' ri l'fhilll'l i\l Ii]tr (llr,',rt,rirr l,' rlrii

I\'.'/'r'rtrlrrr','/r irt ltrttltrr rotttrittfi,''

itl rt rlrilrl's r.[ist,trrtt;o;1'r'sl,r'rrllty's Ill'w:il)iIIr('l';irl lwo vr']lri'lrlllr';lt Potttttl's
*,,i1.i,t,; rrl 1slor)(r's llrr',,iu; lrt ttly ltllrt,'s rrottt't'ttt,; rtr'1, l'ol rll'l's:iill{r'\ vf . 7'r.r:r,c{ i urttlrloorttlt, su.bstunti,vc i,n ca.ul sleruitiu lt rr.rrrrti,rttl plrtrul
'l'lrr:
l. Nlv (,ousirr's lrousc is large. 2. The girl s roorn is ver-v- pret,i,Y" 3.
mtrch
apprc(riat('(l'
very
is blrte. 4" ThJ'wolnan's ivork is
,,'rrrill,,

,1,.

:,1

st'urltrnt''s
l;."i"i;,: ',i,,1,,,',,,Iift. is mur:tr bettm today" 6. The beacherpraised tlret
Irirlgrr'
";,;;k,;;''
the
in
is
fotltl
haL,y's
The
8.
clothesi
t,he
ohiLl's
rv,r,k.7. wlr'r,u rrr.c
sirt'tetic sdtt otL(L! iti(:
X V I l" /,rrrr,r ,1i. strbstantir,ct.e. tlin pa,rentere la genitiuul
3' What is
l. N4rirv i:; ( Drwid ) sist,er:. 2. 'fhe (bortk )-p*ggt |r3]'t.ttutnhers'
(this
hoq ) [r1v1 'rr;
.1.'l'l,i*
5.
Wlrat's
hat.
(wornani
ts
a
iltrrttli.r
lr,,Ihv,'
v.rrr
/
is (-l/rcr'l
;l;'1'j.'.j,,,',,r';"r;.''t:t,,, ('rhcd)ror'I was blrrwn off !q [he wind.-7. Thal
(mry
brottur
rs
9.'l'his
yearthis
pretty
ver)r.
i;,;,,,ii l,,;- i.'1t.ui,i,,t/ hats are
are
trovels
(Dickerus)
ll.
blorrses?
(girls
the
)
irrt,l si.ttt,r )r,r,rr,. U). \\rhere are
reatl
you
IIave
13.
distance.
(ntite)
a
is
at,
house
v|r,y irrt0r*rst,irrg. 12.'fhe
( tlr.\l t'rtl(t tl,/ prr por'.'
XVlll. ('onslntili ltropozilii conform model'ului: C
srr

rrv

N{ike

t,he

buirdinn'

I :[:X:t til]".',liirl,l['tllto,u".

tell -secret--|{ary' 3',hand -Paper friend;

friend; 5. t,hrow

L givc - rrroncy -her

llrr, l0rrrilrrrr..l. Ionrl -urnllrella -rny
(i. rvliltr lct,Ler granclrrra; 7" offer
son' 2.

{lowers

-ball -his

Leacher'

cu::
/lrfrrrr nu.lali, r$ntiitoarele propozipii,folosind. prepoziliato sau har, clul'd
mysister
l.l lrotrght,Nlike a dog.2. I'Ie gave Tomsome presents' 3'. I ohose sent
their
S.
They
composilion.
teacher'her
the.
shiiwed
ir ni(){r l)r,()scnb.4. X{ary
his
give
he
7'
Did
cardigan?
neiv
Helen.this
make
you
Did
6.
1,,,,',,',t- it part:el.

xlx.

ur,,t,lrcr,, i,,,,i"h of {lou'ersl8. I ordered my sister a

\I. 7'r'arlrt,'t'li in limhrt en:l'':d."

lerrronade'

(irl,cg.ria,rle

a apirrul in ]imba engrezd, ca qi in Iimbrr

. rlrrr rr.<:csil,atea rerrninirrii
f',,rr1lr/i,
dc a indica un element.uni.,
iai-ip;;tfi;;
/tnobo
1.l,hin mrrrt. )rlirrl,r-o categ.rie, sau cle a denumi o rntr"agn categorieiri".r-i^""t"
",itr)
,lr, ;r, r.lnli l'r'l (,[ho l.ion.i.s a strong animal).
cxist,d mai multe par[f de vorbire care pot determina
. lrr lirrrbrr.r'ngltrzii
un
rrrlrrt,rrrrl,ir,:
tho iirst two students. Elc'folmeard 6 g#ritica structuralistii

'

,,{'ttr:i rr

. rcrrrr.i";"til;;;

rt

;;;

este subrlivirtta

in

predeterminanfi,

rlr,tr,r'rrrirrrrrrIi propriu-zigi qi postdeterrninanli.

.\, r'rrsr,rr Lrrrrrrinulo;;ie a Jost stabilita pr bara categoriei gramaticalo
oo
t;
,rr,' {,

'

l.

r'r';r.rrz[11r,;i acesLe

l, lr, t r, r'r r r i rr rrr r

(d.T;;;i;;;;;i
[Irlf-ipd;;il"*i"l',ititf,i
(post tleterm i";"q ;i ;i;;r.

cuvinte pe llngd strbstanti"v

lrrrTrr 1r,,zi[,i.i [)e care.o ocupd

unur'fald dE artur:

propriu-zis) soConil

, r,i,1,r, In clasa. de.terminanfilor propriu-ziqr

rtrlItt ttt'l'itrolrrl_qi alte_ pdrli de vor.brre care pot lnlocui
lnuintrrr rrrr,i
i,rrl,:rtrrrrl,iv: adjer:tivul dernonstrativ (this, tngt,
""ti*trrt
tneii,"1iirl,^
ia;,i,r,iri,i
1r,,,,,..',r\, .(rtttl, 11o.ur, his, etc.),.adjectivul nehotdrlt'(eaci,'rriry, irinia,r"tr.-.i
"' git'
rrrr"l. r,rlj.r't'ivr i11;sp.*aLive (what, which) gi negative
6hi, niiinql:'
rr
I
I lt,,
I
,lt) I
,',tr'lt I
,'rr,rrt I
,.,thi:r
tlt

llrrOl,

ts

I
I

ttttl
,vltrtt

,:j,t

,, -- "--""r'^"

;*'

