................
-2-1
........................................................................................
4..............................................................................
- 2-1-1 )
............................................................................................ ( UOE
6.....................................................
- 2-1-2
6...................................................................................
- 2-1-3
...............................................................................................
11.............................................
- 2-1-4
............................................................................................
13..........................................
- 2-1-5
...............................................................................................
13.................................
- 2-2
...............................................................................................
13........................................
- 2-3
...............................................................................................
15......
- 3
.......................................................................................
17................................................................
2

-4
....................................................................................
18..............................................................................
- 4-1 )
( ........................................................................................
18...................
- 4-2
.......................................................................................
21......................................
- 5
...............................................................................................
24...........................................................
-6
............................................................................................
26.................................................................................
-7
..........................................................................................
29.................................................................................
- 7-1
................................................................................................
30..............................................................
- 7-2
............................................................................................
32...........................................................
- 8
.................................................................................................
37.............................................
- 8-1
44........................................................................................
- 8-2
........................................................................................
44....................................................
3

- 9
........................................................................................
46...............................
- 9-1
47.............................................................
- 9-2
51........................................................
- 9-3
........................................................................................
53....
- 10
............................................................................................
56...................................................................
- 10-1
..............................................................................................
56.....................
- 10-2 .
.................................................................................................
58.....................................

 -1
ASME B31.3
. API 650
. ASME B31.4

.
ASME B31.8 .

) (DOT )
49 .(192
) 49 .(195

ASTM API
.

.
.
) (
API )
(.

-2

) ( line pipe

(2.1
4 :
1

) UOE
2

(

5

3
)
(.

) (5.1 .
100 105 .
(5.1

(2.1.1 UOE

UOE
) ( DSAW 5.1 .
U . U

O
)
6

 ( expand E . 5.2
.

) ( . UOE 406
1625 ) 16 64( .
.

.
.
800 .

(2.1.2
) ( ERW
5.3 .
) (
. 5.4
ERW .
ERW .
.
. ERW mm 100 4 ) mm 1220
in (in 48 mm (0.562 in) 14
mm 152 6) mm 660
in (in 26 .
1970 ) 16
10) km( (
. ERW

7

 ERW . ERW

ERW ) ( MPag [1400 psig] 9.65
) ERW MPag [200 1.38

] psig( .
ERW

.
:
-

:
.

.
:
-1 :
-2
-3 ) (
-4
-

) .(5.6
:

)
.(5.7

 (5.1 : UOE .

U
U .
U O
. O

.
.
.
-1 :
) ( AUT -2

(5.2 ) ( toe cracks HAZ

DSA

 (5.4

(5.3
:
.
.
)
( round .

.
flying

.

10

 (5.5 hook

ERW

(5.6

11

ERW

 (5.7 ) (

ERW

(2.1.3
5.8
.
.
mm ( 26 in ) 660
mm (16 in) 405 .
) 15 25
( ERW
.
500) km 800( .

.
(5.8 :
) mandrel mill ( plug
) rolling mill ( . mandrel mill

plug rolling mill

.

12

 mandrel plug rolling

mandrel plug .
mandrel plug
) (stretch reducing mill
) ( sizing mill OD
.
Kawasaki
) ( cold drawn .

.


)
(.

(2.1.4
) (
5.9 .
ERW
. UOE
DSAW .

. mm 152 ) mm 2540
6 in (in 100
mm 610
13

) (24 in .
.
) ( line up
.
.

(2.1.5
) (ERW
mm 50 2 in) mm 100 (in 4 .
) (
mm 20 0.75 in) mm 115 (in 4.5

.
(2.2
API ) 5L ( API specification 5L
. API 5L 5LX 5LS
. ) grade(
. ) ASTM
( A381
) ( header .
-

API 5L A B.
A MPa (30 ksi) 207 .
B MPa (35 Ksi) 241 .
) ERW DSAW GMA ( FBW
.

14

API 5L X42 X80

. " " X
X42 42
) ksi ( 290 MPa . ) ERW

( DSAW GMA API 5L .

) ( cold expanding
.
API X52


. 10 12 90
X60 X70 . Coulson
X80 .

. )
( API X60

.

-

.
API 5L A X70
.

.

