Yuvenico Wicaksono

11/315593/EK/18423
Tugas Metodologi Penelitian Akuntansi
Chapter 11 & 12

Chapter 11
1. Define measurement.
Measurement is the assignment of numbers or other symbols to
characterisctis (or attributes) of objects according to a prespecified set of
rules. Objects include persons, strategic business units, companies,
countries, bicycles, elephants, and so on.

5. What is meant by operational definition, when is it necessary,

and why is it necessary?
Saya mengutip tiga definisi dari wikipedia, buku Research Methods for
Business karangan Uma Sekaran and Roger Bougie, dan
www.princeton.edu untuk menjabarkan definisi operational definition.
Menurut Wikipedia, an operational definition is a result of the process
of operationalization and

is

used

to

define

something

(e.g.

a variable, term, or object) in terms of a process (or set of validation tests)

needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity
Menurut buku Research Methods for Business karangan Uma Sekaran and
Roger Bougie, reduction of abstract concepts to render them measurable
in a tangible way is called operationalizing the concepts.
Menurut

www.princeton.edu,

an

operational

definition

defines

something (e.g. a variable, term, or object) in terms of the specific process

or set of validation tests used to determine its presence and quantity.
Operational is necessary when we need to specify something to get
certain objective. One advantage is specificity. After operationalization,
we should be able to determine whether there is evidence for or against a
given hypothesis.

Yuvenico Wicaksono
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Operationalization is necessary because we must specify what we have to
do, because certain specify for certain objective.
Chapter 12
1. Describe the four types of scales.
There are four types of scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
a. Nominal scale
A nominal scale is one that allows the researcher to assign subjects to
certain categories or groups. For example, with respect to the variable
of gender, respondent can be grouped into two categories male and
female. These two groups can be assigned code numbers 1 and 2.
These numbers serve as simpe and convenient category labels with no
intrinsic value, other than to assign respondent to one of two
nononverlapping, or mutually exclusive categories. Note that the
categories are also collevtivley exhaustive. In other words, there is no
third category into which respondent would normally fall.
b. Ordinal Scale
An ordinal scale not only categorizes the variables in such a way as to
denote differences among the various categories, it also rank-orders
the categories in some meaningful way.
The ordinal scale helps the researcher to determine the percentage of
respondent who consider interaction with others as most important,
those who consider using a number of different skills as most
important, and so on. Such knowledge might help in designing jobs
that are seen as most enriched by the majority of the employees.
c. Interval Scale
An interval scale allows us to perform certain arithmetical operations
on the data collected from the respondents. Whereas the nominal scale
allows us only to qualitatively distinguish groups by categorizing them
into mutually exclusive and collective exhausted sets, and the ordinal
scale to rank-order the preferences, the interval scale lets us measure
the distance between any two points on the scale.
This help us to compute the means and the standard deviations of the
responses on the variables.
d. Ratio Scale
A ratio scale is an interval scale in which distances are stated with
respect to a rational zero rather than with respect to, for example, the
mean" (Nunnally, 1967, p.14).

Yuvenico Wicaksono
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It is the most powerful of the four scale because it has a unique zero
origin (not an arbitrary origin) and subsumes all the properties of the
other three scales.

6. Describe the difference between formative and reflective scales.

Reflective scale
In a reflective scale, the items (all of them!) are expected to correlate.
Unlike the items used in a formative scale, discuss next, each item in a
reflective scale is assumed to share a common basis (the underlaying
construct of interest). Hence, an increase in the value of the construct
will translate into an increase in the value for all the items representing
the construct.

Formative Scale
A formative scale is used when a construct is viewed as an explanatory
caombination of its indicators (Fornell & Bookstein, 1982; Fornell,
1987).
Gambar di bawah menunjukkan perbedaan kausalitas yang kontras
antara hipotesis dalam dua model. Dalam model reflektif (kiri panel),
variabel laten (misalnya, suhu, kemampuan membaca, atau
extraversion) yang mengemukakan sebagai penyebab umum dari
barang atau perilaku indikator. Tindakan kausal mengalir dari variabel
laten dengan indikator. Manipulasi variabel laten melalui perubahan
tekanan, instruksi, atau terapi menyebabkan perubahan dalam perilaku
indikator. Bersifat manipulasi langsung dari indikator tertentu tidak
diharapkan memiliki efek kausal pada variabel laten.