SU-{hStmr}tih/{ifl1.;t

rr)

pe-ntru l-iitol. ln Parlament s-au disr:ut,at probleme foarte importante

elevul
gindire,
de
moment
un
DupS
il"
ieri?"
de
ziarul
,,rrt r,iirii. 2. Ai citit
,,',:1J,,,,,*;;ri;;tl;toate intrebdrile mele. 4. Juriul a inminat premii ciEtig[surorii P,'Pt."i,,ri"i,i,'i"tl..".ii. r. Ne-am distrat foarte bine Ia Pe_trecereaeste
al ]ui Bob'
T.Stiloul
p5lfiria
altcuiva.
iuat
u*
,,,,iui ur*,r. G. Crerl
"e acesrei !#i? 9. Profesorul avorbit mai bine de o o/[
t+.'ij,, st,ii despre clima
un buchet
.i;,rp;",, ;;,;;;;ul qtiinlei. 10. Elevii i"au oferit -in-valqt^oa1ei lor
aceslei
Publicarea
Maria..12.
Ia
acash
intllnirr
ile
s5
,i,,'ir,,.i]ttl Ar fi'bine
deosebit'
succes
un
a
iltscmnat
c irr !i

i\r

Irr'olrrl t

l. (hu rnai rnoderrrir poetd a noast,rfl a vorbit despre ult,irnul oi volurlt tk'
gi
rnea. s" Nu qtiu oinnr joacri rolul prin!'csci.
;rocz.ii. 2. Vel,i fi inso!i!i ae tiui fiica
4. Nr., i-,rrn viiz,t pe rin.liiu! ryi mdtuga mea de clteva lurii. 6. Ntrpoal'a ti trctl
rnui rrticir ttsltt tnogt,enitrlalea c&sei. 6. Vecinul meu & l6sat trqrt rlest'hisri ryi rr
rrrlrrt tltt

t'tr.

tho man
a tree; at
|latree;at
I men; lrees,
lhoso

Arl;r,r

rvrrl

artiilet, thom

my. house

lrogtr5iv

apple
apples.

payters

your_ dar,.

Itt lail,' ottt school ; thelr

\,1y,,

b)

lrotr'i,riI

,ronorlrnf,
rrolrotlrit
?,rto

rvrrl

What booi;

irrtrrroga.t,iv

trllch

Doolrs

l4'hoso 6ook

hh

uatch; hot

classroonr,

il,rcra

I ilo uou want?

.l "

,t.t1...t,",,l,,.il,,*,_.-._--l#.,ffiffi_J

I
I

8om0 books; Lny ilud"enh;

no rhildrcn; nolthor

rlurtreml.

rtll'ri
tttt lrtt'r't'nt'rltl ltt r:ttrlrrtl tltrl'trt'trtitrtrtrlil,r' lrlttvltrrlfrrlrc
rlr'lr'l'rlrrrrrrlrIi
Alli
,,1'
Irrrrr,!,ir: rlurrll,..rr,t,,,1,,i,,',r,,i,tttt'tr tt sttlrstrrtll'ivtrlrri'
('ltr(r 'ltr prt't'r'rlir' ('ir lrl'()lltln\(r:
p(}
srrlrsl{tllt'iv('l(}
tlc
l,iorrrr inrlt'Jrttlt.lt'ltt,
'l rrttttl llris/solno' Whnt is
Ii
ryi
fr.,,prir-ziqi, srrl.rst,rtntivrrlo trrrri lxrl Jrr.r'rrtlrrtt'
l)r, lingr1 ,t,,t,,,r*rirr'r,rriii^ 'his')
.rdirrrrlc/
qi
t:rtrtiirtitlc
rl* rrlt,rr .lrrs0 rl. .,,ruirri.', 1ir.i.Lo,'*iri,,.nfi, ,ttt*o'ritltl
r,rrrrrtl,iIir,tt[ori (post, determinanli)'
poziliei lor faf[ de determinnnti
Ar..st,c rl.uri clase au [.st stabilite pc baza

l// ;r,rrlr' l'r rlt ruilrnlnllr [olosil, r,rr rrr,l,ir.olrtl ztrq;111 oxprosii cln: a1l (lltt:)
,l'ttt I rrr,trrtrtrt' f trrt,lrt, lrr slrclirrl lrrr,r-rrrr r:orrl,cxl ncgrttiv : 'l lruttcn,t r*ri
hri,

Al'1,i,',rlrrl octtlrl't

rrll rltl
(

l,r rlr.l(.r'nunlrrrl,, rr/1 prrrllrlt::

;r) rirrlrllrrttlivc (rrt)ttrtntirt'allilo r:oncrel,e (rnr) snu abstracte la singular,

rrv lttrl srrrsrtl lr i.nlrtg, tol:
,\ltt i.rrt.t'rL.tt 1ttul, ltim ull the time. ll lntrerupea tot timpul.
llt rlirln't sp.rtd all htl,s money. Nu ryi_a clieltuit toli banii.

1i lrr rr'lrr[ie trnul r:u itltul.

ll. ltt:stt.'!. ,,,,rrt,l lil**,ir.

3.l.3.Fredeterminanlli.l,rerleternrinant,iiSenumesoastfeldeoare0eoi
irl)irr lrritlnLtra deterrninan!iLrr:
rr,)

.,1r.)

I nire I
I ,oq
',) :,:l:ill,.
tsieo
] rhr" \I on ount

l,,,1rlr'

att the children

iitn tnt tuachers

all

AII \
Both

o/

este

teaiher's -enplanation'

pot fi aqezalt 9i dup[ substantiv:

f a[ |
1 or* J '"'i"d

lesson'

sau:

the l'esson'

este obligatoHe:
cazul tleterminlrii unui pronume, postpozifia

,o,u

I ll;, I

re<:ised

il

All

revised

iln l,t,l'ld:ll.

rrr

.ir

(ol)

these feature.s are

l)r'r)uunto: tsoth are important.

ll;rlI. //rrl/' (jrrrn;)t,at,e) este folosit afit cu substantive nenumdrabile: flr

,lr,in t .,tt.t1 rt t\ttrd, h:llt tirc time he stayed there.
' ll rrr r,r r,rrlrsl,irrrt,ive num[rabile: Halt the stwd,ents in the stud,ent h.ostel +vcra
,t l,t 1t ll,rlf .sl,t'. fo.losit ca:
l,r',',lr,l,t'r'rrrirrrrnl,: hall the book
r,rrlr;tirrrt,iv.. You,r

half ls bigger than mine.

HalI (o7 them) lelt.
Nrrrr*'r';rk,llr lnultiplicative (vezi $ 4.7.) srnt incluse ln clasa predetermirri,rt,l(,r', ,1,'r)rlr('c cle ptit, fi a,;czate lnaintea determinanlilor: twico^the amount,

the tesson'

rlrrttlrlt Il;,rl

,,/

tlrc

,r

lessort'

determinantul zertt ln oazul slrbst'ant'ivclor

In crazul lui all, se folosegte
'gen".i,,:
All tho pupils +r'ent into tho clussroottt'
,,,r,-,,n.,,friio-i*i pf..i.}"f"r*ii".
drrr': All *oklitris iltttsl $'rul' tr'iiforrus (gerrtrric)'

1'rir,t'

L,r l,'l r,ri nrrulorrlotre.fraefjonare (v-ezi 4.5.), care pot avea gi construclii cu
$
trr rrr,,,l .:irrrrl;rr,,rr 411, fu,th, Si half.

