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A Study On PS-InSAR and D-InSAR For DDM Determination in Hilly Areas in Taiwan
A Study On PS-InSAR and D-InSAR For DDM Determination in Hilly Areas in Taiwan
As shown in (Aly et al., 2009), (Ferretti et al., 2001) and (Mora et al., 2003), PS-InSAR can
determine an accurate DDM in urban area. Serious subsidence has been occurred in central
Taiwan, especially along the coast in Yunlin and Changhua, which include urban and hilly areas
with extensive cover of vegetation. In this paper, PS-InSAR is applied in a large urban and hilly
area in central Taiwan to test its applicability.
2. DDM Determined by D-InSAR
The DORIS v4.02 is utilized in this experiment to do D-InSAR computations. This public
interferometric SAR software can be downloaded from http://enterprise.lr.tudelft.nl/doris/
supplied by the TU Delft, Netherlands. The 4-pass method is adopted to produce the DDM caused
by the 921 earthquake occurred on September 21, 1999, in the central Taiwan.
2.1 SAR Images
Table 1 Topographic and deformed pairs
D-InSAR
Master Image
Slave Image
Spatial
Temporal
Baseline ( m ) Baseline (Days)
Topographic
Number 1
Number 2
Pair
(ERS-1: 1996/03/06) (ERS-2: 1996/03/07)
80.6
Deformed
Number 3
Number 4
Pair
(ERS-2: 1999/05/06) (ERS-2: 1999/10/28)
41.1
175
(A)
(B)
Figure 1 The experimental area for D-InSAR
Table 1 reveals the topographic and deformed pairs adopted in the 4-pass D-InSAR. Topographic
pair with ERS-1 image (1996/03/06) and ERS-2 image (1996/03/07) is acquired by Tandem mode
so that the coherence level is very high. The spatial baseline is 80.6 m . The temporal baseline is 1
day so that its interferogram contains almost the topography effect. Across 921 earthquake, both
ERS-2 image (1999/05/06) and ERS-2 image (1999/10/28) are adopted as the deformed pair. The
spatial baseline is 41.1 m . The temporal baseline is 175 days. Unwrapping the differential
interferogram calculated from the topographic and deformed pairs can estimate the DDM.
Figure 1 illustrates the view of the experimental area denoted by a yellow square. Figure 1(A)
shows that ocean and mountainous areas are located respectively on the west and east area, and
the middle area contains most cities and towns. Figure 1(B) reveals an example of ERS-2 image.
2.2 Determined DDM
Figure 3 DDM
Figure 2 illustrates the differential interferogram. Evidently, there isnt any differential
interferometric stripes in the ocean and the mountainous areas since the coherence is very low
there. Oppositely, the differential interferometric stripes are located almost in the areas of cities
and towns. Some parts of the differential interferometric stripes are broken due to two main
reasons: 1) the coherence had deteriorated due to 921 earthquake, 2) The temporal baseline of
deformed pair is 175 days. In figure 2, one color cycle from blue to red (from to ) indicated
a relative deformation of +2.828 cm along the slant range direction, where wavelength / 2 = 5.656
cm/2 = 2.828 cm. Based on the algorithm of D-InSAR (Zebker et al., 1994), the direction of the
deformation is toward the satellite if the differential interferometric phase decreases, and
backward the satellite if the one increases.
The DDM defined upon the WGS84 coordinate system is shown in Figure 3. The positive and
negative values indicate respectively that the direction of the deformation descends and ascends.
73% of pixels cover the land area. They have the displacements with the minimum -2.37 m , the
maximum 0.47 m , the median -0.74 m , and the mean -0.72 m . The root mean square value of
the displacements on all pixels is 0.46 m .
3. Subsidence Estimated by PS-InSAR
The experimental area is the same as shown in Figure 1. The 9 ERS-2 images shown in Table 2 are
adopted to implement the PS-InSAR computation. The SAR image of 1999/5/6 is used as the
master image. The others are slave images and calculated interferograms with the master image.
The perpendicular baselines and temporal baselines are listed in Table 2. Test results demonstrate
that permanent scatterers can still be extracted, and displacements can be estimated from these
permanent scatterers even if a sudden ground change like earthquake had occurred. The coherence
will deteriorate when the temporal interval overstrides the occurring time of the earthquake.
Moreover, all topography phases are subtracted from the corresponding interferograms to give the
differential interferograms.
Table 2 Available SAR images
Date
1999/5/6
1999/1/21
-91.2
-105
1999/4/1
-318.9
-35
1999/6/10
-116.4
35
1999/7/15
-87.1
70
1999/8/19
319.4
105
1999/9/23
54.2
140
1999/10/28
-36
175
1999/12/2
-490.6
210
(A)
(B)
Figure 4 Distribution of the PS-candidates extracted
by (A) the general method and (B) the improved method
3.2 The Improved Method for Selecting PS-candidates
An innovative method for selecting PS-candidates is proposed in this paper. Considering those
unfavorable conditions such as large area, extensive cover of vegetation and occurred 921
earthquake, only those coherence images with shorter perpendicular baseline, like the five ones
shown with blue characters in Table 2, are used to select PS-candidates. Furthermore, a model
coherence threshold 0.7 given by Mora et al. (2003) can be adopted to extract permanent
scatterers from PS-candidates. Finally, 925 PS-candidates can be extracted with the same
coherence threshold 0.17 as the one used in figure 4 (A). Figure 4(B) illustrates the spatial
distribution of these 925 PS-candidates extracted by this improved method. Finally, 771 PS are
selected from 925 PS-candidates by using the model coherence threshold 0.7.
3.3 Vertical Displacements
Unwrapping permanent scatterers can estimate the corresponding successive displacements of
771 PS as shown in Figure 5. The positive and negative values indicate respectively that the
direction of the deformation descends and ascends. The mean value of subsidence speed is -0.12
m/year. Test results show that the improved method can extract PS-candidates and estimate the
successive displacement model in central Taiwan successfully. Also, further study on PS-InSAR
and its application techniques need to be done.
4. Conclusions and Future Works
The DDM caused by the 921 earthquake occurred in central Taiwan is successfully determined by