SMVEC

Page No.

1. Calendar
(i) TASK
SYNTAX

: To display the calendar of the current month.

: cal (or)cal -1

EXPLANATION : Displays the calendar of the current month on the screen.

-1

Display single month output. (This is the default.)

-s

Display Sunday as the first day of the week. (This is

the default.)
-m
-j

Display Monday as the first day of the week.

Display Julian dates (days one-based, numbered from

January 1).
-y
OUTPUT

Display a calendar for the current year.

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cal

July 2016
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2
3

8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31
(ii) TASK
SYNTAX

: To display the calendar of the specified year.

: cal year

EXPLANATION : Displays the calendar of the specified year on the screen.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cal 2016

Displays all the months of the year 2016.

SMVEC
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(iii). TASK
year.

: To display the calendar of the corresponding month and

SYNTAX

: cal month year

EXPLANATION : Displays the calendar of the corresponding month and year

on the screen.
OUTPUT
2013

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cal November

November 2013
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2
3

8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
(iv). TASK
month.

: To display the calendar of the previous, current & next

SYNTAX

: cal -3

EXPLANATION : Displays the calendar of the previous, current & next month
on the screen.
OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cal -3

June 2016

July 2016

Aug 2016
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
We Th Fr Sa
1
1

5 6 7
10 11 12 13

Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
4

Su Mo Tu
1

6
8

9 10 11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18
16 17 18 19 20

10 11 12 13 14 15 16

14 15

19 20 21 22 23 24 25
24 25 26 27

17 18 19 20 21 22 23

21 22 23

26 27 28 29 30
30 31

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

28 29

31

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2. Date
(i). TASK
SYNTAX

: To display the system date and time

: date

EXPLANATION : This command displays the current system date and time on
the screen.
OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date

Mon July 4 10:50:45 IST 2016

(ii). TASK

: To display the current month.

SYNTAX

: date +%m

EXPLANATION
screen.

: This command displays the current month on the

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date+%m

07

(iii). TASK

: To display the name of the current month.

SYNTAX

: date +%h

EXPLANATION
month on the screen
OUTPUT

: This command displays the name of the current

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%h

July
(iv). TASK

: To display the current system date.

SYNTAX

: date +%d

EXPLANATION
the screen.

: This command displays the current system date on

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%d

04

SMVEC
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(v). TASK

: To display the current system (year)

SYNTAX

: date +%Y

EXPLANATION : This command displays the current system year on the

screen.
OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%Y

2016

(vi). TASK

: To display the current system time.

SYNTAX

: date +%H

EXPLANATION
hour) on the screen.
OUTPUT

: This command displays the current system time (in

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%H

10
(vii). TASK

: To display the current system weekday.

SYNTAX

: date +%a

EXPLANATION
: This command displays the current system
weekday (in abbreviated
form) on the screen.
OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%a

Mon

(viii). TASK

: To display the current system second.

SYNTAX

: date +%S

EXPLANATION
: This command displays the current system
second on the screen.
OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%S

32

SMVEC
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(ix). TASK

: To display the current system year.

SYNTAX

: date +%y

EXPLANATION
on the screen.
OUTPUT

: This command displays the current system year

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date +%y

16

3. List
(i). TASK

: To list information about the files in a directory.

SYNTAX

: ls

EXPLANATION
by default) on the

: Lists information about the files (The current directory

screen.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind

abc.txt

line.sh
(ii). TASK

pqr.txt

sort.sh
a.txt

level.txt
b.txt

: To list information about the files in a directory.

SYNTAX

: ls - l

EXPLANATION
the screen.
OUTPUT

xyz.txt

: Lists information about the files in listing format on

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls - l

Total 28
-rw-rw-r--1 smvec8

smvec8

0 Jul 4 16:22 abc.txt

-rw-rw-r--1 smvec8

smvec8 26 Jul 4 17:13

f1.sh

SMVEC
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(iii). TASK

: To list information about the files in a directory.

SYNTAX

: ls - r

EXPLANATION
the screen.
OUTPUT

: Lists information about the files in reverse order on

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls - r

xyz.txt sort.sh
abc.txt b.txt
(iv). TASK

pqr.txt line.sh level.txt

a.txt
aravind

: To list information about the files in a directory.

SYNTAX

: ls - s

EXPLANATION

: Lists information about the files its size on the screen.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls - s

4 abc.txt 8 b.txt
(v). TASK

8 pqr.txt 8 line.sh

: To list information about the files in a directory.

SYNTAX
EXPLANATION
screen.
OUTPUT

8 a.txt

: ls - S
: Lists information about the files in sorted order on the
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls - S

aravind abc.txt a.txt b.txt level.txt

line.sh
pqr.txt sort.sh xyz.txt

SMVEC
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4. Copy
TASK

: To copy files and directories

SYNTAX

: cp f1 f2

EXPLANATION

: Copies f1 to f2

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cp a.txt b.txt

[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$

cat b.txt

Hello guys!
How do you do?
5. Script/Edit
TASK

: To typescript a file that can be printed later/edit the existing

file
SYNTAX

: script scriptname
..
..
..
Exit.
/vi filename

EXPLANATION

: To open and type a script

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ vi a.txt

~Hello all!
~How is it going?
-- INSERT--

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6. Remove
TASK

: To remove files.

SYNTAX

: rm filename

EXPLANATION

: This command removes the specified file.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind

abc.txt
line.sh

xyz.txt
pqr.txt

sort.sh
a.txt

level.txt
b.txt

[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$

rm

level.txt
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind

abc.txt
pqr.txt

xyz.txt
a.txt

sort.sh

line.sh

b.txt

7. Rename
TASK

: To rename files.

SYNTAX

: mv f1 f2

EXPLANATION

: This command renames source to destination.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind

abc.txt
line.sh

xyz.txt
pqr.txt

sort.sh
a.txt

level.txt
b.txt

[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$

mv pqr.txt

rqp.txt
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind

abc.txt
rqp.txt

xyz.txt
a.txt

sort.sh
b.txt

line.sh

SMVEC
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8. Make Directory
TASK

: To make a new directory.

SYNTAX

: mkdir

EXPLANATION

: This command creates a new directory.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind

abc.txt
line.sh

xyz.txt
pqr.txt

sort.sh
a.txt

level.txt
b.txt

[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$

mkdir

student
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind

abc.txt
rqp.txt

xyz.txt
a.txt

sort.sh
b.txt

line.sh
student

9. Remove Directory
TASK

: To remove/delete an existing directory.

SYNTAX

: rmdir

EXPLANATION

: This command deletes the directory.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind

abc.txt
line.sh

xyz.txt
pqr.txt

sort.sh
a.txt

level.txt
b.txt

[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$

rmdir

student
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind

abc.txt
rqp.txt

xyz.txt
a.txt

sort.sh
b.txt

line.sh

SMVEC
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10. Pwd
TASK

: To display the name of the current/working directory.

SYNTAX

: pwd

EXPLANATION
directory.