Ilt, t't;'r't,rltlr',; boi,lcd l, ono third (of) the time the meat d,iil.
r i Il"'rr;l(krtqiu',rir"r[n;-rntit. ordinalele
(vezi $4.4.) slntpostdetermi,, ,rt ! l ,l. rrlrntnzil tlcLcrrninan{,ii in grupul nominal, dir
preced cuantificatorii

O alttr construolie posibild' este cea cu o/:

All \ of thr*
Iloth i

l;11 ;11;.

lu,()nrlur{} r.rchol,drit:

thz stuilents reuised' the

,fhe pupits

ln

Dotle

ott'

to

/i,,//r Irrr;rt,c I'i l'olosit afit ca predeterminant: Both

" t tl

All

,4ll qi

'

1/''r'rr |sl,c ncocccntuat: The two children were eery quiet. cei doi copii
i t.u lr,,,r'll 1,,:rluli).

children

both teachers

construclia cu
Cind predet*.*irr*"1ii- slnt,urmat'i -du- pronume'
all of them, b'oth of them,-half of..it' ,,btic;o.ie':
""""P;;;;"*iti""lii
all, borh $ half pot f i folosi['i 9i ca pronume:

hlot,f,r:

[Indc-slnt toate cdrfrile tale?

thillt- lirtl lt ittscatttn{"r amtnd,oi., amtndoud,, iiina tbtosit pentru refslir6 lrr
,li rrir l)f |s()rrrrr' (rrcccrr.Luat): Both children are pera quiet. Amindoi copiii- Htrii,

qindsinturmalidesubstantive,prede.terminanliipotapdrealntrei

I
noth 1 understood, the
Han I

books?

) ono-thirrl
I the ti^,
lhreo quartors I "'" ""'"
alL of the, child,ren
both of the teachers

lill y.ur

ll',.11;,,1,;;"" ''""" the meetins' H" kno*' {I euerything.

l// rrr,;rlo l'i lirlosib ar,it oa predeterminant clt gi ca pronume neh6t,drll,:
t1,,,',' t1,'rr tlrrtttli tll llur nti.Lk? Ai hdut tot laptele? Have yoi seen allt
Ai vilzut,
',,, _ltl.(thr) ltople cunrc intime. All (of them) were pinctual.

throo timos I

r"orrstnrclii:

rrr.r,

| {, 'r,r' l'r'ollilrrr(,ltr trt,hot,iirlte ec'erybody, eoerything Stnt preferate ln

vorbirea curentl
rrr loi.rrl lti oll, trlrtr e$Le o formd mai literarA:

h,lt

,rorr,

rrrrlrslirrl,ivrr rrrrrnrirabile- la plural, avrnd sensur de tolL toate:

ll'lr.rt'

rr,ll I the I
hrrthlmu ll,orks

lrvr.lr.. I'irrr firtst llr,rce iruporlant eeents.

Irr r lrr:rr or', lirrrrlr'lor" int,rri:
rr ) rrrrrrrr.r,irf .lrr ,rrli.rrlc :
first, second, third, fourt,h, etc.
Itj

,,,1;,,,

(rrrt )t)llt('l'1 1,c,):t1 la..St,

11,f

(. r,,Iilirrrrr,,r'ii
urmeazd determinanfii
,
1, lrr,.l,. /'/r,, /)rst llrroo important eaents.
I

rrr r'lrrlrr r,rrrrrrl,il'ir.rrl,orilrlr far: pltrl,0 :

,,rrt'rIrrrnlrr: Ont,. ltV,o, llr(e, fOUf ,

,rl rrrrr,'r';rl,,lt'

fitte,

gi ordinalele qi precod

CtC,

(VOZ| $ 4.3.).

b) ounntificatorii, ouvintele oare exprim[ numlrul (many,

sau oantitatrea (much, little ) ln mod nedofinit.
Cuantifioatorii slnt folosifi:
u) numai cu substantive numdrabile:

fcw,

ocotal)

3'2.1' Deflnllle.
n) oolrnl'ituio un

ru;,l,ouo** "li:;:1,,*o*

or chititren

b) numai cu substantive nenumdrabile:

"

little I time
a

l"r:;

caner

rrlru[uxI lingvistic sau situalional;

b) nu rro forme floxionare, fiind neflexibil din punct
de ,redur. m,rfrl.gi.
tt) lnrlnplinoqte func{,ia de determinant.
. . Arl,ir:olrrl ocupd rrn loc centrar rn cadrul determinan[iror, fiind c,nrqideru
R,r i u ,.1 i
rapturui .i
1,:,1:,:i,i,"1,i,:1i:
X o parte-de
irl'l.olul
nu poate fi
vorbire independentd,
dctarrninaroa unicrl uuo indirridual[ a substantivului pe
caro fl tnsoferyto.
Ar[ir,lul este redat- prin articorur hotfirrt 'rfte, artioorur nehot[rrt
.
lHlr
ruu prirr articorur zero. Aceste articole .e foio*e*. purt*
roaliza
a
'rn
l) rrrfr'f i111,11 rt^it:[ (,nique reference) gi 2) referinfa inaivia'u,aru (ind,iviiluar
refrnvu.e ).

of

money

c) cu substantive numdrabile sau nenum[rabile (ln exprimarea familier[):

al.ot r - chr,ld,ren
lots | ^;l
lmoneY
plentyi"t
Much : mult, multd se foloseqte mai ales ln propozilii interogative qi
negative ; There zsn', much sugar left. Nu a rdmas mult zah[r.
In propoziliile afirmatiye se foloseqte t very much,, a lot of , a great ihal of,
a large (small) amount of, plenty of:

sugar.inthe sugar basin.Este (foarte) mutt zah[r

isli.ll**lrro l in
zaharnt]d'
I PteitY oI J

Little tnseamnd pulin, pulind, irr.licd o cantitate insufioient[, implicl

o apreciere negativd; She eats lltlle bread. Ea m[nlnc[ pulin[ pline (aproape
de loc).

A'littte indicd o cantitate mic6, dar suficient[

ryi

implio[ o apreciere pozi-

tivd: .I eat alitlle bread.. Mdnlnc ceva pline.

Many - mulli, multe se foloseqte mai ales ln propozilii interogative gi
negative: Diil he reail many English books? A citit multe cdrli englezegti?
I hatte not incited, msny people to rny birthilay party. N-am invitat multd lume
la zilra mea de naqtere.
In propozilii afirmative se folosegl,e oery mahy, a lot of,'a great llarge
number,.lots af:

3.2.2,'ll Ariicorur se foroseqte pentru referinlE unicE

atrrn0i <l[nd ic
unei clasu, Thoa:;;^*;;';;"ntng e,,ary

boohs on

Dacia. El a citit
100

{Xr'f;t"f*" } ,uai

despreDacia.

1arl

3'2'3' 2) Articolul se folosepte pentru referinli individua16

clnd r,forirou
lrr ferro la once membru al unei crase, fdrd ca aiesta
s6 fio. idont,ifirlar, tn
Ittorl urric.

lrnnl,ru

referin!-[

unicd., se folosegte

rubnl,rrrrtiyo numdrabile pi nenurndrabile:

t i.s ths book r

JVfure{ are tho books I

artico]ul hol;6rtt

pcrrrtnr

I is ths chath t "save uou?

