Module 22:

Inductance and Magnetic

Field Energy

Module 22: Outline

Self Inductance
Energy in Inductors
Circuits with Inductors: RL Circuit

Faradays
y Law of Induction

dB
=
dt
Changing magnetic flux induces an EMF
Lenz: Induction opposes change
3

Self Inductance

Self Inductance
What if is the effect of putting current
into coil 1?
There is self flux:

B LI
Faradays Law

dI
= L
dt

Calculating
g Self Inductance

L=
1.
2.
3.
4.

total
B,self

Unit: Henry

V s
1H=1
A

Assume a current I is flowing in your device

Calculate the B field due to that I
Calculate the flux due to that B field
Calculate the self inductance (divide out I)

Problem: Solenoid
Calculate the self
self-inductance
inductance L of a
g l,
solenoid ((n turns per meter, length
radius R)
total
B,self
, f
L=
REMEMBER
I
1.
1
2.
3
3.
4.

Assume a current I is flowing in your device

Calculate the B field due to that I
Calculate the flux due to that B field
Calculate the self inductance (divide out I)
7

Solenoid Inductance

G G
v B d s = BA = 0 I enc = 0 ( nA ) I

B = 0 nII

B ,turn

L=

N B,turn
I

G G
2
= B dA = BA = 0 nI R

= N 0 n R = 0 n R l
2

Energy in Inductors

Inductor Behavior

L
I

dI
= L
dt

Inductor with constant current does nothing

10

Back EMF

dI
= L
dt

dI
> 0,
0
dt

L < 0

dI
< 0,
0
dt

L > 0
11

Energy To Charge Inductor

1. Start with uncharged inductor
2. Gradually increase current. Must work:

dI
dW = Pdt = I dt = L I dt = LI dI
dt
3. Integrate up to find total work done:

W = dW =

LI dI = L I
1
2

I =0
0
12

Energy Stored in Inductor

UL = L I
1
2

But
ut where
e e is
se
energy
e gy stored?
sto ed

13

Example: Solenoid
Ideal solenoid, length l, radius R, n turns/length, current I:

B = 0 nI

L = o n R l
2

U B = LI =
1
2

1
2

( n R l )I
2

B2
2
UB =

R
l

2o
Energy
Density

Volume
14

Energy
gy Density
y
Energy is stored in the magnetic field!
2

B
uB =
2o

uE =

o E

: Magnetic Energy Density

2
: Electric Energy Density

2
15

Problem: Coaxial Cable

Inner wire: r = a
Outer wire: r = b

1. How much energy is stored per unit length?

per unit length?
g
2. What is inductance p

HINTS: This does require an integral

The EASIEST way to do (2) is to use (1)
16

Technology
Many Applications of
Faradays Law

17

Demos: Breaking Circuits

Big Inductor
M
Marconi
i Coil
C il
The Question:
What happens if big I, small t
18

The Point: Big

g EMF

Big L
Big dI
Small dt

dI
= L
dt
Huge
19

First:
Mutual Inductance

20

Demonstration:
Remote Speaker
p

21

Mutual Inductance
Current I2 in coil 2, induces
magnetic
ti flflux 12 in
i coilil 1
1.
Mutual inductance M12:

12 M12 I 2
M12 = M 21 = M
Change current in coil 2?
Induce EMF in coil 1:

12 M12

dI 2
d
dt
22

Transformer
Step-up transformer

Flux through each turn same:

d
= Np
;
dt

s
p

d
= Ns
dt

Ns
Np

Ns > Np: step

step-up
up transformer
Ns < Np: step-down transformer
23

Demonstrations:
One Turn Secondary:
Nail
Many Turn Secondary:
Jacobs Ladder

24

Concept Question: Residential

Transformer
If the
transformer in
the can looks
like the picture,
how is it
connected?

1. House=Left, Line=Right
2 Line=Left,
2.
Line=Left House=Right
3. I dont know

25

Answer: Residential Transformer

Answer: 1. House on left, line on right

The house needs

a lower voltage,
g
so we step down
to the house
(fewer turns on
house side)

26

Transmission of Electric Power

Power loss can be greatly reduced if

transmitted at high voltage
27

Example:
p Transmission lines
An average of 120 kW of electric power is sent from
a power plant
plant. The transmission lines have a total
resistance of 0.40 . Calculate the power loss if the
power is sent at (a) 240 V
V, and (b) 24,000
24 000 V
V.

P 1.2
1 2 10 W
= 500A
I= =
2
V 2.4 10 V
83% loss!!
PL = I 2 R = (500A)2 (0.40) = 100kW
5

(a)

P 1.2 10 W
I= =
= 5.0 A
4
V 2.4 10 V
5

(b)

PL = I 2 R = (5.0 A)2 (0.40) = 10W

0.0083% loss
28

Transmission lines
We just calculated that I2R is smaller
for bigger voltages
voltages.
What about V2/R? Isnt that bigger?
Whyy doesnt that matter?

29

Brakes

30

Magnet
g
Falling
g Through
g a Ring
g
Link to
movie

What happened
pp
to kinetic energy
gy of
magnet?

31

Demonstration:
Eddy
y Current Braking
g

32

Eddy
y Current Braking
g

What happened to kinetic energy of disk?

33

Eddy
y Current Braking
g
The magnet induces currents in the metal that
dissipate the energy through Joule heating:

XX
XX

1. Current is induced
counter-clockwise (out
from center)
2. Force is opposing
pp
g motion
(creates slowing torque)

34

Eddy
y Current Braking
g
The magnet induces currents in the metal that
dissipate the energy through Joule heating:

XX
XX

1. Current is induced
clockwise (out from
center)
2. Force is opposing
pp
g motion
(creates slowing torque)
3 EMF proportional to
3.
4. .
2

R
35

Demonstration:
Levitating Magnet

Link to Movie

36

MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

8.02SC Physics II: Electricity and Magnetism

Fall 2010

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