2

2.1
(amplifier).

. 2
()
2
.

.
, .

.

.

.

, ,
, .
(voltage gain)
vo vi, :

A=

vo
vi

(2.1)

dB (2.1)
:

117

AV = 20 log A

(2.2)

(current
gain) (power gain) dB
:
decibels = 20 log Ai

(2.3)

decibels = 10 log Ap

(2.4)

i p , , (2.1).

(2.2), (2.3)
Av, Ai .
Av 180
. .
-20dB
10. :

Ap = Ai Av

(2.5)

(input impedance)

, .


.
(output impedance)

,
.
.
(frequency response)

118


,
,
.

2.2
2
.
MHz
. 6.1 .

2.1:
( , Millman & )

.

vout = Ad ( v1 v2 )

(2.6)

Ad .
(2.15) v1 = v2 vout .


,

119

vc =

1
( v1 + v2 ) (2.7)
2

,
vout = A1v1 + A2 v2

(2.8)

1 (2)
( ) .
(2.7), (2.6) :
1
v1 = vc + vd
2
1
v2 = vc vd
2

(2.9)

(2.9) (2.8) :
vo = Ad vd + Ac vc

Ad =

(2.10)

1
( A1 A2 ) & Ac = ( A1 + A2 ) .
2

Ad Ac
.
(CMRR)

CMRR =

Ad
Ac

(2.11)

(2.11) (2.10) :
1 vc
vo = Ad vd 1 +
(2.12)
vd

120

 (2.12)

, .
1

v1 = 50 V
v2 = 50V v1 = 1.050V v2 = 950V .
100,
. =
10.000.

1
(2.6), (2.7) vd = 100V & vc = 0V .
(2.12) 100
vo = 100 Ad V.
2 100 V 1000 V
. (2.12) :
10

vo = Ad 100 1 +
V
100
100
2 10%.
= 10000
0.1%.

dB. dB
CMRRdB = 20 log CMRR

(2.13)

121


chip 50 pF

.

chip (
6.2).
.
2.2 BJT
2 CE
. 2
( v1 , v2 ) 2 ( vc1 , vc2 ).

.

2.2: ( 6 , Malvino)

ac
2 vc2 vc1 2.2,
vout = vc2 vc1 (2.14)

122

 ac
2 CE .
2 transistor
Rc.
vc1
vc2 . 2.2
vc1 > vc2 .
2.2
. v1
v2 . 2
vout 1800
v2 ( ) 00 v1
( ).
2 .

vout = A (v1 v2 )

(2.15)

.
(v1 v2 ) .

Rc
re

(2.16)

2.2
2 .

.

2.3 .

123

 2.3:
( 6 , Malvino)

2.3

.

.
vout = A (v1 v2 )
( 2.2)
. ac
2.3

Rc
2re

(2.17)

2 ,
. 2.4

.

124

 2.4:
( 6 , Malvino)

2.4 (2.15)
vout = Av1

(2.18)

2.4
2.5 .
2.5
, .

(2.15) v1=
0
vout = Av2

(2.19)

(-) (2.19)
1800.


2.5.

125

 2.5: (
, 4 Malvino)

2.6: )
)
( 6 , Malvino)

126

 1:
( 6 , Malvino)

dc
.

2.7: DC ( 6 , Malvino)

transistor ( ).
.

dc . Ohm

,

IT =

VEE
RE

(2.20)

127

 , transistor
,
2 transistor ,

IE =

IT
2

(2.21)

.
.

IT =

VEE VBE
RE

(2.22)

(2.22) (2.21)

IE =

VEE VBE
2 RE

(2.23)

2 transistor
RB
. in
(off)
I in ( off ) = I B1 I B2

(2.24)

transistor
(2.24) .
.

128

I in(bias ) =

I b1 + I b 2
2

(2.25)

dc
2 Kirchoff
2.6. ,
VC = VCC I C RC

(2.26)

(2.26)
. transistor .

.
.

.
ac . ac
,
, 2.8.

2.8:
( 6 , Malvino)

129

 RE
transistor
transistor
. v1
Q1 Q2 .
Q2 .
v1 Q1
Q2 , .