Iorrtru rof erinld individuald, se folosesc:
"nrtioolul nehotdrlt a(n), c,t substantive numdrabile
la singular:
E,r,
Iubook
I
t Lare $
an orong" on the table'

nrl'ir,lul zero sau so.merany, cu substantive num'rabile Ia prurar

:rrbrl,untivo nenumdrabile :
b,ootts

I fli-[il$']

Alorrllol Articolul
.* pulini, puline, indic[ un num[r insuficient gi implic[ o apreciere
negativd: Eow people lipe to ba a hunilred. Pulini oameni trdiesc 100 de aui.
A lew : ctlioa, ctteoa, indic[ un num[r mio, dar suficient qi implicd o
apreoiere pozitivd: There are t lew flowers in tlte oase. Slnt olteva flori ln,vaz[.
, Several este folosit pentru mqi mult ds doud persoane:
Few

;i;;;;;;ril",r'ill,:;

frlt,rrl,ifirrd un rnembru &nume al

l16iar,rrl alorga foarto repede.

't'hnra

Hereadseverat

i: +..*F ;;-ili".i-,u

r I i:

a'a

littte I

There

Ar[ic.lul osto porteo de vorbire

.niijloc do indivirlualizare a obioctelor gi fenononelor tntr-ur

fnany I

much

3.2. Arilcolul (The Article)

qi

I on the tabte.

se {olosegte generic

clnd unei clase de

e wr9utvll!u
olemente

I uu
so

r"
.[.] qi ,u anumir,i
:l::l:l:l',ll li::l:l'g::
lSIy':, e'*,igu..",:
".a.".
Boya tike.tl
Beielilor
pi;;#
j;;r'i;b_l:
ie
foo.tba,.
-un
?i:::lrl.:^,,1y:: t.han.a
4pu

;*iffiil

dffi"."ffi.

g#/.
t::,?,
bdiar ateargd
*,t:,!,.::::
Tho
tlgor lises in the jungle. Tigrul tr[iepto tnlungld.
subntantivcle folosite generic nu au distinclia do numdr
deoarece elo
q',,"r;
Itllorirln gonorir:[:'..uparo ll{:r,
cu celo trei ariicole:

i:::l*'::*}.

::::

p,,F

l0l

*.'*rii,;;ir;J'"fi1;#:

a(
u) rrrl,irr0lul lr0[11rlI llrr, ttt'Iitrolr,rl rroltol,tlrll'
subs[untivclo numiirrlbil0:
'fho cow t:ives
rrow gives
Cows giuc

rt'

rtttt trt'l'lr'olttl zrrt'il

p0nt'l'u

us

rrlrg lrr Jrrirrtrt'io i'

lrrl,r,rr
Llt,c rq.dio, I.lm prcss, thc lrtltph,:tne, l.he drarttu, tha fi,l,rn, oll,.:
'l) ll'lrrrl's [,rrrii:
rrn l,ho rudio rrt ci.ghl o'cl,ochl 0u (l,rogranr) este la radio lrr orrr tli,
r,) trr rlrivrrrs: llm surt,, !,he m,oont the carlh, ehc,.:
tltlt* orlrth iltopes round tho sun. Pdminlul se lnvlrberyte ln jurul soarelui.
ll) [rrrrof irl rnaf oricir, cu substantive determinate definil; prirr
Iru,rtl.irrttrrt'ttr rrrrt,rlrioalii: I bought a book Aesterday. The book is interesling, Il,m
lurrrlrilrrrl, o crrrt,e iori. Cartea este interesantd.

miLh.

good for our heu'ltlt"

lr) ur[iOolul zerr: pentru substantivele nenum[rabile : Mitk is
sint substantivelo
proprii
unice'
Numele
3"2.4'Nurnele propriigi reterinla
membri uni,i
cbnsiderate
sint
ele
.u re,ferin!,[ ,ni"A p"i' excetenla,-a6oarece
'Helen, Mount Everest, the Danwbe, France,
ri clrrsei din care T;; p;;i;:

Mondau.
cornune:
Prin aceasta, numele proprii se deosebesc de substantivele
thq Haguei
Channel'
the
Thomson'
fi''
*l ,",r"i"-o, fii.ta-*i'"" -n.rrticulab: unele
!n,l'r,s!
nume pronrii sint folositc
r

b) nu au corrt.a*tuiaJil,.t"f
cu articolul zero, altele sint folosite
tnrre

t[e, fhrd sd lxiste o .gPozilie

".i"tti*f"f
the Arctic,the Ukraine'
Castle;
Wind'tor
ele , Anstralil,iiitii'Aiiirirrt,

fii"l" irni",oi., the' 4.oi!r, the .Atbert Hatt ;

se intentionrtaz5 restrinc) numele proprlr nearticulate prfmelc articof cind
idenLifibd, numele,
referintei Ia un anumit tir";";; l;;"*
d cu o/
",pnea
til'^!'-:
*Jr"ti"i *u.t"i"ti'ie, o, igl:
ffiil;1dJi.:P:'i uionar
ililL
resLrlcf,Iva:
relabtvd'
propozilie
sau una provenite dinbr-o
in the Romania -of todaY
in Romania

I like
the uoung E-rn'inescu .
in ihe Engtand of Queen Victoria

Bucharest
Eminestu
i iirtoobn Englanil

1fus S11ch:arest

$.3" Artiemflul hot#rtt (The Definite Article)

3.A.1" Fe!,rrla articolului

hotarit. Aiticolul hotErit are forma unicd tfre'

The se Pronunld [6a]:

pupil; th'e hous,e;

f""irt.* *i"ut"ioi' cinsonantice: the i.eprerentante
de obicei prin literele
"l
h)
-' tnaintea *r,ut"i|, ;;;i"";;"antice, year' tne one'
rv: ths universitA,.l'he windout, l'bo
fhe se Pronun!5 [6i(:)]:
a) lnaintea iunetelor vocalice : t'he artist;
[i' i"*irrt"u lui h mut: tho hour; t}rre honest man;
l,he lwnour; ltLe heir;
de asemenea folosiid pentru subliniere
;;;";;6;L toi,j

i,-y,

") the facts.

"rt"

These are

hotarit. rArticolul hotdrit esie folosit pentru

aexprimareferrnlaunicfl.Ellndeplineqtemaimultefunc{,iit.Acesteasint:
t)func!iadeic.r,ic5,.cusubsl,..,:tiveacdrorreferinidesteimediat
in contextul situalional
tnteleas[ de vorbitoiiifi*uii,i*' fiind definita specific
aI comunicdrii.
situalionale'
Anumite substantive au determinare deictic[ in contexte
De exemPlu:
the rad'io el'c'z
e) intr-o lncdpere : the d,oor, the ooind'ow, the table' the.rad'iator'
*'
rog'
te
fereastra'
Inchide
it-iti tne-ili"aow, will Eou? thl.gro.und' et'c':
p[dure : thi winit, the s-ky,
b)
"' il;;-o
cu f runze uscate '
Til'; ;dr"[t ,iiuri,a ii,ln d,ry le"aves. P;mintui este acoperit
* Vezi; Ioana $teflnesctl' op. cit', pp" 108--tt3'
g.g.'4. f uncliile a.rticolului

lrrl,r'-rrrr {)rlrfl: /[/r lott'ttltull., tlttt pol,i,r:t,sl.ttli,ott,, lht nil,l*,illl slalion, the hospital,
tl.t.', ('tn. rlttu trll Dtt ly1l1t lrt gttl, ltt tho tuwrrlru,llt lrutcli nd-mi spuncl,i orim nil
rr,i

