Geography

Coastal Management

Coastal management involves a planned response, which carefully

considers the geographical processes that shape coastal landscapes, and
addresses issues that arise in the coastal environment between human
activity and the natural environment.

Coastal management is needed because of the issue if long shore drift,

erosion, human impacts.

Coastal management is difficult for Australia because of its small

population and long coastline (36 735km) and high population density and
fast development on the coastline

Without coastal management the dune and marine ecosystem would die and our
population would be greatly affected because of the vast percentage that live on
or near the coast, which is 85%
Without coastal management the human population will be greatly affected.
The groups that are normally involved in coastal management are state and local
government.

Key processes shaping the coastal environment

Erosion: the wearing away and removal of weathered material
Hydraulic action: wave breaks against cliff, traps air that is
compressed into crack in rock loose rocks.
Corrasion: waves crash over rock shelves and moves rock & other
material wears away.
Corrosion: rocks along coast contain minerals (iron). Waves break =
wet rock. Rock dries= salt in sea water crystallises on minerals erodes
away.
Deposition: the depositing of sand and rock particles caused by wind
and wave action often causing beaches and dunes
Beaches are formed: accumulations of eroded rock and shell
material on coastline
Dunes are formed: wind action. When sand is deposited on the beach it
is subject to wind transportation. Wind blows sand= sand trapped in
low lying plants
Transportation: waves hitting coast at an angle moves sand along the
coast
Strategies to help coastal management

 Beach nourishment: sand is moved by machines

Sand moved to part of beach where it has been eroded
Trucks: expensive, ongoing
Dune Stabilisation: stabilising dunes
Natural buffer between beach and land
Fences/access ways/ paths: vehicles/ pedestrians from trampling
vegetation
Revegetation: plant more shrubs and weeds
Bins: rubbish pollutes ecosystem
Signs: instructs citizens how to conduct
Groups can help by
Governments: contribute funding, create legislation.
Put up signs, Sutherland Shire Council: Sea Bee Wall
Dune Care: voluntary labour to rehabilitate dune systems,
remove exotic weeds
Coast Care: protecting sand dunes
Types of waves

Spilling When the waves come in evenly and it basically just spills over
the top, these kind of waves are non destructive and have a very low
impact.
Plunging Where the waves peak rushes over the base as the wave is
dragged along the sea bed, these waves are dangerous and destructive.
Break on medium sloped beaches
Surging where the waves break on steep beaches and roll over
themselves, causing heavy erosion.

Longsure drift is t he process related to coastal management where sand is

eroded, transported and then deposited, this means that all the sand for
example on the east side of Australia is slowly moving North.

Urban growth and decline:

Urban Decline:- when an urban area starts loosing business' and places
close, people loose their jobs, people move away from the area, and the
local economy shrinks along with the population, and buildings and public
places become rundown and badly maintained, which means the
desirability of the area falls, and its a vicious circle.

Urban Renewal :- Rehabilitation of impoverished urban neighbourhoods by

large-scale renovation or reconstruction of housing and public works.

Urban Decay:- sociological process whereby a city, or part of a city, falls

into disrepair and decrepitude, with depopulation or changing population,

economic restructuring, abandoned buildings, high local unemployment,

fragmented families, political disenfranchisement, crime, and a desolate,
inhospitable city landscape.

This is an issue because the whole area becomes rundown and many
families/businesses do not want to live/work there and the area continues
to suffer because of its poorness.

The action taken to combat urban decay and decline is urban renewal.
Where the governments and other communities rebuild the housing and/or
building sectors of the rundown area, to encourage reinvestment and
repopulation.

Urban sprawl is the spread of a city outwards, while the population density
drops as this happens. Possible effects of this include the surrounding
natural environment destroyed; productive farmland is consumed by the
growing city, as well a definitive increase in pollution. A solution to this is
Urban consolidation, where the existing city is redeveloped to suit for a
greater population, limiting the need for urban sprawl to occur.

Australias Aid Links

The Australian government donates almost $3 billion each year in

overseas aid to countries with lower standards of living. This is just 0.3% of
our GNI, whereas the UN expectations are around 0.7%.
Aid links include

tied aid Given for specific reasons eg construction, health

food aid Aid to be used specifically for food

multilateral aid Financial aid given to governments via NGOs

united aid Aid given to governments which can be spent on

goods and services

emergency aid Provision of basic needs in case of an

emergency e.g. natural disaster. This means food, clothing,
shelter and water

technical assistance Experts who use their education to help

countries

bilateral aid Financial assistance give from one country to

another.

Non-government organisations (NGOs) are independent of governments

and play an important part in shaping our links with the rest of the world.

Australian NGOs include amnesty international Australia, Red Cross and

world vision.

A treaty is an agreement between countries that is bound by international

law.

Australia is involved in treaties striving to maintain strong regional links.

Countries involved in Australias aid program are from the pacific and
Middle East regions.
AUSaid is Australias forefront for their aid contributions

Future Challenges For Australia: Population

Current Trends
Populate or perish post WW2
others say we cannot support a large population, because we simply
dont have, and cant produce, the resources needed to sustain a
population of the magnitude.
Population Growth
1900 - 3.8 million people end of 20th century: 18.9 million people
Late 2003: 20 million people
1945-61: baby boomers = ageing population
Population Projections
Decline in rate of natural increase: fewer births, fewer deaths. Drop in
fertility rate causes fewer births, and an ever advancing health care
system explains the fewer deaths.

Population Structure
Ageing population & falling births & people living longer, Population
pyramid will look like an upside down pyramid.

HUMAN RIGHTS
The idea that all human beings are equal to deserve fair and equal
treatment
Responses from the Australian Government
Right to vote; anti discrimination
Aust Gov: offered safe haven to over 600,000 displaced persons 1951
AusAID programs: Australian Agency for International development:
Australias overseas official aid programs
Responses from Non-Government Organisations
1948 United Nations: joined by Australia, Adopted Universal
Declaration of Human rights
CARE Australia: relieve suffering
Amnesty International: frees political prisoners
Human Rights Abuses/concerns
1948 United Nations: joined by Australia, Adopted Universal
Declaration of Human rights Lower levels of health care, education, employment
Hugely over-represented in prisons
Deaths in custody (Royal Commission): stolen generations
Refugees: mandatory detention
Homeless youth, gender-based discrimination, disabled persons
Australias contribution in comparison to other countries
Australia joined ICC: United States, China, Israel Iraq did not
Sweden open door asylum policy: 16 000/year
more than triple of Aus
Future Strategies
ASTI substance use program
Increase health, education programs
Medicare
expand primary health services

Research Action Plan:

1. the aim or purpose of your fieldwork
2. generate focus questions on your topic
3. list primary (data collected in field) and secondary (info from books,
published reports) information. You need to investigate the topic.
4. Identify the techniques you will use to collect your data
5. collect your data
6. process and analyze data
7. select presentation methods to communicate your findings
8. propose individual or group actions in response to your research
findings.