.
ac 2.8
2.9

2.9: Ac
( 6 , Malvino)

2.9 RE
re' RE re' 1 .
2.10

130

 2.10: ac
( 6 , Malvino)

2.10 v1 re' .
ac 2.10
vout = ic Rc

(2.27)

ac 2.10
vin = ie re' + ie re' = 2ie re' (2.28)

A=

Rc
2re'

(2.29)

ac vout dc Vc
.

.
2.11.

131

 2.11: Ac
. ( 6 , Malvino)

(2.29)
2 1800 1 :
vout = vc1 vc2 = ic Rc ( ic Rc ) = 2ic Rc

(2.30)

(2.28)

A=

Rc
re'

(2.31)

2
.

132

 2:
( 6 , Malvino)

2 CE
re' 2 CE
2 re' .

( (2.15)). ,
2
.
2.12()
. 2.12()
2.12()
. 2 transistor
RE 2RE
( 2.12()).
.
2.12() ac
2 .
:
vout
vin (CM )

Rc
re + 2 RE

(2.32)

RE >> re (2.32)

ACM

RC
2 RE

(2.33)

133

 2.12: ) , ) ()
) ac ( , 4 Malvino)

CMRR
(2.11)

.
CMRR
2 transistor . 2
transistor
. dc
2 transistor
I in( off ) = I B1 I B2

(2.34)

nA.
2
.

134

I B1 = I in(bias ) +

I in( off )

2
(2.35)

I B2 = I in( bias )

I in( off )

I in(bias ) =

I B1 + I B2

(2.36)

(2.34), (2.35) Q1
Q2.
RB
transistor, .. .
dc
, V1 = RB I B1 .
dc Verror.
dc 2
RB.

2 transistor
VBE .
Vin(off)
,

Vin( off ) =

Verror
A

(2.37)

dc Verror
Verror
2 .

135

,
( 2.13).

2.13: ( 6 , Malvino)

ac : vin = v1 v2

ac ac
vout = A ( v1 v2 )

dc :

V1error = RB1 RB2 I in( bias )

dc :

V2 error = RB1 + RB2

I in( off )

dc Vin(off): V3error = AVin ( off )

,
Verror = A (V1error + V2 error + V3error )

(2.38)

(2.38)
ac .

136

 . 3
dc .

3:
( 6 , Malvino)

2.14.

R
IC.

2.14: ( , 4 Malvino)

2.14 .
transistor
IC I2 .
1 Kirchoff ,
I 2 = Ic

I B 0

I1 = I 2 + I B = I C + I B = I C (2.39)

137

 (2.39)
R.
CMRR
, 2,
(2.33)

CMRR =

RE
re

(2.40)

CMRR. RE

.
VEE RE
.


2.15,

2.15:
( , 4 Malvino)

2.15
.

138

 Q3 2 Kirchoff

I=

Vcc VBE VEE

R

(2.41)

(2.41) Q4
,
.
k
CMRR.
2
RC.

.

Rc. 2.16.

2.16: ( , 4 Malvino)

pnp transistor Q6
Rc megaohms.

.

139

 dc .
hFE, VBE, CBO
dc transistor

. IC
2
transistor .
.

( 2.17). 2.17

.

2.17:
( , Millman & )

(
VB1 VB2) ,
2.18.

140

 2.18:
( , Millman & )

VB1 transistor Q1
Io transistor Q2. 2.18
1 Kirchoff I o = I e1 + I e 2
Ie2 Ie1 ( )
2 transistor ( 2.19).

2.19:
( , Millman & )

Vo
Vo = I o Rc .
Io. 2.19

141

I e1 + I e2 = I o
VB1 VB2 = VBE1 VBE2

(2.42)

:
VBE

IE = ISe

VT

(2.43)

transistor Q1
Q2

I C1 = I e1 =

Io

VBE VBE
1
2
1 + exp
V

(2.44)

(2.44)
2.18.

I c1

Io

I c2

Io

2.19.

(2.44) VBE1 VBE2

gmd

dI c1

d VB1 VB2

= g md =

Io
4VT

(2.45)

(2.45)

VB1 = VB2 .