//

e xprirnatl printr-o propozilie relativ[ restrictivd sau prinl,r-o

prcpozit,ionalI provenitd dintr-o propozilie relativd rostrictivA:
'l'lto rrraru whtt is tlriving tho rerl car ls our English teachey. Omul care conduco
rrlrrluur rrrriirr cst,u profesorul nostru de englezd.'The man (who is) in the rsd cur
tr trrtr l,)tt,!:li.slt trtu,cht:r. Omul dirr maqina rogie este profesorul nostru de ongloz[.
/r) l'rrrro Iiu genericS, clnd substantivul este folosit ln sensul s[u
lr'l rrrrri llrlrrrrrlt, ca repfezentant al unei clase. In aceastd funclie, tfte lnsototrt,o
xrrlr l,rrrrl,ivrr rrurnt\rabile la numdrul singular: Tho horse is a useful animal.
f irrlrrl rrrrl,o trn anirnal folositor. The wild elephant can be
found. in some purlt
ul' lll'rrirtt.. lllctant,ul sdlbatic poate fi gdsit in unele zone din Africa.
l,) rrrr n lr rne proprii':
Nurrrrrlo pnrprii sint precedate de obicei de articolul hot6rtt clrrd ln
rllrrr,lrrrrr lrrrirrl,r'i'r rii urr adjecliv sausubstantivfolosit adjectival 'l'ho lJnilrd
Atrtytlttttt, llto IlniLcd States, tha Art Gal,lery;
nnu rr rrrrrsl,rrur(,ic prepozilionalS postpusd (cu o/): ?he Uniaersity of Buchurr,r/, l,lto lloustrs of Parliarnent;
Irr rrrtsl,u cuzuri, arbic&lul theesle folosit chiar dacfl unul dintre celo douil
pli.rrrr,rrl,rrrrsl,rr on)is:the (rir,tcr) Thames,the Tate (Gallery),the Pacific (Oceun),
lfu llulitrrrenlun (.\ea), t,he Intercontinental (Hotel ).
Arl,ir:olul hot6rlt se folosegte cu urmdtoarele clase de n u m e p r o p r i i :
H) nrrlrnl,rrntive la plural: theBrowns
Nerlher-familiaBrown;the
Ittruls Ohnda,r the ltrebrides -insulele Hebride;
the Alps -.Alpii; fftc
(' t r 1t t I lt.i urt s
Carpa!,ii
- geograf
rl
rrrrrrtttiri
ice:
lr)
rrrrrrrrr rlo rlwi: Thc Danube, the Olt, the Thames
rrrrrrro rkr nrirri qi oceane: the Black Sea, the Atlantic Ocean

z4ilnh

rrtt,iv, l'iirtrl

r'rtnril'r'uct,i(l

nurrrrr (lo rrrrnaluri : the Sruez Canal, the Panama Canal

rrrlrro rkl <lcpcriuri, golfuri, capuri:. The Sahara, The Persian Gutf,
of Good trIope

lhr, ('tt1tc

r,) rrrrrrrrt

rlo institu!ii:

ri 6i rcsl,auranl,e : the Lid,o ( H otel ), the Berlin Restauranl, the S aw71 ;

cirrornn[ografe, cluburi: the National Theatre, the Capitol Cintma;
nurr(l(), bibliol,et:i, eto.: The Bri,tish Museum, the National History
lll ttsrttttt,, lln Central Unioersity Library ;
rl) rrrrrrrr, rlr, ziurt: T'he Tinteq, The. Daily'lelcgraph, The Guardi.an'
Nrrrrrrrlu rkr rcvist,e rn de obicei articolul ze,toi Life, English Language
'l'turhi.rt,yi lourna,l.
tr) rr rr rrr rr d o v A s e: The Transyl,ttania.
I

rr r l,r. I r r

l,rr11f,1',,,

l lro

Not6: Atljorrliyul Aroltkt rrsl,p fglonil, lu: tho Arabic languago, Arabio nututrul.,
oun't spauh (tlm) Aruhic (langu,aga).
Arulllnn rr$l,o folosil, ln: an Arabian camdl, an Arab(ian) horsc.
Arlirtr:l,ivolo Eootr ryi ll0ottlrh slnl, proforuto do sco[ioni gi slnt foloull.o ln: ,ilo.Sculrelr
llighlurule, tha Scottish lJniuersities, a $conish acccnt,
Hnotnlt uparo llr c<lnstruclii ca: J'colci whiclty, scotch plai.il,, scotch tcyior, ,scotaf,

tr'rl
Foloslrea articolelor cu substantivele carc cxl)titrt^r
'l'ilrf,

A rl.j

rtrrt frrlt.lrtrlll ul

lct iv

l__

liirLrniro indivitiutlll

rt

,l1l ,ilrr,,n;

Ilokrriro touurinit

Sirrgulrr

lnunnhcu,

(lhintr

Clhinese

,l tt,ptln

I'ortttgnl
S witzorlanil

apaneso
Portttgue se
Swiss

Yietnamese

the Yietnamess

an Israeli

Israelis
Pakistanis

the Israelis
the Pakintanis

Africans

the Alricans
the Americans
the Asians
the Australians
the Italians
tho Belgians
the Brazilians
the DuroPeans
the Germans
the Greeks
the Hungarians
the Norwegians

'_':t'*aI'nkistzln

Pakistani

a Pakistani

Alrican

an
an
an
an

frica

America
Asia

Australia

Italy
1|olgiunr

Ilrazil

Israe

li

American
Asian

Australian

Italian
Belgian

Brazilian

0ermany
(ireece

European
German
Greek

IIungarY

Hungarian

Europo

NorwaY
Denmark

Finlantl
Poland
Spain

A{rican
American
Asian

Australian

an Italian

a Belgian
a Brazilian
a EuroPean

Portuguese
S

wiss

Americans
Asians

Australians
Italians
Belgians

Brazilians
Europeans

tho

Germans
Greeks

Norwegian

Danish

Dano

IJanes

the

a Finn

Finns

the Finns

Polish

Pole

P0les

ths

Spanish

Spaniard

Spaniards

tho Spaniarils

Swedo

Swedes

tho

Finnish

Hungarians
Norwegians

Swedish

Arabia

Arabic

an Arab

Arabs

England

English

an Engiishman

Englishmen

France

French

Frenchmon

\*t.o

Frenchman

Danes

(Danish)

(Finnish)
Poles

(Polish)
(Spanish)
Sweiles

(Swedish)
the Arabs

( Englishmen

the English
{ Frenchmen
I the French
I Dutchmen

I thr Dot.h

a Dutchman

Dutchmen

Irolantl

Irish

an Irishman

Irishmen

Wales

Welsh

Welshnen

British

a Briton

Britons

Scotsmon
Scots

tho

(Scotchmen)'

ths

the
Netherlands

Britain
-_._-_=-_

I Scots

Scotland

Scottish

s.ot.n1

Welshman

Scotsman
a Scot
(a Scotchman)

( Irishmen

{ thu I.irt
I Welshmen
{ thu wrl.h

-, Sri-ton,_I thu nrttirh

Scotsmon
Scots

.-' -t.4.l.