: This command displays the name of the current

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ pwd

/home/smvec8/aravindan

11. Change Directory

TASK

: To change the working directory.

SYNTAX

: cd

EXPLANATION

: This command changes to the working directory.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cd aravind

[smvec8@smvec/aravindan/aravind~]$ cd\
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$

12. Cat command

(i). TASK

: To open new file and print the contents on the screen.

SYNTAX

: cat>filename

EXPLANATION

: This command opens a new file.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat>a.txt

Hello guys!
How is it going?

SMVEC
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(ii). TASK

: To view the contents of a file on the screen.

SYNTAX

: cat filename

EXPLANATION

: This command is used to view the contents of a file.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat a.txt

Hello guys!
How is it going?

(iii). TASK

: To concatenate the contents of two files.

SYNTAX

: cat f1 f2>f3

EXPLANATION

: Concatenates the contents of f1 and f2 and save in f3.

OUTPUT
abc.txt >b.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat a.txt

[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat b.txt
Hello guys!
How is it going?
Welcome to all
This is Aravindan.

(iv). TASK

: To display the contents of a file with line number.

SYNTAX

: cat n filename

EXPLANATION

: Displays the contents of file with line numbers.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat n b.txt

1 Hello guys!
2 How is it going?
3 Welcome to all
4 This is Aravindan.

SMVEC
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(v). TASK

: To redirect the contents of a file to another file.

SYNTAX

: cat f1>>f2

EXPLANATION
to f2.

: This command is used redirect the contents of file f1

OUTPUT
a.txt>>xyz.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat

[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat xyz.txt
Hello guys!
How is it going?

13. Whoami
TASK

: To display the current user login and identity

SYNTAX

: whoami

EXPLANATION
login.
OUTPUT

: This command is used to display the current user

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ whoami
aravindan/smvec8

14. Who
TASK

: To display all the users currently logged in.

SYNTAX

: who

EXPLANATION

: This command is used to display all the users logged

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ who

in.

smvec8

pts/89

2016-07-18

smvec36

pts/63

2016-07-18

smvec92

pts/103

2016-07-14

16:04
15:28(172.17.10.75)
21:13

SMVEC
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15. Finger
TASK
users.

: To display the detailed information about system

SYNTAX

: finger

EXPLANATION
: This command is used to display detailed info
about all the system users.
OUTPUT
Office

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ finger

Login
Name
OfficePhone
Host
smvec8

Tty

Idle

LoginTime

pts/89

Jul 18 16:04

(172.17.25.58)
smvec36

pts/63

smvec92

pts/103

Jul 18 15:28

(172.17.10.75)
3d

Jul 14 21:13

16. Last
TASK

: To display the list of last logged-in users for a month.

SYNTAX

: last

EXPLANATION
: This command is used to display the list of last
logged-in users for a
month.
OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ last

smvec16
still logged in

pts/49

smvec8
still logged in

pts/89

smvec21
16:04(00:00)

pts/78

172.17.10.69

Mon

smvec75
20:02(00:30)

pts/5

172.17.10.31

Thu

wtmp

begins

Thu

172.17.25.51

Mon
Mon

Jul 14 14:56:28 2016

Jul 18 16:09
Jul 18 16:04
Jul 18 16:04Jul 14 19:31-

SMVEC
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17. Head
TASK

: To display the first ten lines of a file.

SYNTAX

: head filename

EXPLANATION

: Displays the first ten lines of the file.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ head -3 b.txt

Hello guys!
How is it going?
Welcome to all

18. Tail
TASK

: To display the last ten lines of a file.

SYNTAX

: tail filename

EXPLANATION

: Displays the last ten lines of the file.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ last -3 b.txt

How is it going?
Welcome to all
This is Aravindan.

19. Clear
TASK

: To clear the content of the command prompt.

SYNTAX

: clear

EXPLANATION

: Clears the content of the command prompt.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ clear

(In a Clear Window)
[smvec8@smvec/aravindan~]$

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20. Sort
(i)

TASK
order.

: To sort the content of the file in ascending

SYNTAX

: sort filename

EXPLANATION

: Sorts the content of the file in ascending order.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ sort abc.txt

Arrival Time
Sorting
Welcome

(ii)

TASK
order.

: To sort the content of the file in descending

SYNTAX

: sort r filename

EXPLANATION
order.
OUTPUT

: Sorts the content of the file in descending

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ sort r abc.txt
Welcome
Sorting
Arrival Time

21. And/Semicolon
TASK

: Used to combine more than one commands.

SYNTAX

: cmd1 && cmd2(cmd1;cmd2)

EXPLANATION

: Combines more than one command.

OUTPUT
date (whoami;date)

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ whoami &&

smvec8
Mon

July

11:05:15

IST

2016

SMVEC
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22. Or
TASK

: To display the output for one command which is true.

SYNTAX

: cmd1 || cmd2

EXPLANATION

: Outputs the command which is true.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ whoami ||

date
smvec8
23. Alias
TASK
commands

: To create simple names or abbreviations for

SYNTAX

: alias name=value

EXPLANATION

: Creates the abbreviations for commands

OUTPUT
p=pwd

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ allias

/home/smvec8/aravindan

24. Cut
(i)

TASK

: To cut a set of columns from a file.

SYNTAX

: cut -c no_of_characters filename

EXPLANATION
: This command displays the characters of a
particular column in the
specified field.
OUTPUT
abc.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cut c -3

Wel
Sor
Arr

SMVEC
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(ii)

TASK

: To cut a column from a file.

SYNTAX

: cut -c filename

EXPLANATION
: This command displays the characters of a
particular column in the
specified field.
OUTPUT
abc.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cut c 3

l
r
r

25. Touch
TASK

: To create an empty file.

SYNTAX

: touch filename

EXPLANATION

: This command creates a new empty file.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind

abc.txt
line.sh

xyz.txt
pqr.txt

sort.sh
a.txt

level.txt
b.txt

[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$

touch

hello.txt
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ls
aravind

abc.txt
rqp.txt

xyz.txt
a.txt

sort.sh
b.txt

line.sh

hello.txt

SMVEC
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26. Uniq
TASK

: To delete the lines that are present in the given file

SYNTAX

: uniq option f1 f2

EXPLANATION
f2 that are in f1.
OUTPUT

: This command deletes the identical lines from

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat abc.txt
Welcome
Sorting
Arrival Time
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$

cat

xyz.txt
Welcome
This is OS lab
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ uniq d
abc.txt xyz.txt
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$

cat

xyz.txt
This is OS lab
27. Echo
TASK

: Used to display a line of text.

SYNTAX

: echo

EXPLANATION

: Displays the statement within double quotes.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ echo Hello

all
Hello all

SMVEC
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28. Word Count

(i)

TASK
: Used to display the number of lines, words and
characters in file.

SYNTAX

: wc filename

EXPLANATION

: Displays the number of lines, words and characters in

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ wc a.txt

file.