(2.3
API
. D

15

 .
:

.
.
1.5

2
3

) (.
90 100

.
) ( mills
100
.
)

( API 1104 .
5 .
mm (6 150
) in X60
) mm (6 in) 150
(.
) (

.

underbead )

350 underbead

(.
) through wall
(

16

 .
.
-11
) 7 (.
-12 30
.
-13 weldolet mm (4 in) 100

.

(5.9 :
.
) ( trimmer

.
-

. ) .( flying x
.

17

 -3
) ( headers


.
) MPa ( 414

) 60 ksi ( .
:

)(

) (
ANSI B16.5

) (

MSS SP 44

MSS SP - 75

ASTM A381

(
)

ASTM A694

ASTM A707

) (
ASTM
) ( ratings
F36 F70

Y42 Y70

Y35 Y65

F42 F65

ksi ( 289.6 42
) MPa ksi ( 517.1 MPA ) 75

-4

18


.
(4.1 ) (
:
API X60 X70 ) %0.20

0.016( API X52 0.26

.
0.08 ) (
)(
PWHT.
:

0.13 0.33 .
) (
-

.
0.8 %1.6 .
%0.8 ) ( tie up

0.4 . )
( good notch toughness 4 1.
1.6
.
-

3 1 .
: 0.009

. 0.012 .



19

 . 0.01
4 1
-

.
) ( deoxidizer .
)

( strain age embrittlement .

) ( 2 1
. 0.05

) (
.

. 0.05 .
)( . 0.10
.
.

.
. 0.025
) ( induction bending
API X60
.
) double

( inoculation .
) underbead
( .
PWHT

20


.
.

0.020
0.030 . 0.020
) ( notch toughness .
0.040
. 0.2
.

.
0.25
-

.
) ( REM

. misch .
misch 57 71

misch 50 . 1.5
. REM 0.02
) ( gas metal arc welding
-

.
) 0.005(
.
0.001

.
0.01
.

21

 (5.10
) ( EXX10
interpass

(4.2

)
( .
. ) ( CE :

CE 0.5 0.55 ) (1
API X52 . 2
) ( . CE
2 0.43 API X60 X70 .
interpass
) ( 5.10 .
CE 0.42 mm (1 in) 25
C (68 F ) 20 kJ / cm 12
. kJ / cm 9
C (140 F ) 60 .
CE Pcm .
)
( . Pcm
/ 0.12

22

Pcm 0.25 .
Phm
:

Hef = 0.50Hf
Hef = Hf
= Hf 100
= Kt = V 3.5
V 1.5.
= Sw

Rf Sy 20 Rf 0.050 = Rf 20
Sy ) Sy + 0.005 ( Rf 20Sy.
= Sy kgF / mm2
= Rf )69h = ( kgF / mm2
= H )(mm

23

 Phm C 100
) (212 F T100
:

)( CT
:

CT ) ( T

T100 100 ) ( F 212 .

) ( CEN .
CEN :

0.06

F = 0.54 0.21
F = 1.00 .

-5

-1 :
-2 )
24

 ( controlled rolled plate -3

.
-1 :
-2 -3
. 1 C (1830 F ) 1000
.
C (1740 F ) 950 Ar

. Ar


.
) ( finishing temperature
5.11 5.12 .

C (1490 F ) 810 .
.
C (1380 F ) 750
.

25

 (5.11
A1

26

A4

 (5.12 %50
V

-6
)
.( shop induction bending

.
.
. ) (bend
.
.
.

. ) (

.

.
0.025
.
) ( IPA VIBS 86
.
841231
ASME B31.8 .

... .
27


) ( stress corrosion cracking .
5
) ( SSC . ) ( bend
:

:
= Eo
= Ri
= t

28

 (5.13

(5.14

-7
5.13
.

) 5.14 ( .
.
:
-

API 5L SR 5 V
mm (4.5 in) 115 .
29

 60
-

80 .
API 5L SR 6 40
%80 mm (20 in) 508
API X52 .

Z184 . .

.
.
(7.1
)
5.15 ( . )
(5.16
.
. 13 )8.1
( 1960 API X56 mm (30 in ) 760
60 .
Battelle
85
.
SR6 API 5L.
5.17 DWTT
. 85

. DWTT
V )
30

 (
. V ) the

( Charpy V notch approach .