Forma articolului nehotdrit

{rl,irroltrl nehotdrli are dou6 forme: s li an.
rl,' p11)nuntu.[e] (forma slabd, clnd este ne&ocentuat) sau
[ei] (forma tare,
. , drrxl,rr
illrrrl
t(:(:ontuat) q.i se foloseqte lnaintea cuvintelor care incep cu un Bunot,
Filnn(rrrlnl,i(i sa.u semiconsona.ntic: a build,er, g magazine; a iater-melo\ t

, t| uni,uersity.
. . Att. r. Jrronun[,[ [an] (forma slabd) sau [en] (forma tare) gi Be foloBooto
r lllHlrrl,r'rr (rrrvinlolor carelncep cu un sunet voca]ic mu ft mut : tn a;chitecr, &n 0gg,
lll rrrrllrgrr, $n hourt An heir, Ln honest nxa,n.
. :1.4.2. Funcliile articotului nehotdrit. Articolul nehot[rlt a,re mai mult0
Vtrlnt'rr. Ar:ostca slnt:
l) lri nc!ia gpif oricd., specificd articolului nehotdrrt,, folnritfi
f rrlf

psnlnr irrlrrrduoerea. ln comunicare a unei noliuni care nu a fost m'ontionat[

t 'l'h,ere is a young_boy waiting for you,'Te e0teapt6 uh b6iat. t had ii
lnlarating noacl la.st nxonih. Xm oititlin rbman intlresani luna trecuttr.'
lr'rrttol,irr opiforic[ a articolului nehotdrlt este folositd tn situa]iile tn oare
r,
Itltlerrl,rrl Hrtu porsoane menlionatd ln oornunlcare este necunoscrit6 agoult[krrrtlrri: A man came and, knoched, at our door. A venit un om $i a bdtut Ia ut[:
lltt lrr sit,uu[iile ln care vorbitorul nu doregte s[ determine definit obioctul l'au
peFlrrerrrr roopoctivd ci se referd doar la un membru al unei clase: I saw t cal
0f'lha Jr.lrr.r. Am'vdzut o pisicd pe scerd.
T
) I rrn.c_f i a n u me ric d, ln situa!,iilo ln care forma a(n) *evaloa.
tll tttttrrotqlrrlui orze.
. l,np1p,, o reda aoe&st[ idee de num[r gramatical (singularul), ariipolul
itrl.prirrr

*attr[nrlI
.

no

"folosogte:

la singular, de obicei lu serii numorice:

Ithr hou,ght s dre.ss, two blouses ilnd a\ umbrella.
A (lrrtnfliirat o rochie, dou[ b]uze qi o umbrel[.
.rr num0ralele (ln locul lui one): elone hundreil; alone thousani!;
llmt Iil'th.
lJ,rrn: l.(llrtd articolul nshot[rlt esto lntrebuintat cu valoare numerictr, substantivut
nrl,o iurrrrnl,rrot, iar articolul nl: English connot be lcarned, fn a ilry. Nu pofi s[ lnve[i
trrrglrzrr lnl.r-o zi. I iliiln't sag o word about it. N-am opus un iuvlnf oerpro aceit
orr substAntivele numdrabile

Ittcrrr.

f.

Scotchmon

ltrrnclin opiforicd 6i cea numericd [par deseori combinato. ln propozifla; Ttun

,{rBl, r man *mging downtho rood, (un om vensa ctnilnd pe drum,) nerelorlmla
irr rrrornbru lrl unoi cluso gi la faptul c[ era un iingur om, gt nu doi.

Scotoh

London'
+ cf, R. Quirk et al - A Grammar of Contemporary English, Longman,

1972, PP' 151-152'

3.4. Articolul nehotdrit (The lndefinite Articie)

the Portugucso
the Swiss

a German
a Greek
a I{ungarian
a Norwegian

Swedon

Hollani!

Chineee
Japaneso

Chinese
Japanese

Vietnameso

Isrno I

tho

a 0hinese
a Japanese
a Portuguese
a Swiss
a Vietnamese

-t*'

Vorll louno $toflnooeu, op. clt,, pp. tl4-t20.

l'lrf,rt llttttt'stlr nil rlitrl,ingorn lnl,rn oxirrl,onl,a rrnrri articol zoro qi rlntiSiunOU
lllrr.l11l11i lrol,rlrll, nrrrr rrolrol,ih'11,, ponl,ru clr urr,icolul zoro aporo ln aituatii
ttltrtnl lolttr ltt ctrrt.' stt fttlososc oelelalto arl,icolo: I lihe chocolstc. (Articolul
*rirrr lfrtrrl,l'rr foftrsiro grrnorirxl). Iuri place ciocolatu. The chocolrte you'bought is
itu't, (Arl,irrolrrl ltrr -- p1;11;r'1n!,,[ unic[). Ciocolqtq pe co.re ai oumpirat-o
Fllt, Hrrrl,orrsii.

:l) f rr rt r' ( i rr H ('tt t'r'l ('-rr

ti [9lotiit, yi t:tt vltlottt'o glttct-ir11' (:\l Sllb$lnIIl'ivo
Arl,i..lrrl rt.lr.l,r"rlltt, lr,,rrtl
'1,,'lrl'rtr tt t't'1rt'r'z.t'ttltt, u llttl'('lll{li ('lltH[:
la-sirigrrlrrr,
n,,,,,n,,,,'i,ii,'
'us
'
nr,i'lle ' Vitcir ntr tlit ltrp('tt'
A ,,111' l4iutts
iii n ctlrti nchol'rlril' pcnlrtt
Noli: Obscrvir{i rlil'ort'nfn irr folosiltir arlicolrrlrri lrolilril' !l'lte
ltorse is ausefultnirnul'
(rxt)rrtrr;tr('il r,,,t,'1it'i lt''ui''it'tt r:tt sttbstilttlive nrlmtlt'rtlrilc:
(nrico
.al $i dc(ri l,lrtttl5tt
a-tefrrJ
is
t'erA
(i*l,r*lrgii,,t,rrn, *lr*.i,, rrs,ctrtivit); L horse
..

