Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SPT CPT
SPT CPT
12
DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT OF COARSE-GRAINED SOILS FROM FIELD TESTS
95.8 1/2
b ;CN # 2 1 Liao and Whitman, 1985 2
srzo
cN 5 0.77 log10 a
1916
b;CN # 2;srzo . 24 kPa 1 Peck et al., 1974 2
srzo
(12.44)
(12.45)
where cN is a correction factor for overburden pressures, and s9zo is the effective overburden pressure
in kPa. A further correction factor is imposed on N values if the groundwater level is within a depth B
below the base of the footing. The groundwater correction factor is
cW 5
1
z
1
1
2
2 Df 1 B 2
(12.46)
where z is the depth to the groundwater table, Df is the footing depth, and B is the footing width. If the
depth of the groundwater level is beyond B from the bottom of the footing base, cw 5 1.
The corrected N value is
N1 5 cN cW N
(12.47)
The ultimate bearing capacity for a shallow footing under vertical loads is
qult 5 32 N1 B 1 kPa 2
(12.48)
where B is the width in m. In practice, each value of N in a soil layer up to a depth 1.5 B below the footing
base is corrected, and an average value of N1 is used in Equation (12.48).
457
458
CHAPTER 12
Meyerhof (1965) proposed that no correction should be applied to N values for the effects of
groundwater, as these are already incorporated in the measurement. Furthermore, he suggested that qult
calculated from Equation (12.45) using N1 5 cN N be increased by 50%. In using Equation (12.48), the
settlement is assumed to be less than 25 mm.
Burland and Burbidge (1985) did a statistical analysis of settlement records from 200 footings
located in quartzitic sand and gravel. They proposed the following equation for the settlement of a footing
in a normally consolidated sand at the end of construction:
r 5 fs f1sa B0.7Ic
(12.49)
1.25 L /B 2
b
L /B 1 0.25
(12.50)
f1 5 (Ho /z1)(2 2 Ho /z1) is a correction factor if the thickness (Ho) of the sand stratum below the footing
base is less than an influence depth z1, sa is the vertical stress applied by the footing or allowable bearing
capacity (kPa), B and L are the width and length of the footing (m), respectively,
Ic 5 Compressibility index 5
1.71
N1.4
(12.51)
and N is the uncorrected N value. However, for very fine sand and silty sand, Burland and Burbidge recommended using a corrected N9 5 15 1 0.5 (N 2 15) in Equation (12.51). Further, if the soil is gravel or sandy
gravel, use N9 5 1.25N in Equation (12.51). The influence depth is the depth below the footing that will
influence the settlement and bearing capacity. If N increases with depth or N is approximately constant, the
influence depth is taken as z1 5 B0.763. If N tends to decrease with depth, the influence depth is z1 5 2B.
If the sand is overconsolidated,
r 5 f1 fs asa 2
2
srzc b B0.7 Ic,ifsa . srzc
3
Ic
r 5 f1 fs qa B0.7 ,ifsa , srzc
3
(12.52)
(12.53)
Burland and Burbidge also recommended a time factor to account for time-dependent settlement. You
can check the original reference for this factor.
The procedure for the BurlandBurbidge method is as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
0.6
25
0.9
28
1.2
33
1.5
29
2.1
28
2.7
29
3
31
3.3
35
4.2
41
12.12
DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT OF COARSE-GRAINED SOILS FROM FIELD TESTS
Determine the allowable bearing capacity for a square footing 2 m wide located at 0.6 m below the surface. The
tolerable settlement is 25 mm. The groundwater level is deep and its effects can be neglected.
Strategy The question that arises is what value of N to use. We will estimate the thickness of the soil (.2B)
below the footing that will be stressed significantly (.10% of applied stress) and take an average value of N within
that layer. The unit weight is not given, so we have to estimate this based on the description and the N values (see
Chapter 10, Table 10.4).
Solution 12.13
Computer Program Utility
Access www.wiley.com/college/budhu, click on Chapter 12, and then click on bc.xls for a spreadsheet to estimate bearing capacity and settlement from SPT data.
Step 1:
Determine N1.
Calculate s9zo and the correction factor cN using either Equation (12.44) or (12.45). Use a spreadsheet to
do the calculation, as shown in Table E12.13b.
TABLE E12.13b
Bearing capacity from SPT
1033
2
0.9
5
3
qa
Width of footing
Depth of footing
Groundwater
FS
kPa
m
m
m
Depth
(m)
Unit weight
(kN/m3)
Vertical
effective stress
(kPa)
Cn
calc.
Cn
use
N1
0
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
2.1
2.7
3
3.3
4.2
0
18.5
19
20
19
19
19
20
20.5
20.5
0
11.1
16.8
22.8
28.5
39.9
51.3
57.3
63.45
81.9
0
2.9
2.4
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
0
25
28
33
29
28
29
31
35
41
0
50
56
66
53
43
40
40
43
44
Avg
31
48
Step 2:
Calculate qa.
Equation (12.48):
qult
3072
5
5 1024 kPa
3
FS
The spreadsheet gives qa 5 1033 kPa because it uses more significant figures in doing the calculations.