2
(ii) TASK

23

a.txt

: Used to display the number of lines in file.

SYNTAX

: wc l filename

EXPLANATION

: Displays the number of lines in file.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ wc l a.txt

2

(iii) TASK

: Used to display the number of characters in file.

SYNTAX

: wc m filename

EXPLANATION

: Displays the number of characters in file.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ wc m a.txt

23

(iv) TASK

: Used to display the number of words in file.

SYNTAX

: wc w filename

EXPLANATION

: Displays the number of words in file.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ wc w a.txt

6

SMVEC
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29. Grep
(i)

TASK

: Used to search for a pattern in a file.

SYNTAX

: grep pattern filename

EXPLANATION

: Displays the lines that have the given pattern in the

file.
OUTPUT
sub.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ grep System

OS Operating System
SS System Software

(ii)

TASK
: Used to search for a pattern in a file and displays the
no of times it
repeated in the file.

SYNTAX

: grep -c pattern filename

EXPLANATION
in the file.

: Displays the no of times the given pattern is repeated

OUTPUT
sub.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ grep System

(iii) TASK
with line number.
SYNTAX

: Used to search for a pattern in a file and display along

: grep -n pattern filename

EXPLANATION
file with line number.

: Displays the lines that have the given pattern in the

OUTPUT
System sub.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ grep n

1: OS Operating System
8: SS System Software

SMVEC
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(iv) TASK
the case.

: Used to search for a pattern in a file irrespective of

SYNTAX

: grep -i pattern filename

EXPLANATION
: Displays the lines that have the given pattern
irrespective of case in the file.
OUTPUT
sub.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ grep i System

OS Operating System
SS System Software

Ss Sound system
30. Read
TASK

: Used to read a value for a variable.

SYNTAX

: read identifier

EXPLANATION

: Reads the value for the identifier

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ read n

10
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$

31. Fgrep
(i) TASK

: Used to search for a pattern in two files.

SYNTAX

: fgrep pattern f1 f2

EXPLANATION
the two files.

: Displays the lines that have the given pattern in

OUTPUT
sub.txt lmn.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ fgrep System

sub.txt : OS Operating System
sub.txt : SS System Software

lmn.txt: System of Education

SMVEC
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(ii) TASK
: Used to search for a pattern in the two files and
displays the no of times
it repeated in the files.
SYNTAX

: fgrep -c pattern f1 f2

EXPLANATION
: Displays the no of times the given pattern is
repeated in the files.
OUTPUT
sub.txt lmn.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ fgrep System

sub.txt : 2
lmn.txt : 1
(iii) TASK
: Used to search for a pattern in two files and
display along with line no.
SYNTAX

: fgrep -n pattern f1 f2

EXPLANATION
the files with line

: Displays the lines that have the given pattern in

number.

OUTPUT
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ fgrep n
System sub.txt lmn.txt
sub.txt: 1: OS Operating System
sub.txt: 8: SS System Software

lmn.txt: 3:System of Education

(iv) TASK
: Used to search for a pattern in the files
irrespective of the case.
SYNTAX

: fgrep -i pattern f1 f2

EXPLANATION
: Displays the lines that have the given pattern
irrespective of case in the
file.
OUTPUT
System sub.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ grep i

sub.txt : OS Operating System

sub.txt : SS System Software
sub.txt : Ss Sound system
lmn.txt : System of Education

SMVEC
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32. Pipe
TASK
command.

: Used to output one command as input for another

SYNTAX

: cmd1|cmd2|cmd3

EXPLANATION
another command
OUTPUT

: Makes the output of one command as input to

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ whoami | date
Mon Jul 18 16:50:11 IST 2016

33. Tee
TASK
: Used to read the standard input and then write to
standard output of file.
SYNTAX

: cmd1| tee filename

EXPLANATION
specified file

: Reads the input of one command to the

OUTPUT
pqr.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date | tee

Mon Jul 18 18:07:36 IST 2016
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ cat pqr.txt
Mon Jul 18 18:07:36 IST 2016

34. Write
TASK

: Used to communicate with other users.

SYNTAX

: write login_name

EXPLANATION
logged in

: Used to communicate with other users who are

OUTPUT
pqr.txt

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ date | tee

Hello
How are you?
Bye

SMVEC
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35. Mail(& Type)

(i)

TASK

: Used to send mail to another user.

SYNTAX

: mail username

EXPLANATION

: Creates a new mail and sends to the specified

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ mail smvec2

user

Subject: First mail

Hello smvec2.
How is it going?
(ii)

TASK

: Used to read mail from another user.

SYNTAX

: mail

EXPLANATION

: Used to read the mail received from a user

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ mail

/var/spool/mail/smvec8: 1 message 1 new
>N 1 smvec2@localhost.loc Mon Jul 4 17:06
Re:First mail

14/651

& type smvec2

Message 1:
From smvec2@localhost.loc Mon Jul 4 17:06:35 2016
Date: Mon, 4 Jul 2016 17:06:35 +0530
From: smvec2@localhost.localdomain
To: smvec8@localhost.localdomain
Subject: Re:First mail
Hello smvec2.
How is it going?

& Saved 1 message in mbox

SMVEC
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36. Terminal Name

TASK

: Used to display the current terminal path.

SYNTAX

: tty

EXPLANATION

: Displays the terminal path name

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ tty

/dev/pts/3

37. Expression
TASK

: Used to evaluate an expression.

SYNTAX

: expr expression

EXPLANATION

: Evaluates the expression and displays the result.

OUTPUT
+ 10

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ echo expr 10

20

38. Free
TASK
: Used to display the total amount of free and used
physical and swap
memory in the system.
SYNTAX

: free

EXPLANATION
: Displays the total amount of free and used
physical and swap
memory in the system.
OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ free

total

used

free

shared

buffers

cached
Mem:
0

232936

2074968

1530188

544780

962024
-/+ buffers/cache:
Swap:

4128760

335228

1739740

80

4128680

SMVEC
Page No.

39. Ping
TASK
to the user.

: Ping is used to ensure that the host computer is connected

SYNTAX

: ping Ip - address

EXPLANATION
: Pings the ip address and checks if the system is
connected or not to host.
OUTPUT
172.17.28.123

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ ping

PING 172.17.28.123 (172.17.28.123) 56(84) bytes of
data.
64 bytes from 172.17.28.123: icmp_seq=1 ttl=128
time=1.79 ms
64 bytes from 172.17.28.123: icmp_seq=2 ttl=128
time=0.379 ms
64 bytes from 172.17.28.123: icmp_seq=3 ttl=128
time=0.368 ms
64 bytes from 172.17.28.123: icmp_seq=4 ttl=128
time=0.413 ms

^Z
[1]+ Stopped

ping 172.17.28.123

40. Password
TASK

: To change the password of the user

SYNTAX

: passwd

EXPLANATION

: Change the password of the current user

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ passwd

Changing password for user smvec8.
Changing password for smvec8
(current) UNIX password:
New UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
Successfully Changed your password

SMVEC
Page No.