I ',
S

predicativ exprirnnI
art,icolul nelititiirit este folosit qi inaintea numelui

llrinl,r-trn

sub$t'an[iY

lwus I
I hrrorn" I a hcad'master.
| ,r*ornra

/
[ rrrilk, eotfoo, honoy.
., I /r/,r, I rrusie, lltoraturo, googrsphy, travelling.
I Iong walkn, gooil trienils, g&Ines.

articolul zero dacf, tlr-esla ostc

NotS: 1. Inaintea nttmeltri predicativ se folose;l'e
was guest ol honour at lheir
Broivn
XIr' I'homas
rcprtrze nl.itnt trnic al rrnei {unclii:
ttrl

l)

party.l)l.Thomasllrownafostoaspet'eledeonoarelapetrecerealot'Heispresldenl'
este preqedintele comitetrrlui'
2' Nrrmele predicativ poate fi prccedat 'ti de artit:oltrl
dtrl'init:
colnplirtire r"are ii ronfertr' rtn t'itracter

'"1

ii" ,r**ittee. El

hotlrit' cintl

esl'e urnrat de tt

school.
1 was
I
I of
'
"r our
H,
I Lecame I tllc- headmaster {| Yott t;rtot+''
"'\",i)).rirrdlAte n!ie ! Articolul nehotdrit riu se foloseEte:
l. cu suLsiantive nenum[rabile

Comparali:
u) -- substantiv num5ra'

fr) arrlrrrl,rrrrl,ive rrurlrrirabile la plural:

He is a t,etchcr' He

[iultctiilearticoluluizero. I) Articolul zero lndeplinegte f uncIia

tt tr rr t' r r: iI oll:
5) trrlrrrl,rrrrl,ivo rrcnumilrabile

clrtsil).

4)

1r.

All,rr,olrrl z(lro cu subs[antive nenumdrabile indicf, o cantitate nedefinitd.

anil oil at the grocer,s.

rrarrl,rl,rrl,crr ln gcneral: Ygy

9an Day sugarr-ilour, rioo
l'o[,r rrrl crrurpori zahdr, fdind, oreC qi ulei la bdc[nie.

a articolului zero este des tn!,ilnitd ln proverbe oi

rraste makes westo. Graba stricatreaba. Lighttroocie
filrr,tr thtt,t sound. Lurnina se deplaseqzd mai repede dectt sunetul]
ll'rlrr l' Arl.icolul zero cu substantivele nenumtrrabile exprimd pi deterrninar t, rt rl r' I i rr il; ll ttlnd substantivele nenumilrabile stnt precedate de un adjectlv:
1 lroltorl rnllk,
I llnrzlllun eollos.
Alnrrrrl,ii lutrohuirr[,are

l-rr lrrrrlrrrjrrl qt,iin_{,ific:

I ltl't

I bought an iron gesterd.atl- Am cumpdrat'un fiot

, of
,r :-^-.
a ^,
gard est,o
iron. Acest
is mad,e
?hls

de rrllcat ieri.
_substantiv nenumdrabil:
fence
fier.
din
";. ;; substantive numSr-lbile la plural

lilm on TV
numerab, la singutar: I warched at interesting
-t-",tliJitlv
Am vazui un film inleresant la televizor aseard' interesting liLmx
t*iiight.
(some)
,r*?"Jif i"-pi"."f , You ian +vatch
televizor'
la
-substanti,
on TV. Po{,i sa vezi lnlqteliilme.i.nteresante
nedefinit[ B0
In oazul ,rn*t*.rtir),fui'numarabile la plural, determinarea
realizeaz[:
'ro

sint fitme la televizor.

u"ti"olul zero : There are films on TV.
interesting lilms on ?IZ. Stnt
*o*.
"i
b) cu ajutorul lui ,o*i'",n, iny:.Thue or, Are there
aty interesting lilms on
telsvizor.
r"
unele/niqte ilr*. i^i"ii*it
interesante la televizor?
Ty ? p;sre ,r"rrr'ijiir"iii"r"-""t i Sint filme

I lt,omsnlnn lltorature.
I lntlont hlstory.

[. lrr

t'rrzrrl ln care substantivele nenumtrrabile stnt urmate de o compliniro carc

llrrrrlr,irril folosiroa genericd, de obicei o constructie cu of, este neces&r artlcolul
lrrrltlrll, tfu: I likc the literature of the Soondtnavlane.

h| lirurrrlntrrrrl,ivok!numdrabilelaplural,articolulzerosereferdlatolimembrii
ulrr r:frs(r: ()hililrsn libe to play. Coprllor le place sd se joace.
3) Arl,irrrlrrl zero este lntrebuinlat de reguld pentru referinfa unic[ a
*lrlrth,r'Prrprii ryi n unor substantive comune ln anumite contexte: Pgtor
Hd Mnry *,itt go to school iz autumn. La toamnd, Petre Ei Mqriq vor
ftat'gr, lrr r1r'.rtlti.

prn

A) llnrrill,orrrole clase de

nrlme proprii

se folosesc cu articolul

ffr,t,tnr,Itr dc porso&rrr lnsolite sau nu do apozilii:

l)altr, .l,tlttt llrown. Dr. Smith, Mr and lllrs Freeman, Lord Nelson, Ittspector
'ltrtmlttrsrilI,.

(The Zero Article)

substantivele num[r
S.S.f .In unele cazuri' substantivele nenum[rabile' *She d'rinks toa evaryl
nelnsolite.de articol
rabile la plural qi ,"*il" pioprii pargobtv
charlton was a good footbull playar,
not;;;r'i;';;rl
clothe s d,o
dau.
- ln
cr,hivnlertz.ir .,, f 11ntlt io 0u
articolului
astfel de cazrrri, absen!a
este'de obicei numit articolul zero'
p.uru.1,ulr"i
""ii."r]-A"esta

3.5. Articolul zero

Alertllr.! In accast[ clasd

r,rr t'rrlrrrrlr l,rl

unic[:

]'al,hor

llritdv I

llul

rls

rlasling tha car,

intrd pi numele membrilor familiei, folosito

Mother

Mummy
Mum

tnt

is

cooking,

llr

[Jncle

dcnumllo

rtrtloolul lcro

ruhrtul,lvolt

Aunt(io)
Grnnilmothor
Graniltother

is staying wilh as.

,

GranilPa

Dar:
b)

c)

The father was the tallest

in

the

family'

diviziuni de timP:
: Mond'ay, Frid'ay
-zilele sdptdmtnii
anului z APril, MaY, Jun:e
-lunile
'- Liberation DaY
- s[rbdtorile
denumiri geografice:
: EuroPe. Asia, Amertca
-* continente
:
Romlania, Bulgaria, France
!6ri
: Bucharest, Edinburgh
- or8,qe
: I ake Ontario, Loch Lomonil
lacuri
-* munli
: Ben Nevis, Mount Eoerest
Atentrie!