(5.15

(5.16

31

 (5.17 DWTT

(5.18
) 3000 (.

(7.2
5.18
.
.
)
32

 ( . ) ( scalloped
5.19 5.20 .
.
) (
. 300 )1000
( 1960 API X65

mm (36 in) 915 . Battelle

) V(
mm * 10 mm 10 .
) V(
:

:
K = 3.56 * 10-5 2-10 * 1.08

= )MPa (ksi

= R mm (in)
= t mm (in)
= Ereq V
) (.
V
API X60 X70 760
mm mm 915 30) mm 1065 36 42(
5.21
33

) A mm * 10 mm 10 mm2 [ 0.1237 in2 ] 80

( . V
DWTT .
mm (5/8 in) 16
.
Battelle
MPa (50.8 ksi) 350 30 .
Battelle X80 .
X80

DWTT V .


.
3/4

MPa 34.5 5 ksi ) MPa 68.9 ( ksi 10
.
.
.
AISI
Battelle .

. ) splits

(
) ( chevron pattern .

.
34


.
" " NKK
.

.
) ( steel sleeves
. ) ( 2
15 .

.
.

35

 (5.19
) ( scalloped .

(5.20

(5.21 ) V(
. V

.

Maxey .


:

:
: Cv V
) ( ft/lbs
36

 : )(ksi
: R )(in

-8


. ERW ) (
. 0.012
C (1650 F ) 900
.
pH

4 10 . ) (
) (
) (
.

) ( cured
. )(

.
5 15
.
) ( anode throwing power
10 .
pig

)(
.
37

 ) ( cross country

.
1 .

.
Efird . Jasinski
) ( wt% total acid number
.
) (

. 60
)(
.
100
ppm 5 .


. ...
.

)
( .
.
) H2S
(
.
38

 1/5000 1/50 .

.
H2S / CO2 1/50
.
) API RP 14E (
:

:
: Vc ) ( ft/s
: / ) kg/m3 ( lbs/ft3
: C
) 988 (100

1482 150) 1976 200 ( .
Salama
4446 )
450 ( .

H2s / CO2 1/50


.
H2S 50
39

 .

.
H2s / CO2 1/50 ) CO2

( 4.5 4
. 4
) ( deWaard Lotz .
deWaard . Lotz
)
( scale pH . 15 )
+C5 50 (
20 .

m/s (3.3 ft/s ) 1 . )
(
.

. 4
4.5
. pH
Markin deWaard Lotz
. Markin
.

) CO2 C 70 160 F) C 250 (( F 480
H2S
) ( .
CO2
40


.
5.22
. :
: G

= PG
= PL
= L

= V
=

) ( elbows dead leg tee
.
) (
.

m/s 3.0 10 ft/s) m/s 6.1 ft/s 20
( . )
( 28

) kPaa (4 psia
41

 .
.
)(
.
m/s (20 ft/s ) 6.1
SS SS .
SS )
( L [UNS S30403] 304

.

SS . SS
C 400 750 F) C 590
( F 1100 .
SS
) ( L [UNS S30403] 304
SS UNS S32205 UNS S31254
. SS pH H2S
. pH 2.7
1 C (176 F ) 80
UNS S32205 kpaa (5 34.5

) psia .
SS .
SS
1.19 . )
( 1.18 3.19 .
SS
42

 . SS SS m/s 26
) (85 ft/s .
.

.
. )
(
kPag ( 650 psig ) 4480
) ( sudden depressurization .

(5.23 HIC
) ( x-z

43

 (5.24

.
) ( A .
) ( B
.
) ( A .
) ( C . ) step

(wise .
(8.1
.
) ( SCC
. SCC
. SCC .
SCC.

(8.2
) ( SSC
.
)
22 C ( Hv 10 248
.
) (
. )
( )
(
44

 . SSC
TMO 177 NACE .
) = pH

( 3 .
30 .

.
) ( API X42
) ( HIC .
HIC ) API

(X60 . ) SSC
( HIC

.
5.23
5.24 .
.
) (
) (I .

TM0284 NACE .

) pH ( 5 96 .

. :
10 10
5.
HIC :

45

pH 5 0.25

0.3 0.015

0.0009 )
(ppm 9 ppm 1.5 .
4.1

) 0.005 (
.