41. Uname
TASK

: Used to display the name of the system being used.

SYNTAX

: uname

EXPLANATION

: Displays the system name.

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ uname

Linux

42. Sequence
TASK

: Used to generate a sequence.

SYNTAX

: seq starting_value ending_value

EXPLANATION
ending value.

: Generates a sequence from the starting value till the

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ seq 1 4

1
2
3
4

43. Open and fill

TASK
line.

: Used to open a file and position the cursor at the first

SYNTAX
EXPLANATION
the first line.
OUTPUT

: vi +filename
: Opens an existing file and places the cursor at
: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ vi +a.txt
Welcome
Hello all!
How is it going?

SMVEC
Page No.

44. Compare
TASK

: Compares the sorted files line by line

SYNTAX

: comm a.txt b.txt

EXPLANATION
the lines that match
OUTPUT

: Compares the sorted files line by line and prints

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ comm a.txt

b.txt
Hello all!
How is it going?
45. Basic Calculator
TASK
calculator

: To perform simple arithmetic operations using basic

SYNTAX

: bc

EXPLANATION

: Opens the basic calculator

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ bc
10 + 10
20
[smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ bc
10 \* 10
100

46. Exit
TASK

: To close the current terminal

SYNTAX

: logout

EXPLANATION

: Logs out of the current user and exits the terminal

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ logout

SMVEC
Page No.

47. Man
TASK

: To open help window for any command

SYNTAX

: man command_name

EXPLANATION

: Opens the help menu for the corresponding command

OUTPUT

: [smvec8@localhost aravindan~]$ man echo

ECHO(1)

User Commands

Name
echo display a line of text
Synopsis
echo [OPTION]. [STRING].
Description
Echo the STRING(s) to standard output.
-n do not output the trailing newline
-e enable interpretation of backslash escapes
-E disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default)
--help display this help and exit
.
.
.
(END)

ECHO(1)

SMVEC
Page No.

ODD OR EVEN
Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi odev.sh
echo "Enter the number : "
read n
rem=$(($n % 2))
if [ $rem -eq 0 ];
then
echo "even"
else
echo "odd"
fi
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh odev.sh
Enter the number :
5
odd
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh odev.sh
Enter the number :
8
even

SMVEC
Page No.

LINUX COMMANDS USING ECHO

Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi lecho.sh
echo "1. WHO AM I ?"
echo "2. WHO IS LOGGED IN?"
echo "3. DATE"
read n
case $n in
1)whoami ;;
2)who ;;
3)date ;;
esac

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh lecho.sh
1. WHO AM I ?
2. WHO IS LOGGED IN?
3. DATE
1
smvec8
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh lecho.sh
1. WHO AM I ?
2. WHO IS LOGGED IN?
3. DATE
2
root

:0

2016-08-22 15:24

smvec44 pts/11
smvec8 pts/1
smvec45 pts/22

2016-09-01 20:36
2016-09-06 16:40 (172.17.25.57)
2016-08-25 20:05

[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh lecho.sh

1. WHO AM I ?
2. WHO IS LOGGED IN?
3. DATE
3
Tue Sep 6 16:49:55 IST 2016

SMVEC
Page No.

PRIME NUMBER OR NOT

Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi prime.sh
echo "Enter the number"
read n
i=2
while [ $i -lt $n ]
do
x=$(( $n % $i ))
if [ $x -eq 0 ];
then
echo "$n is not a prime number"
exit
fi
i=$(( $i + 1))
done
echo "$n is a Prime number"

Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh prime.sh
Enter the number
45
45 is not a prime number
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh prime.sh
Enter the number
23
23 is a Prime number

SMVEC
Page No.

STRING COMPARE
Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi strcp.sh
echo "STRING 1"
read str1
echo "STRING 2"
read str2
if [ $str1 = $str2 ]
then
echo "The Strings are Equal"
else
echo "The Strings are Not Equal"
fi

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh strcp.sh
STRING 1
Hello
STRING 2
Hello
The Strings are Equal
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh strcp.sh
STRING 1
Hello
STRING 2
Bye
The Strings are Not Equal
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh strcp.sh
STRING 1
Hello
STRING 2
hello
The Strings are Not Equal

SMVEC
Page No.

GREATEST OF THREE NUMBERS

Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi gttn.sh
echo "Enter the values"
read a
read b
read c
if [ $a -gt $b -a $a -gt $c ]
then
echo "A is greatest"
elif [ $b -gt $c ]
then
echo "B is greatest"
else
echo "C is greatest"
fi

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh gttn.sh
Enter the values
4
5
9
C is greatest
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh gttn.sh
Enter the values
74
15
54
A is greatest
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh gttn.sh
Enter the values
75
98
25
B is greatest

SMVEC
Page No.

SWAPPING WITHOUT TEMPORARY VARIABLE

Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi swapt.sh
echo "Enter two numbers"
read a
read b
echo "Before Swap"
echo "a= $a"
echo "b= $b"
a=$(( $a + $b ))
b=$(( $a - $b ))
a=$(( $a - $b ))
echo "After Swap"
echo "a= $a"
echo "b= $b"
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh swapt.sh
Enter two numbers
9
5
Before Swap
a= 9
b= 5
After Swap
a= 5
b= 9

SMVEC
Page No.

PASSWORD CHECK
Code:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ vi pass.sh
echo "Password check:"
read pw
clear
echo "Password check:"
echo "Enter the password"
read n
if [ $n = $pw ]
then
echo "Valid password"
else
echo "Invalid password"
fi

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh pass.sh
Password check:
Password
Password check:
Enter the password
Password
Valid password
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ sh pass.sh
Password check:
Password
Password check:
Enter the password
password
Invalid password

SMVEC
Page No.

Fork System Call

Code:
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int pid, p1,p2;
pid=fork();
printf("\n After Fork Called ");
if(pid > 0)
{
wait(10);
p1=getpid();
printf("\n Current Process1 id : %d ",p1);
printf("\n New fork id %d ",pid);
}
else if(pid==0)
{
p1=getpid();
printf("\n Current Process2 id : %d ",p1);
}
else if(pid==-1)
{
printf("\n Error in Creation ");
}
return 0;
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc fork.c
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out
After Fork Called
Current Process1 id :10538
After Fork Called
Current Process2 id :16520
New fork id 16571

SMVEC
Page No.

Stat System Call

Code:
#include<sys/stat.h>
int main()
{
int s;
struct stat st;
s=stat("re.c",&st);
if(s<0)
{
printf("\n use of stat() is unsuccessful ");
exit(0);
}
else
{
printf("\n INODE NUMBER IS %i",st.st_ino);
printf("\n IDENTIFIER OF THE DEVICE IS %d",st.st_dev);
printf("\n USER IDENTIFIER OF THE OWNER IS %u",st.st_uid);
printf("\n BLOCK SIZE FOR FILE SYSTEM IS %o",st.st_blksize);
printf("\n LAST FILE MODIFY IS %s\n",ctime(&st.st_mtime));
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc stat.c
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out
INODE NUMBER IS 16254000
IDENTIFIER OF THE DEVICE IS 64768
USER IDENTIFIER OF THE OWNER IS 547
BLOCKSIZE FOR THE SYSTEM IS 10000
LAST FILE MODIFY IS Tue Aug 8 14:30:50 2016

SMVEC
Page No.