Numele dd continente, !6ri qi

orarye

ba

in

go

to

to

ElnrPrrt

au articolul zero li

lht

lraael

rlo

bs

leaae

I'

lrain
plane

Inmrlrl,n nln zlloi

iultll (n,, l,rr,

tlhi, halon' )

ind,ustrial

";;;;;;'-' II Ro*onio; ancient Callatis, suburban Bucharest'

t

gi

arouna I

before

tL

de substantive oomunor
d)numele
ProPrii urma.te.
AbbeY,
' denumind clddiri,
str6zi, podun' etc': Aioi Castte, Westminster

:::

ilr",.:"Tffi"ffiffi ffi;^;;!l';-r"d$1Y *l'::l:l::'o'

aontexte:
foi fi fofotite ;i cu articolul hotilrtt ln alte

zero*
Fcilosirea unor substantive comune cu articolul

(b11

hrh rtltl

ilawnldaybrealc

al I sunrise
before I sunsel,
I duskltwilight
ot,Inrn

northern

Onforit Street, Piccaitilly Circus, Lon'dan Bridge.

t9,!li:t:::'..:-1t:l'l *ill;
B) Un e I e s ub s t an t i v ""e c o
-!i9T:J'
t:
*1'
*it
*nr' a''r*!*'Ji;# ;t"" i""
li
*"1'^-11
:tTl*:
t1,
j;,it'
ac es to r
*
*t
;
M
;i.
ilp
;
?
. I 1111
"1."t
tnrr
"
ere
-"":3li::11
dintre
"
unere

boal
bus

car

c0me

nudnxgnr

l"unt

day anil, ni,ght

haue I breahfast
before I lunch
at I il'inner
afler I sup,p*
Dinner wdlt, be seraed, at ?,00,

"'lHI
ittnr

dr boll

lhe

bcil

hoepil,al

walk rounil lhe prison

walk pael the school,
be atlgo tolstudy

allhe uniaersr

(mai ales ongloza amoricanf)

the town

bicycla

tllllrrrla

. l.

q"'.:

school
college

lie down on lho

moilerndaa

be atlgo home
be inlleaoe lown

Central. t

ir"#"

horyinl

l!:n'*'r'

North I
South I America;

bcil

| (mai eles engloza

I britanicl)
I ckse (mai ales
I engleza amorican[)
\ pilson

be at

go

clnd slnt precedate de adjective;

il1;;;;'

lrtloolul hoilrlt

sit on the

bdcycle

be on lhe bus
eleep in the car

tal* thela train

be

sit

on the plane

in

the.boal

dwring the ilay

{| eunrile
g*nget
see nolhing in lha iluak
ailmire the

dn the aflernoon
wake up

in

the ndght

i,n the ila

The breakfasl was gooil.
She coolted, (the)

The d,tnner theg offereil ut

appendicilis
anaernta
iliabelea
L

arm in arm
hanil ,in hanil
day by il,ag

He took her by l,he arm.

fle has a booh in hic hanil.

lace lo face

l*srturt

*) cf. R. Quirk et al - op, cit,, pp' 157-L59'

parrlolo

from ilawn lo d,uek

from morning till night
from beginning la enil

ftom right to left

from catl lo wetl

Frcm lhe beginning ol

lo lhc end of il,
Ileep lo lhe righl.

Ho liuec in the wul,

lhe

rrr rl.it'rr [' i v s tr 1l I i ltt,'tt I tr r utr

urtioolrrl u0rtt, ponlrtt rttl'ttritt [,ii trrrirri'r:
Tlwy nppoi.ntcd, h'im oltu,irlno,n. (T,-ttrr rturtriI prr'yrrrlirrt,,'),
sau urt,ioillui'hotiirlt,, pcnbru rcforin{,ir trnicir :
The.y appointed. him tho chairman of lDe slrr,n'tli'n'g unt'nt'ission'
Notii: Altioolrtl zero mai est,e folosit:

3)

u n lo nr o tt l' tr I

1r

I
T-

[olotr(r[10
A

rl I r'olrrl

3.

cataforicd,

Articolul hot[rit
!

4. generici,

b) ou oubstantivo num[rabilo la plural (gonoric):

Turn on the railio, PlcoS,l'.

Walk past the hosPital and

grl lu tltt railnaY

suut u,

plaq

slation.

d) tn expresii idiomatico:

It

often snaus in wlnter.

to bedl I go to eehool

See Eou

dr tl{

rt

Dy

noon.

They elccteil, trim president.

3.0. omisiunea articolului (The Elypsis of the Aiticle)

l,nst rr,glel. The ploy

ln care articolul hotdrit sau nehotErlt, oeLo.mir.

rtlrtrlri ro deosebesc de cele in care se folosepte articolul zero,
d0onro00
[El[orarr rrrl,i.,lrrlui nu produce modificdri de sens ci are doar o valoflfo Btilerlnl'r1 ttrttrlo situ,afii

i,nleres{ittg.

*gll'e

I haue ntarragt:tl lo {ind' tha

I on Romanlitistn.
\ I tounted, to rcQd-

kll,'a,

uas ucrA

The fnmily plarls an

irrrrllnrrr[,i:

ll I trln

1,

the

tho Roeky llounlains (tho Rocklos)'

lho Mississippi, (he North Seat
ths English Chaunel, tho Inlor'

Hotel, the

saw

uag to

ehimnoY $weop

Nottortt

e Poncll, I

notebook

a rubber, please.

4. lnaintea unui numo Pre'

IIe

horse ia

r,s

or?

school.

Giae tne

a useful unitttul,

a iloctor.

honny.

Imi place mierea.

(articolul zero

: funclie genoricfi).

J li*,, l,lro honoy they sell here.lmiplace mierea pe care o

eiluutionol role

3. generici

dicativ:

ouenlng.

Go

You'

Thealre, tho AeoilemY LihrorY.

Articolul nehotI,rit'

b) We .go on long uolts

Exemplo

oontinentol

2. numerici

{ xlllfu.

lfll*olttl tlro

suplltnento,r:

The Uniled Ntllons,

1. epiforicl

a) rrc tikcs

c) ou nUmo proprii:

httl,6rll,

5. cu unele nume ProPrii

o) cu o.lementul prodicativ

tr'unctia

2. anaforicl

ncnurnilra,bilo (gonoric)

Funcliile articolului

deictic6,

UromDlo

I u) crr substrnl,ivo

a) lnainl.tra denumirilor limbilor: we study linglish, Do you sPealr lrronoh?

Cind numele lirnbii este tnsolit de cuvintrrl languuge sc lolosoqt,c articoltll hol,ilril,:
This book aims al a ilescription o/ tho Englith language'
b) cu Substantive asociate cu numerale sau lilerele allabetului t page ten; cfuo'pt'er
one; lesson fiue; ttct two; figure C; position' A; qrt'cstion B ;
0) ln constmclii fixe: by mistake:; din greqealfi.; in conchtsion: in conclttzitr;
for moneY: Pentru bani. etc'

1.

",,,**

t/r,

rcferinfd definitd).

fc*a tho lumry to tho child.ren at lho corner

table

vinil aici. (articolul

l)u mierea r:opiilor de Ia

frtlrr lronoy ro chilalron at corner table. Duce mierea copiilor de la masa

dltr null, (indicafii scenice).

, Arl,irrolrrl so omite ln urmdtoarele situalii:

f| I rr v,-r b.iro f a *.i1i t".di. (It,s a) pity they won,t be rftere. pdcat c{
vr'l:fi qioi acolo. /(/s the) car still not wirkiig? Tot nu merge magina?
' tu.
( ) lt'rlond of mine told, me about it. un prieten d"e-al meu
mi-a s'pus d;p;,
4

tt[4.

l.rr llm b liul I urn al istic: Employ.ol ha?e to obey safetu rogulo.
tlnur, Ang*ju1ii trouuie sa respecie reguiilo-de prot..liou tuncii.
la.ln-rl i o a !i i s cen i ce: (The) okl womangoesto(the)settee (ontho)
,rfrh, lllllrlna ao lndrcapta rpre canapoaua din iroepta (scenei).