Professional Documents
Culture Documents
G P
G P
CLASSTYBMM (JOURNALISM)
COLLEGE- GURUNANAK COLLEGE OF ARTS,
SCIENCE AND COMMERCE
ROLL NO- 43
SUBJECT
SUBJECT GUIDANECE-
History
The NSG was founded in response to the Indian nuclear test in May
1974[1] and first met in November 1975. The test demonstrated that certain
non-weapons specific nuclear technology could be readily turned to
weapons development. Nations already signatories of the Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty (NPT) saw the need to further limit the export of nuclear
equipment, materials or technology. Another benefit was that non-NPT and
non-Zangger Committee nations, then specifically France, could be brought
in.
A series of meetings in London from 1975 to 1978 resulted in agreements
on the guidelines for export, these were published as INFCIRC/254
(essentially the Zangger "Trigger List") by the International Atomic Energy
Participating governments
Initially the NSG had seven participating governments: Canada, West
Germany, France, Japan, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the
United States. In 1976-77, participation was expanded to fifteen with the
admittance of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Italy, the
Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and Switzerland. Germany was reunited in
1990 while Czechoslovakia broke up into the Czech Republic and Slovakia
in 1993. Twelve more nations joined up to 1990. Following the collapse of
the Soviet Union a number of former republics were given observer status
as a stage towards future membership. China became a participating
government in 2004. The European Commission and the Zangger
Committee Chair participate as observers. The NSG Chair for 2015-2016 is
Argentina.
As of 2016 the NSG has 48 members:
Candidate members
INDIA
In September 2016, Pakistan gained support for its NSG membership bid
from Kazakhstan and Belarus.
Namibia
Namibia applied for NSG membership in 2016.
Role in India-US nuclear agreement
In July 2006, the United States Congress amended U.S. law to
accommodate civilian nuclear trade with India. A meeting of NSG
participating governments on 2122 August 2008 on an India-specific
exemption to the Guidelines was inconclusive. Several participating
governments, including Austria, Switzerland, Norway, Ireland, and New
Zealand, expressed reservations about the lack of conditions in the
proposed exemption. In another meeting on 6 September 2008, the NSG
participating governments agreed to grant India a "clean waiver" from its
existing rules, which forbid nuclear trade with a country which has not
signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). The NSG's decision
came after three days of intense U.S. diplomacy The approval was based
on a formal pledge by India stating that it would not share sensitive nuclear
technology or material with others and would uphold its voluntary
moratorium on testing nuclear weapons. The pledge was contained in a
crucial statement issued during the NSG meeting by India outlining the
country's disarmament and nonproliferation policies.
reactors which are under IAEA safeguards and those which are
not. Pakistan has a blemished and flawed proliferation record as it
has engaged in illicit supply of nuclear technology and materials
to Iran, Libya and North Korea. No comparison between the track
records of the two countries is hence justified. India maintains
that rather than evolving criteria, its performance should be the
basis on which the decision on its application should be taken.
Both substantively and commensurate with its expanding
international prestige and profile, India's membership of NSG is of
vital significance. A decision at the NSG plenary session in Seoul
will depend on China's stance. All other countries are expected to
fall in line. President Putin has also assured India that Russia will
intercede with China on Indias behalf. India can be reasonably
hopeful that China will see reason and logic in India's arguments
and will gracefully withdraw its strident opposition. Responsibility
devolves upon China, more than it does upon India, to bridge the
trust deficit between the two countries. This is a sterling
opportunity that China should welcome and grasp with both
hands.
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
China
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Greece
Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny
particles that make up every object in the universe. There is enormous energy in
the bonds that hold atoms together. Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity.
But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways:
nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, energy is released when
atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom. This is how the sun
produces energy. In nuclear fission, atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms,
releasing energy. Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce electricity.
Uranium
Enriched uranium is the fuel for nuclear reactors. Uranium is an abundant,
naturally radioactive element found in most rocks. As uranium breaks down or
decays, it produces heat inside the Earths crust. A similar process generates heat
inside a nuclear reactor.
Nuclear Fission
Fission is the process of splitting a nucleus in two.
Inside each uranium fuel pellet, there are millions of uranium nuclei. When these
nuclei are split, a huge amount of energy is released. Some of this energy is from
radiation, but the biggest source is kinetic energy. This is the energy that produces
heat inside a reactor, which in turn is used to generate steam, and ultimately creates
electricity.
Nuclear power plants generate external dependence. Not many countries have
uranium mines and not all the countries have nuclear technology, so they have to
hire both things overseas.
Current nuclear reactors work by fission nuclear reactions. These chain reactions is
generated in case control systems fail, generating continous reactions causing a
radioactive explosion that would be virtually impossible to contain.
Probably the most alarming disadvantage is the use of the nuclear power in the
military industry. The first use of nuclear power was the creation of two nuclear
bombs dropped on Japan during World War II. This was the first and the last time
that nuclear power was used in a military attack. Later, several countries signed the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, but the risk that nuclear weapons could be used
in the future will always exist.