Read System Call

Code:
/* File Read - fread.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int fd,i;
char buf[100];
if (argc < 2)
{
printf("Usage: ./a.out <filename>\n");
exit(-1);
}
fd = open(argv[1], O_RDONLY);
if(fd == -1)
{
printf("%s file does not exist\n", argv[1]);
exit(-1);
}
printf("Contents of the file %s is : \n", argv[1]);
while(read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf)) > 0)
{
printf("%s", buf);
}
close(fd);
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ read.c
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$./a.out <filename.c>
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out fork.c

#include<sys/types.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int pid, p1,p2;
pid=fork();
printf("\n After Fork Called ");
if(pid > 0)
{
wait(10);
p1=getpid();
printf("\n Current Process1 id : %d ",p1);
printf("\n New fork id %d ",pid);
}
else if(pid==0)
{
p1=getpid();
printf("\n Current Process2 id : %d ",p1);
}
else if(pid==-1)
{
printf("\n Error in Creation ");
}
return 0;
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Write System Call

Code:
/* File append - fappend.c */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int fd, n, len;
char buf[100];
if (argc != 2)
{
printf("Usage: ./a.out <filename>\n");
exit(-1);
}
fd = open(argv[1], O_APPEND|O_WRONLY|O_CREAT, 0644);
if (fd < 0)
{
perror(argv[1]);
exit(-1);
}
while((n = read(0, buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0)
{
len = strlen(buf);
write(fd, buf, len);
}
close(fd);
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc append.c
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ usage : ./a.out<filename.c>
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out fork.c
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int pid, p1,p2;
pid=fork();
printf("\n After Fork Called ");
if(pid > 0)
{
wait(10);
p1=getpid();
printf("\n Current Process1 id : %d ",p1);
printf("\n New fork id %d ",pid);
}
else if(pid==0)
{
p1=getpid();
printf("\n Current Process2 id : %d ",p1);
}
else if(pid==-1)
{
printf("\n Error in Creation ");
}
return 0;
}Appended text

SMVEC
Page No.

Execution System Call

Code:
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
char *args[2];
args[0] = "-l";
args[1] = NULL;
execv("/bin/ls",args) ;
}
Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc exec.c
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out
a.out

dp

great.sh

append.c

evenodd

jj

even.sh

john

[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$

SMVEC
Page No.

Directory System Call

Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<dirent.h>
struct dirent *dptr;
int main()
{
char buff[10];
DIR *dirp;
printf("\n\n ENTER THE DIRECTORY NAME:");
scanf("%s", buff);
dirp =opendir(buff);
if(dirp==NULL)
{
printf("The given directory does not exist");
}
while(dptr=readdir(dirp))
{
printf("%d\n",dptr->d_ino);
printf("%s\n",dptr->d_name);
}
closedir(dirp);
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc dir.c
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out
d:\
new.c
primeornot.sh
fork.c
third.c

SMVEC
Page No.

Simulation of ls Command
Code:
#include<dirent.h>
// Main Program
int main()
{
struct dirent **namelist;
int status,i;
char pathname[100];
getwd(pathname);
status=scandir(pathname,&namelist,0,alphasort); //to scan a directory
if(status <0)
printf("cannot find the current directory");
else
{
for(i=0;i<status;i++)
{
printf("%s\n",namelist[i]->d_name);
}
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output :
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc ls.c
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out
Apple.c
Direct.c
Echo
File1.doc
Ring.h

SMVEC
Page No.

Simulation of Grep Command

Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#define buffer 1024
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
FILE *fp;
char fline[buffer];
char *newline;
int line=1;
if(argc!=3)
{
printf("Please use the following syntax \n");
printf("./a.out filename searchstring \n");
printf("Example: ./a.out test1.c print \n");
exit(1);
}
// argv[1] is filename
if(!(fp=fopen(argv[1],"r")))
{
printf("grep : Couldnot open file : %s\n",argv[1]);
exit(1);
}

SMVEC
Page No.

while(fgets(fline,buffer,fp)!=NULL)
{
// argv[2] is search string
if(strstr(fline,argv[2])!=NULL)
{
printf("Line number: %d text: %s\n",line,fline);
}
line++;
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ cc grep.c

[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out dirent.c searchstring
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$ ./a.out dirent.c print
Line number : 8 text : printf(\n\n Enter the directory name);
Line number : 13 text : printf(the given directory does not exist);
Line number :17 text : printf(%d\n,dptr->d_ino);
Line number : 17 text : printf(%s\ndptr->d_name);
[smvec8@localhost aravindan]$

SMVEC
Page No.

FCFS
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct process
{
int pid;
int bt,wt,tt;
}pr[10];
void main()
{
int i,j,n,prevtt;
double avgwt=0,avgtt=0;
double tottt,totwt;
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t FIRST COME FIRST SERVE ");
printf("\n\n Enter the number of process :");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].pid=i;
printf("\n Process no:%d\t Enter Burst time :",pr[i].pid);
scanf("%d",&pr[i].bt);
}
prevtt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].wt=prevtt;
pr[i].tt=pr[i].wt+pr[i].bt;
prevtt=pr[i].tt;
}
printf("\nPROCESS NO \tBURST TIME \tWAIT TIME\tTURN AROUND TIME");
printf("\n~~~~~~~~~~ \t~~~~~~~~~~ \t~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");

SMVEC
Page No.

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("\n%10d\t%10d\t%9d\t%16d",pr[i].pid,pr[i].bt,pr[i].wt,pr[i].tt);
}
totwt=0;
tottt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
totwt=totwt+pr[i].wt;
tottt=tottt+pr[i].tt;
}
avgwt = totwt/n;
avgtt = tottt/n;
printf("\n\nAverage Wait Time : %6.2f\nAverage Turn Around Time : %6.2f",avgwt,avgtt);
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<pr[n].tt;j++)
{
printf("-");
}
printf("\n0");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("%*d",pr[i].bt,pr[i].tt);
}
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<pr[n].tt;j++)
{
printf("-");
}
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

