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CVR Technique App Guide For Smarter Grid
CVR Technique App Guide For Smarter Grid
Introduction
Why CVR and Why Now?
Literature Review
Modelling and Analytical Tools
Analytical and Experimental Results
Comparison
Application Guidelines
Conclusions
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System)
Most Common
Practice is to Stay
Higher and Closer to
120V!!
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CVR Technique:
Reduction of the Voltage will Reduce Power Demand (kW), Reactive Power
(kVAR), and Energy Consumption (kWh) by the End-Use Loads, but how much?
Rule of Thumb Used by Many Utilities in the Past: 1% Reduction in Voltage will
Bring 1% of Energy (and Power) Consumption Saving.
PkW
Energy Saving
PkW
Energy Saving
kW
kW
Is it True?
Daily Load Demand Profile
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Hour
Hour
Energy Saving
PkW
kW
kW
Energy Saving
PkW
Hour
Hour
6
Quantities:
Power (kW)
Reactive Power (kVAR)
(Real) Energy (kWh)
(Reactive) Energy (kVARh)
Common numbers are between 0.0 and 2.0 for kW & kWh
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Wind / Solar /
Gas Turbine
1,200,000
1.2TW
7.00
6.00
5.00
Gen. Capacity
Energy Used
800,000
4.00
600,000
4,000TWh
400,000
3.00
2.00
200,000
1.00
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
0.00
1972
1970
1,000,000
Year
10
4,000TWh
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
Year
1972
1970
4,500
11
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12
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13
Energy Conservation
Peak Power Reduction
Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard (RPS)
Energy Efficiency and Loss Reduction
Energy Independence and Sustainability
And More!!! (Greenhouse Gas, Carbon
Reduction!!)
Smart[er] Grid and Micro-Grid Initiative
Fact: 40% of Total Primary Energy is
Used to Produce Electricity in the US
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18
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Element
Basic Equations
CVR Factor
Constant (Z)
V2
S
Z
CVRf = 2.0
Constant (I)
S V I *
CVRf = 1.0
Constant (P or S)
S V I *
CVRf = 0.0
Constant (E)
E P t
CVRf = 0.0
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Element
P: Power (kW)
Q: Reactive Power (kVAR)
P = I2 R
Constant Energy:
Resistive Element (E)
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V = I.R
E = P.t
Voltage Sensitivity
CVAR factor
(CVRf)
Comments
P V2; Q V2
Lower voltage results
proportionately lower current
Constant Resistance R is
a special application, when
X = 0; CVRf (kVAR) = 0
P = V I Cos
Q = V I Sin
P V1
Q V1
P = V I Cos
Q = V I Sin
P = V 0; Q = V0
Lower voltage increases current,
product remains same.
Constant Power P is a
special application, when Q
=0
None
t: Time
P = I2 R = V2/R
22
ZIP
Model
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Where:
Pi :
Qi :
Va :
Vn :
Sn :
Z% :
I% :
P% :
Z :
I :
P :
23
unbalanced,
Multi-phase distribution system
0.8
3.0
Where,
CVRf (kW)
CVRf (kVAR)
Pn and Qn
V
Pl and Ql
:
:
:
:
:
24
[ xx] Reference[Yr.
Published]
Results from:
(kWh)
(kW)
(kVAR)
Utilities
Residential: CVRf (kWh): 0.61; Commercial: CVRf (kWh): 0.89; Industrial: CVRf (kWh): 0.35. Reference:
Ellens [22], Table I
0.62
Field Test,
[17]Erickson [1982]
11 Feeders (12.47kV)
0.47-1.04
Comments
0.5480.967
Field Test
0.57-1.35
Northeast Utilities
Field Test,
12 Feeders
0.3361.103
Snohomish PUD, WA
Northwest Utilities
Residential: CVRf (kWh): 0.765; Commercial: CVRf (kWh): 0.991; Industrial: CVRf (kWh): 0.409.Reference:
Ellens [22], Table I
Residential: CVRf (kWh): 0.73; Commercial: CVRf (kWh): 0.84; Industrial: CVRf (kWh): 0.49.Overall: 0.71;
Reference: Ellens [22], Table I
Average Value CVRf (kWh)= 1.0
32 Feeders (13.2kV, 13.8kV, 23kV)
Estimate: Average 3% voltage reduction will reduce the energy consumption by 1.5%. CVR f (kWh)
Residential: 0.330-0.676, Commercial: 0.893-1.103. Overall: 0.62
0.3361.103
Snohomish PUD, WA
Northwest Utilities
Snohomish PUD, WA
Northwest Utilities
Simulated
0.409 0.991
0.71
Simulated
Simulated,
24 Feeders
Based on PNNL Report [3]. CVRf was not calculated. Peak Load and Annual Energy reduction is 0.54.0%.Estimate: 100% feeders with CVR in USA will produce 3.04% reduction in annual energy. Loss
reduction is insignificant.
PNNL GridLAB-D, Effect of PV is considered.
0.67-1.33
0.6 - 0.95
2.0 - 6.0
Simulated
0.4
Australian Experience
Residential Sector
Field Test
0.92
Dominion Energy, VA
[29] Sunderman
[2012]
Field Test
4, 13.2kV Feeders
Utility / EPRI
CVRf (kW): Average: 0.7. Energy reduction range, CVRf (kWh): 0.16-1.2%
Field Rest
0.95
Total Economic Analysis. Average 3.5% voltage reduction throughout the system.
[41] Anderson
[Unknown]
Field Test
0.3-0.86
Idaho Power
Lower voltage by 2-4% produces 1-3% reduction in energy (kWh) and peak demand (kW).
[13] De Steese
[Unknown]
Simulated
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0.16-1.19
0.17-0.93
3.0
1.9920.12
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CVRf (kWh)
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
1978-1991
2011-2014
[41] Anderson
[39] Casavant
[24] Peskin
[22] Ellens
[8] Singh
[15] Kennedy
[19] Lauria
[34] Warnock
[35] Kirshner
[17] Erickson
[36] Priess
0.00
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Questions and/or
Comments.