459
460
CHAPTER 12
Strategy You have to determine whether the sand is normally consolidated or overconsolidated. No direct
evidence is provided to allow you to make a decision as to the consolidation state of the sand. One way around this
problem is to use Table 10.4 to make an estimate of the consolidation state.
Solution 12.14
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Calculate Ic.
Ic 5
Step 4:
1.71
N1.4
1.71
291.4
5 0.015
Calculate qa.
L
4
1.25L / B 2
1.25 3 1.33 2
5 5 1.33;fs 5 a
b 5a
b 5 1.11
B
3
L / B 1 0.25
1.33 3 0.25
f1 5 1 1 thickness of sand stratum greater than 2.3 m 2
qa 5 sa 5
r
fs f1B0.7Ic
25
1.11 3 1 3 30.7 3 0.015
5 696 kPa
(12.54)
12.12
DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT OF COARSE-GRAINED SOILS FROM FIELD TESTS
n
1 Ico 2 i
cD ct
Dzi
qnet a
b
i51 1 qc 2 i
(12.55)
where
cD 5 Depth factor 5 1 2 0.5
srzo
$ 0.5
qnet
t
`
0.1
(12.56)
(12.57)
b is cone factor [b 5 2.5 for square footing (axisymmetric condition), b 5 3.5 for strip footing (plane strain
L
condition . 10)], qnet is the net footing pressure in kPa (applied stress minus soil pressure above the
B
base of footing), s9zo is the original vertical effective stress in kPa at the depth of the footing, t is time in year
(t $ 0.1), A is an empirical factor taken as 0.2, Dzi is the thickness of the ith layer, and (Ico)i is the influence
factor of the ith layer given as:
Axisymmetric: L 5 B
Ico 5 0.1 1 2 1 Icp 2 0.1 2
Ico 5 Icp c 1 2
z
z
1
for #
B
B
2
2 z
1
z
1
a 2 b d for2 $ .
3 B
2
B
2
(12.58)
(12.59)
z
z
for # 1
B
B
1 z
z
a 2 1b d for4 $ . 1
3 B
B
(12.60)
(12.61)
qnet
; (qc)i is the cone tip resistance for the ith layer; s9zp is the original vertical
srzp
B
effective stress at the depth where Icp occurs, which is
for axisymmetric condition and B for plane
2
strain; and n is the number of sublayers. The unit of B is meters.
where Icp 5 0.5 1 0.1
461
CHAPTER 12
E XAMPLE 12.15 Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement Using CPT Data
A representative set of cone data at a site is shown in Figure E12.15a. A square footing 3 m wide imposing an
applied stress of 217 kPa is to be located 1 m below ground level at this site. Determine (1) the bearing capacity and
qc (MPa)
0
10
15
20
25
30
Depth (m)
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
FIGURE E12.15a
(2) the settlement of the footing one year after construction. The bulk unit weight of the sand is 17 kN/m3. Groundwater level is 8 m below the ground surface.
Strategy For a square footing, the influence depth is 2B. You need to divide this depth into soil layers and then
use Equation (12.54).
Solution 12.15
Step 1:
Step 2:
Inspect qc values over the influence depth below the bottom of the base of the footing. Ignore excessively
large qc values and sketch a composite distribution, as shown in Figure E12.15b. Find the average value
of qc, Ico, and r over the influence depth.
0
2
qc (MPa)
8
10
12
14
16
18
Bottom of footing
4
Depth (m)
462
6
8
10
12
14
FIGURE E12.15b
16
B
3
200
1 Df b 5 17 3 a 1 1b 5 42.5 kPa;Icp 5 0.5 1 0.1
5 0.72
2
2
42.5
12.12
DETERMINATION OF BEARING CAPACITY AND SETTLEMENT OF COARSE-GRAINED SOILS FROM FIELD TESTS
Muni Budhu Soil Mechanics and Foundations, John Wiley & Sons, NY, 2007
Bearing capacity and settlement of shallow footings using CPT data
Condition
1 Axisymmetric
HELP
Settlement
Bearing capacity
q
217 kPa
Df
1 m
1 m
D
17 kN/m3
3 m
B
3 m
L
'zp
42.5 kPa
'zo
17 kPa
net or qnet 200 kPa
0.72
lcp
t
1 yr
Layer
m
z
m
1
2
3
4
TABLE E12.15
1.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
0.2
0.8
z/B
2
Axisymmetric
2.5
3
Plane strain
3.5
4
4.5
0.33
0.67
1.33
2.00
lco
(lco /qc)
qc
MPa
0.51
0.64
0.32
0.00
Sum 6.00
qc z
MPa.m
8.80
6.30
6.30
6.30
0.058
0.101
0.101
0.000
8.8
6.3
12.6
12.6
Sum
0.260
40.3
ct 5 1 1 0.2 log10 `
17
5 0.96
200
1
` 5 1.2
0.1
Step 4:
0.6
1.5
Step 3:
0.4
0.5
0.96
1.20
cD
z/B
z
m
0
1.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
24 mm
6.7 MPa
Sqc Dz
40.3
5 6.7 MPa
5
6
SDz
n 1
Ico 2 i
cDct
0.96 3 1.2
qnet a
Dzi 5
3 200 3 0.26 5 24 mm
b
2.5
i51 1 qc 2 i
Bp
FIGURE 12.18
Settlement
463