SJF
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct process
{
int pid;
int bt,wt,tt;
}pr[10];
void main()
{
int i,j,n,prevtt,t;
double avgwt=0,avgtt=0;
double tottt,totwt;
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t FIRST COME FIRST SERVE ");
printf("\n\n Enter the number of process :");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].pid=i;
printf("\n Process no:%d\t Enter Burst time :",pr[i].pid);
scanf("%d",&pr[i].bt);
}
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
{
if(pr[i].bt>pr[j].bt)
{
t=pr[j].pid;
pr[j].pid=pr[i].pid;
pr[i].pid=t;
t=pr[j].bt;
pr[j].bt=pr[i].bt;
pr[i].bt=t;
}
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

prevtt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].wt=prevtt;
pr[i].tt=pr[i].wt+pr[i].bt;
prevtt=pr[i].tt;
}
printf("\nPROCESS NO \tBURST TIME \tWAIT TIME\tTURN AROUND TIME");
printf("\n~~~~~~~~~~ \t~~~~~~~~~~ \t~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("\n%10d \t%10d\t%9d\t%16d",pr[i].pid,pr[i].bt,pr[i].wt,pr[i].tt);
}
totwt=0;
tottt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
totwt=totwt+pr[i].wt;
tottt=tottt+pr[i].tt;
}
avgwt = totwt/n;
avgtt = tottt/n;
printf("\n\nAverage Wait Time : %6.2f\nAverage Turn Around Time : %6.2f" ,avgwt ,avgtt);
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<pr[n].tt;j++)
{
printf("-");
}
printf("\n0");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("%*d",pr[i].bt,pr[i].tt);
}
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<pr[n].tt;j++)
{
printf("-");
}
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

PRIORITY SCHEDULING
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct process
{
int pid;
int bt,wt,tt,pt;
}pr[10];
void main()
{
int i,j,n,prevtt,t;
double avgwt=0,avgtt=0;
double tottt,totwt;
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t PRIORITY ");
printf("\n\n Enter the number of process :");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].pid=i;
printf("\n Process no:%d\t Enter Burst time & Arrival time:",pr[i].pid);
scanf("%d %d",&pr[i].bt,&pr[i].pt);
}
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<=n;j++)
{
if(pr[i].pt>pr[j].pt)
{
t=pr[j].pid;
pr[j].pid=pr[i].pid;
pr[i].pid=t;
t=pr[j].bt;
pr[j].bt=pr[i].bt;
pr[i].bt=t;
t=pr[j].pt;
pr[j].pt=pr[i].pt;
pr[i].pt=t;
}
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

prevtt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].wt=prevtt;
pr[i].tt=pr[i].wt+pr[i].bt;
prevtt=pr[i].tt;
}
printf("\nPROCESS NO\tBURST TIME\tPRIORITY\tWAIT TIME\tTURN AROUND
TIME");
printf("\n~~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("\n%10d\t%10d\t%8d\t%9d\t%16d",pr[i].pid,pr[i].bt,pr[i].pt,pr[i].wt,pr[i].tt);
}
totwt=0;
tottt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
totwt=totwt+pr[i].wt;
tottt=tottt+pr[i].tt;
}
avgwt = totwt/n;
avgtt = tottt/n;
printf("\n\nAverage Wait Time : %6.2f\nAverage Turn Around Time : %6.2f",avgwt,avgtt);
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<pr[n].tt;j++)
{
printf("-");
}
printf("\n0");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("%*d",pr[i].bt,pr[i].tt);
}
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<pr[n].tt;j++)
{
printf("-");
}
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

ROUND ROBIN
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct process
{
int pid;
int bt,wt,tt,pt,rem;
}pr[10];
void main()
{
int i,j,n,ts,t,max;
double avgwt=0,avgtt=0;
double tottt,totwt,totbt;
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t\t ROUND ROBIN ");
printf("\n\n Enter the number of process and time slice : ");
scanf("%d %d",&n,&ts);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].pid=i;
printf("\n Process no:%d\t Enter Burst time :",pr[i].pid);
scanf("%d",&pr[i].bt);
}
totbt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
pr[i].rem = pr[i].bt;
totbt = totbt+pr[i].bt;
}
while(tottt<totbt)
{
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
if(pr[i].rem==0)
{
continue;
}
else if(pr[i].rem>ts)
{
tottt=tottt+ts;
pr[i].rem=pr[i].rem-ts;
}

SMVEC
Page No.

else
{
tottt=tottt+pr[i].rem;
pr[i].rem=0;
pr[i].wt=tottt-pr[i].bt;
pr[i].tt=tottt;
}
}
};
printf("\nPROCESS NO\tBURST TIME\tWAIT TIME\tTURN AROUND TIME");
printf("\n~~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~\t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("\n\n%10d\t%10d\t%9d\t%16d",pr[i].pid,pr[i].bt,pr[i].wt,pr[i].tt);
}
totwt=0;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
totwt=totwt+pr[i].wt;
}
avgwt = totwt/n;
avgtt = tottt/n;
printf("\n\nAverage Wait Time : %6.2f\nAverage Turn Around Time : %6.2f",avgwt,avgtt);
printf("\n");
max=0;
for(j=0;j<=n;j++)
{
if(max<pr[j].tt)
{
max=pr[j].tt;
}
}
for(j=0;j<=max;j++)
{
printf("-");
}
printf("\n0");

SMVEC
Page No.

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("%*d",pr[i].bt,pr[i].tt);
}
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<=max;j++)
{
printf("-");
}
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

DEADLOCK -BANKER'S ALGORITHM PROGRAM:

Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void matrix_get(int[5][5],int,int);
void main()
{
int max[5][5],all[5][5],total[1][5];
int avail[1][5],f[5],need[5][5],state[5];
int s,i,j,p,r,c,ch,ch1,k=0;
clrscr();
printf("\t\t DEADLOCK -BANKER'S ALGORITHM \n");
printf("ENTER THE NUMBER OF PROCESS:");
scanf("%d",&p);
ch=p;
printf("ENTER THE NUMBER OF RESOURCE TYPE:");
scanf("%d",&r);
printf("ENTER THE MAX MATRIX:\n");
matrix_get(max,p,r);
printf("\nENTER THE ALLOCATED MATRIX:\n");
matrix_get(all,p,r);
printf("ENTER THE TOTAL RESOURCE PRESENT:\n");
matrix_get(total,1,r);
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<p;j++)
{
if(max[j][i]>total[0][i] || all[j][i]>total[0][i])
{
printf("\nINPUT IS > TOTAL RESOURCE
PRESENT\n");
exit(0);
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

s=total[0][i];
for(j=0;j<p;j++)
{
s=s-all[j][i];
}
avail[0][i]=s;
}
printf("\n\n AVAILABLE MATRIX \n\n");
for(i=0;i<r;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",avail[0][i]);
}
printf("\n\n NEED MATRIX:\n\n");
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
f[i]=0;
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
need[i][j]=max[i][j]-all[i][j];
if(need[i][j]<0)
{
need[i][j]=0;
}
printf("%d\t",need[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}

SMVEC
Page No.

while(ch>0)
{
ch1=ch;
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
if(f[i]==0)
{
c=0;
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
if(need[i][j]<=avail[0][j])
{
c++;
}
}
if(c==r)
{
f[i]=1;
state[k++]=i;
ch--;
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
avail[0][j]=avail[0][j]+all[i][j];
need[i][j]=0;
}
}
}
}
if(ch==p)
{
printf("\n ALREADY DEADLOCK OCCURRED");
exit(0);
}
if(ch1==ch)
{
printf("\n ALLOCATION LEADS TO DEADLOCK");
exit(0);
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

printf("\n\n SAFE STATE S:{");

for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
printf("P%d ",state[i]);
}
printf("}");
}
void matrix_get(int a[5][5],int p,int r)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<p;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<r;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

SMVEC
Page No.