-9

.
.
" " Wenner ) .( ASTM G57

.
:
)

) ( ) (g
)

(
2000
2000 5000
5000 10000
10000

46

(
(40) 1.0
(30) 0.79
(20) 0.51
(10) 0.25

. :

: D )(
: G
: t

.

.


.

(9.1

mm (1 in) 25.4 .
47

 .
.
50
C (20 F ) 7-
EPA .
.

.

.
.
) (.


.
:

.
:
: 40 .
) (ditch
. )
( .

48

 .

) ( over the ditch application
.

.
.
100) km 160(
.
) ( railhead .
.
.
)
.
( .

.
.
) ( handling ) (
.
.
C 23- 10 F) C 66 ( F 150 .
) TapecoatTM (
C (200 F ) 93 .
: 35
.
.
49

 mm (24 in) 610 .

mm (120 in) 3050
.
)
( . )-
C 40 40 F-) C 66 (( F 150
.
mm 1.3
.
.
) ( field joints heat

shrinkable ) ( .
: ) FBE

( 1970 .

) FBE
( FBE .

) C 3- 100 F-) C 66 (( F 150 .
FBE
93

) (200 F .
.
) NACE No. 2 SSPC SP, " Near White Metal Blast

( " Cleaning .
) mm 0.3 0.4
12 mils] mm ( [mils 16
silvers .
50


.

.
) (C (400 F ) 200
.

. ) ( field joints
.
.

.
.


.

(9.2

.
. 5.2
) (
.

51

 (5.2

NACE RP .

0169
.
NACE RP 0169
IR 0.85
Cu / CuSO4 .
0.05
.


.
.


.
.

52

 SS
SS
SS SS .

.
0.65 ) -
0.72 ( Cu / CuSO4 )
( SS . SS

)
kg/mm2 [90 ksi] 63(
) 0.82 - ( Cu / CuSO4 0.75
.
0.85 Cu /
CuSO4 ) 0.82 Cu /

CuSO4 59 ( SS 22
C SS )
(
.
(5.25

.

.

(9.3

.

53

 . ) C (100 F 38

) ( 16
.

pH )
SCC( SCC .
.
.

.
SCC .

.

(5.26

54

H2S

 (5.27

55

 (5.28
.

-10
API 650
API 653 .
. 1
mm (1/16 in) 1.5 .
mm (1/16 in) 1.5
.

.
C (50 F ) 10 ) C (35 2

) F ( ) ( notch tough steel .

.

SSC .
NACE RP0472.

(10.1
:
-1 -2 -3 .
.
5.26 0.5
. ) ( zinc

56

 .
.
5.27
. ) API 50
(
. 5.28
80 90 .

) ( .


.

.
.

. )
( stock
.
API RP 652 .
.

.
)
( .

NACE RP

0193 .
57


.
. retrofit ) (

.

.


.
Meyers McJones .
Merrick Meyers .

(10.2
) ( LPG
) ( LNG .
) C 33 - C 42 - 28 F -) C 162 - -
F 40 .( ( F 260 - SCC
) (C 33 - Cantwell . SCC
LPG
LPG .
. A
) (
. LPG
R API 620 BS 7777 .
LNG Q API 620 BS

7777 . LPG
58


.
) steel wire

( wrapped concrete tank LNG .

.
-1 : -2 -3
.
5.29 .
) (
) (
.


.
.
9 )
( SS ( UNS S30400 ) 304
) ( .
9
.
9 .
V J (74 ft lbs) 100
196 ) 320 - ( .
10 F ) 580

6 C (1075 F

C . 565

) (1050 F . C (1100 F ) 595

. 9
mm (1 in) 25.4
59

 .
mm ( 2 in ) 51 .
) ( blasting ) descale ( 9
mm (3/8 in) 9.5.
BS 7777
Q
) ] API 620 ( 218.6 MPa [31.7 ksi .
. BS

7777 Q API 620

BS 7777
Q API 620 .
BS 7777
Q API 620
) 1.25 .( LNG
Q API 620

.
Ni 15 Cr Fe 65 9

.
Ni 15 Cr Fe 65 MPa 414
) (60 ksi . 414 Ni 65

15 Cr Fe
.

60

 (5.29 .

61

62