Reflective

Formative
Causal Structure

Yuvenico Wicaksono
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Sebuah model formatif, diilustrasikan pada sisi kanan gambar di atas,
berpendapat variabel komposit yang merangkum variasi umum dalam kumpulan
indikator. Sebuah variabel komposit dianggap terdiri dari independen, meskipun
berkorelasi, variabel. Tindakan kausal mengalir dari variabel independen
(indikator) pada variabel komposit. Sebagaimana dicatat oleh Bollen dan Lennox
(1991), dua model ini secara konseptual, substantif, dan psychometrically
berbeda. Kami menyarankan bahwa perbedaan antara model ini memerlukan
pertimbangan cermat dari dasar untuk menyimpulkan arah aliran kausal antara
konstruk dan indikator-indikator.

INTRO 1:

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Yuvenico Wicaksono
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}

2X
F#7/4(13)

INTRO 2:

F#7(#11)

A(#11/13)

F#7/4
Em

F#7/4(13)

F#7(#11)

F#7/4

I found that love provides the key

A(#11/13)

Unlocks the heart and souls of you and me

Em

Love will learn to sing your song

F#7/4(13)

F#7(#11)

F#7/4

Yeah, love is written in the stone

B

Every man I meet is walking time

A(#11/13)

Free to wander past his conscious mind

Em

Love will come and take you home, yeah, eh, eh...
F#7/4(13)

F#7(#11)

F#7/4

Hey, hey, hey... love, ah, written in the stone

B

Do you believe, my friend, in what you claim

A(#11/13)

People of the world all doubt the same

Em

Bringing questions of their own, yeah, eh, eh...

F#7/4(13)
F#7/4

F#7(#11)

Truth (hey, hey, hey) is written in the stone (truth is written in the
stone)
B
F#7(sus4)/C#

Em7/4

A7/9

In the stone you'll find the meaning, you're not standing tall
B

Em7/4

A7/9

In the stone the light is shining, ever touching all

G#m7

F#7/4

Life experience a passing day

A(#11/13)

Time will witness what the ole folks say

Em

Getting stronger every day

F#7/4(13)

F#7(#11)

Strenght is written in the stone (strenght is written in the stone)

B

Deep inside your heart for you to keep

A(#11/13)

Lies a spark of light that never sleeps

Em

F#7/4

Yuvenico Wicaksono
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The greatest love you've ever known, oh, oh, oh...
F#7/4(13)

F#7(#11)

F#7/4

Love is written in the stone (written in the stone)

B
F#7(sus4)/C#

Em7/4

A7/9

In the stone you'll find the meaning, you're not standing tall
B

Em7/4

A7/9

G#m7

F#7/4

In the stone the light is shining, ever touching all

B

Ne

Ne

A#7

A#7

B/F#

A#7

ver you'll be alone

B/F#

A#7

B/F#

ver..... never my darling...... ne

E

B/F#

A#7

B/F#

A#7

A#7

ver you'll be alone

E

B/F#

ver..... never my darling...... ne

B/F#

A#7

B/F#

A#7

ver you'll be alone

E

ver... forever my darling...... true love is written in the stone

B/F#

Ne

A#7

ver you'll be alone

ver... forever my darling...... true love is written in the stone

Ne

B/F#

B/F#

Ne
E

B/F#

B/F#

ver... forever my darling...... true love is written in the stone

B
B
A#7

B/F#

Ne
E

A#7

ver..... never my darling...... ne

B
B
A#7

Ne
E

ver..... never my darling...... ne

B
B
A#7

B/F#

B/F#

A#7

B/F#

A#7

B/F#

ver...

A#7

ver.....

B/F#

A#7

B/F#

B/F#

A#7

B/F#

ver...
ver...

A#7

is written in the stone

E

A#7

is written in the stone

E

A#7