First fit program:

Code:
#include<stdio.h>;
#include<process.h>;
void main()
{
int m[20],p[20],i,j,np,nm;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n\t\t\t******* First Fit******\n");
// Read Process details
printf("Enter number of Process\n");
scanf("%d",&np);
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
printf("Enter the size of %d Process: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&p[i]);
}
// Read Memory details
printf("\nEnter number of Memory Blocks\n");
scanf("%d",&nm);
for(i=0;i<nm;i++)
{
printf("Enter the %d Block size: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&m[i]);
}

SMVEC
Page No.

// Allocate Memory
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<nm;j++)
{
if(p[i]<=m[j])
{
printf("\nThe Process %d allocated to Block
%d\n",i+1,j+1);
m[j] = m[j] - p[i];
p[i]=10000;
break;
}
}
}

for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
if(p[i]!=10000)
{
printf("The Process %d is not allocated \n",i+1);
}
}
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

Best fit program:

Code:
#include<stdio.h>;
#include<process.h>;
void main()
{
int m[20],p[20],i,j,np,nm, pos, min;
//clrscr();
printf("\t\t\t******* Best Fit******\n");
// Read Process details
printf("Enter number of Process\n");
scanf("%d",&np);
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
printf("Enter the size of %d Process: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&p[i]);
}
// Read Memory details
printf("\nEnter number of Memory Blocks\n");
scanf("%d",&nm);
for(i=0;i<nm;i++)
{
printf("Enter the %d Block size: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&m[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
min = 9999;
for(j = 0; j < nm; j++)
{
if(min > m[j] && p[i] <= m[j])
{
min = m[j];
pos = j;
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

if (min != 9999)
{
printf("\nThe Process %d allocated to Block
%d\n",i+1,pos+1);
m[pos] = m[pos] - p[i];
p[i]=10000;
}
}
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
if(p[i]!=10000)
{
printf("The Process %d is not allocated \n",i+1);
}
}
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

Worst fit program:

Code:
#include<stdio.h>;
#include<process.h>;
void main()
{
int m[20],p[20],i,j,np,nm, pos, max;
//clrscr();
printf("\t\t\t******* Worst Fit******\n");
// Read Process details
printf("Enter number of Process\n");
scanf("%d",&np);
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
printf("Enter the size of %d Process: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&p[i]);
}
// Read Memory details
printf("\nEnter number of Memory Blocks\n");
scanf("%d",&nm);
for(i=0;i<nm;i++)
{
printf("Enter the %d Block size: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&m[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
max = -1;
for(j = 0; j < nm; j++)
{
if(max < m[j] && p[i] <= m[j])
{
max = m[j];
pos = j;
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

if (max != -1)
{
printf("\nThe Process %d allocated to Block
%d\n",i+1,pos+1);
m[pos] = m[pos] - p[i];
p[i]=10000;
}
}
for(i=0;i<np;i++)
{
if(p[i]!=10000)
{
printf("The Process %d is not allocated \n",i+1);
}
}
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

FIFO Program:
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int nf;
int ne;
int hit,miss;
int ref[50];
int fr[15];
void getdata();
void fifo();
int large(int []);
void getdata()
{
int i;
printf("\nEnter the number of frames:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the number of elements in the reference string:\n");
scanf("%d",&ne);
printf("\nEnter the reference string:\n");
for(i=0;i<ne;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&ref[i]);
}
}
void fifo()
{
int i,j,found=0,rear=-1;
miss=hit=0;
for(i=0;i<nf;i++)
{
fr[i]=-1;
}
for(i=0;i<ne;i++)
{
printf("\nThe no to be inserted :%d",ref[i]);
found=search(ref[i]);
if(found==0)
{
miss++;

SMVEC
Page No.

if(rear==nf-1)
{
rear=-1;
}
rear++;
fr[rear]=ref[i];
}
else
{
hit++;
}
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<nf;j++)
printf("%d ",fr[j]);
}
printf("\n\n No. of page faults=%d\n",miss);
printf("\n No. of Hits=%d",hit);
}
int search(int item)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<nf;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==item)
{
return(1);
}
}
return 0;
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t FIFO PAGE REPLACEMENT");
getdata();
printf("\t\t\t FIFO PAGE REPLACEMENT");
fifo();
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

SMVEC
Page No.

LRU program:
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
int nf;
int i,ne;
int miss=0;
int ref[50];
int fr[15];
void getdata();
void lru();
void getdata()
{
printf("\nEnter the number of frames:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the number of elements in the reference string:\n");
scanf("%d",&ne);
printf("\nEnter the reference string:\n");
for(i=0;i<ne;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&ref[i]);
}
}
void lru()
{
int check,j,k;
int count=0,index[5];
for(i=0;i<nf;i++)
{
fr[i]=-1;
}
for(i=0;i<ne;i++)
{
check=0;
printf(The number to be inserted %d,ref[i]);

SMVEC
Page No.

for(j=0;j<nf;j++)
{
if(fr[j]==ref[i])
{
check=1;
}
}
if(check==0)
{
miss+=1;
if(count<nf)
{
fr[count++] = ref[i];
}
else
{
for(j=0;j<i;j++)
{
for(k=0;k<nf;k++)
{
if(ref[j]==fr[k])
{
index[k] = j;
}
}
}
for(j=0;j<nf;j++)
{
if(index[check]>index[j])
{
check=j;
}
}
fr[check]=ref[i];
}
printf("\n");
}

SMVEC
Page No.

for(j=0;j<nf;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",fr[j]);
}
}
printf("\n Number of page faults:%d",miss);
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t LRU PAGE REPLACEMENT");
getdata();
printf("\t\t\t LRU PAGE REPLACEMENT");
lru();
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

SMVEC
Page No.

FCFS Disk Scheduling

Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int q[20],r,h,i,j,k,sk=0,d;
clrscr();
printf("\t\t\tFirst Come First Serve Disk Scheduling Algorithm\n");
printf("\nEnter the number of request:\t");
scanf("%d",&r);
printf("Enter the Request:\t\n");
for(i=1;i<=r;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&q[i]);
}
printf("Enter the head position\t");
scanf("%d",&h);
q[0]=h;
printf("\n");
for(j=0;j<=r-1;j++)
{
d=abs(q[j+1]-q[j]);
sk+=d;
printf("Move from %d to %d with Seek %d\n",q[j],q[j+1],d);
}
printf("\nTotal Seek Time is %d\t",sk);
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

C-Scan Program
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
#define cymax 199
int i,j,req,tmov=0,cp,np,cpo,npo;
int cyp[20],temp;
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t C-SCAN Algorithm ");
printf("\n ENTER THE NUMBER OF REQUEST : ");
scanf("%d",&req);
printf("\n ENTER THE CURRENT HEAD POSITION : ");
scanf("%d",&cpo);
printf("\n ENTER THE ELEMENTS OF THE REQUEST : ");
cyp[0] = cpo;
for(i=1;i<=req;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&cyp[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<=req;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<req-i;j++)
{
if(cyp[j] > cyp[j+1])
{
temp = cyp[j];
cyp[j] = cyp[j+1];
cyp[j+1] = temp;
}
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

cp=0;
do
{
if(cyp[cp] == cpo)
break;
cp++;
}while(cp!=req);
i=0,j=cp;
cpo = cyp[cp];
do
{
if(cpo == cyp[req])
{
npo = cymax; cp = -1;
}
else
{
npo = cyp[++cp];
}
printf("Moves from %d to %d with %d\n",cpo,npo,abs(cpo-npo));
tmov += (abs(cpo-npo));
cpo = npo == cymax ? 0 : npo;
}while(npo != cyp[j-1]);
printf(" Total Tracks Displaced : %d",tmov);
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

LOOK ALGORITHM:
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int ind,i,j,req,tmov=0,cp,np,cpo,npo;
int cyp[20],temp,tmp;
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf(\n\t\t\t LOOK ALGORITHM \n);
printf("\n Enter the number of requests : ");
scanf("%d",&req);
printf("\n Enter the current header position : ");
scanf("%d",&cpo);
printf("\n Enter the Requests : ",req);
cyp[0] = cpo;
for(i=1;i<=req;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&cyp[i]);
}
ind = 0;
for(i=0;i<=req;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<req-i;j++)
{

SMVEC
Page No.

if(cyp[j] > cyp[j+1])

{
temp = cyp[j];
cyp[j] = cyp[j+1];
cyp[j+1] = temp;
}
}
}
cp=0;
do
{
if(cyp[cp] == cpo)
break;
cp++;
}while(cp!=req);
tmp = cp;
i=0;
cpo = cyp[cp];do
{
if(ind == 0)
{
if(cp == 0)
{
cp = tmp;
npo = cyp[++cp]; ind = 1;
}
else
npo = cyp[--cp];
}

SMVEC
Page No.

else
npo = cyp[++cp];
printf(" Moves from %d to %d with %d\n",cpo,npo,abs(cpo-npo));
tmov += (abs(cpo-npo));
cpo = npo;
}while(npo!=cyp[req]);
printf(" Total Tracks Displaced : %d",tmov);
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

C-Look Program
Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int i,j,req,tmov=0,cp,np,cpo,npo;
int cyp[20],temp;
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\t\t\t C-LOOK ");
printf("\n Enter the number of requests : ");
scanf("%d",&req);
do
{
printf("\n Enter the current header position : ");
scanf("%d",&cpo);
}while(cpo>199 || cpo <=0);
printf("\n Enter the Requests : ",req);
cyp[0] = cpo;
for(i=1;i<=req;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&cyp[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<=req;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<req-i;j++)
{
if(cyp[j] > cyp[j+1])
{
temp = cyp[j];
cyp[j] = cyp[j+1];
cyp[j+1] = temp;
}
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

cp=0;
do
{
if(cyp[cp] == cpo)
break;
cp++;
}while(cp!=req);
i=0,j=cp;
cpo = cyp[cp];
do
{
if(cp == req)
{
npo = cyp[0];
cp = 0;
}
else
{
npo = cyp[++cp];
}
printf("Moves from %d to %d with %d\n",cpo,npo,abs(cpo-npo));
tmov += (abs(cpo-npo));
cpo = npo == cyp[req] ? cyp[0] : npo ;
}while(npo != cyp[j-1]);
printf(" Total Movement : %d",tmov);
getch();
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

Dining Philosopher Problem:

Code:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define N 5
#define LEFT (j-1)%N
#define RIGHT (j+1)%N
#define THINKING 0
#define HUNGRY 1
#define EATING 2
int state[N];
void test(int);
int lt, rt;
void main()
{
int f,ch=0,i,a,b;
int take_sticks(int);
int put_sticks(int);
clrscr();
printf("\n \t *** DINING PHILOSOPHER PROBLEM**\n");
printf("ENTER THE NUMBER OF PHILOSOPHER IN THE TABLE IS %d:",N);
printf("\n STATUS OF THE PHILOSOPHER:\n");
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
state[i]=THINKING;
printf("\n P%d IS THINKING",i);
}

SMVEC
Page No.

do
{
printf("\n\t\t MENU\n\n");
printf("\n\t1.START EATING\n\n");
printf("\n\t2.STOP EATING\n\n");
printf("\n\t3.EXIT\n\n");
printf("ENTER YOUR CHOICE:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("\n ENTER THE PHILOSOPHER WHO IS GOING TO EAT:");
scanf("%d",&a);
f=take_sticks(a);
if(f==EATING)
{
printf("\n THE PHILOSOPHER HAS STARTED

EATING...\n\n");

}
else
{
printf("\nTHE PHILOSOPHER IS HUNGRY!!..\n\n");
printf("\n THE CHOPSTICK IS ENGAGED\n\n");
}
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
if(state[i]==THINKING)
{
printf("\nP%d IS THINKING",i);
}

SMVEC
Page No.

else if(state[i]==HUNGRY)
{
printf("\nP%d IS HUNGRY",i);
}
else
{
printf("\nP%d IS EATING",i);
}
}
break;
case 2:
printf("\n ENTER THE PHILOSOPHER NUMBER TO RELEASE THE CHOPSTICK");
scanf("%d",&b);
if(state[b]==EATING)
{
f=put_sticks(b);
printf("\n THE PHILOSOPHER HAS STOPPED EATING!!..\n\n");
}
else
{
printf("\n THE PHILOSOPHER IS NOT EATING!!\n\n");
}
for(i=0;i<N;i++)
{
if(state[i]==THINKING)
{
printf("\nP%d IS THINKING",i);
}

SMVEC
Page No.

else if(state[i]==HUNGRY)
{
printf("\nP%d IS HUNGRY",i);
}
else
{
printf("\nP%d IS EATING",i);
}
}
break;
case 3:
exit(0);
break;
}
}
while(ch!=3);
getch();
}
int take_sticks(int j)
{
state[j]=HUNGRY;
test(j);
return state[j];
}

SMVEC
Page No.

int put_sticks(int j)
{
state[j]=THINKING;
if(j==0) test(N-1); else test(LEFT);
if(j==N-1) test(0); else test(RIGHT);
return state[j];
}
void test(int j)
{
if(j==0) rt = N-1; else rt = LEFT;
if(j==N-1) lt = 0; else lt = RIGHT;
if(state[j]==HUNGRY && state[lt]!=EATING && state[rt]!=EATING)
{
state[j]=EATING;
}
}

SMVEC
Page No.

Output:

SMVEC
Page No.

SMVEC
Page No.

SMVEC
Page No.

SMVEC
Page No.

SMVEC
Page No.