142

2.3 ()
2.3.1

1965 Fairchild semiconductor 709,

,
741
741
. , Motorola C1741, National
semiconductor L741, TEXAS instrument S72741. ,

741.
741 . 741
741, 741, 741C, 741E 741.
, , . 741C (C
" ") .
- 100000, 2 ,
75.
741
2.20.

2.20: 741 ( , 4 Malvino)

143

2.3.2


( 0.60 euros),
. (..) dc .
:

2.21: 2
.

2.22: (The Art of Electronics, Horowitz)

144


.
.

:

2.23: 741 ()

.
. ,

.
.

.

transistor, ,
.
.
,
.

145

()

()

2.24: ) (
) ) ..
( , 4 Malvino)

2
(.. 741 2,3) ( (-)
(+)) ( .. 741 6)
.

,
( 741 4,7) .

.
. 2 dc
.

(.. 741
1,8).

2
(differential input).

.

. 2
(+)

146

 (non inverting input) (-)

(inverting input).
(+) (-)
(+) (-)
.
= 0o , ,
= 180o
.
2.24 ()&()


push pull.


. 2
()
. :
I.
.
II. (.. 0.2 nA LF411).


.

.

2.3.3
2.2.2 ..

( v1 v2 ),

147

 , ,
A(v2 v1 ) , .

. 1 2
.
.
3
.
A(v2 v1 )
.
.

(VCVS).
,
2.25.

2.25: ( Sedra & Smith)

v2 v1
1,2 (v1 = v2) 2
. v2 = v1 = 1V , .
148


.

. ,
.
.

.
, .

.

Ri

Ro

Av

( )

BW

Vout=0 V1=V2

3:

1 1012
( LF351),
13 ( LM12), ,
.. 1200 MHz (
CLC449).

2.3.4

. ,
,
.
149

 ,
, 741.

Ri

Ro

~75

Av

200.000

( )

BW

1.5 z

Vout=0 V1=V2

4: .. 741

.
, :

(input bias current) .

2 .

(input offset current) .

2 .

(input offset voltage) Vo.

2
.
2 transistor
.

(CMRR) (Common Mode Rejection

Ratio).

2 .
Vo=0 V V+ = V-.

150

(slew rate).
.

75

200.000

( )

1.5

80

nA

20

nA

90

dB

0.5

V/s

5:

AV =

Vo
V+ V

(2.46)

(+) (-)
.

ac
.
ac
.
)
)
,
. ac
151

 741, +15V -15V,

.

2.26: ac 741
( , 6 Malvino)

.

1-3 V .
.

. 741
25 mA.

.

.
741.
10 z
1 MHz.

152

2.27: 741 ( , 6 Malvino)

,
.

A( j ) =

Ao
j
1+

(2.47)

b ( 10 Hz ( fc) )
3 dB
Ao. Ao dc
105. >>b (2.47)

A( j )

Aob
j

(2.48)

153

 (2.48)
A .

t = Aob

(2.49)

(2.48)

A ( j )

t ft
=
f

(2.50)

(2.50)
t ( manuals)
.

.


.

.
dc
.
.
(slew rate)
,
SR

SR =

vout
t

(2.51)

154

 Ss, Vp,
f :
S s = 2 fV p

(2.52)

2.28: ( , 6 Malvino)

Ss
SR .

2.29:
( , 6 Malvino)

(2.52)

,

f max =

SR
2 V p

(2.53)

. fmax
.

155

 (2.53)
SR.

2.30: ( , 6 Malvino)

2
:

.
2

2 V
1 V. () 80000
.

(2.46), Vi = V+ V = 1V .
Vo = AV Vi = 800001V = 80mV .

156

2 Vi = 20 V
4 V. ()
.

(2.46)

Av =

Vo
4V
=
= 200.000
20V
Vi

.
.
vicm .
vo vicm cm.
.

2.31: ( Sedra & Smith)

vid
.
( (2.36)).
157


,
vo = Avid + Acm vicm

(2.54)

CMRR .

CMRR =

(2.55)

Acm

CMRR dB (2.55)

CMRR = 20 log

A
Acm

(2.56)

(2.55), (2.56)
CMRR
.
CMRR 80 100 dB.


.
Rid .

Ricm.
(2Ricm),
.

158

 2.32:
( Sedra & Smith)

Rid
Ricm 1M 100 .
)
Rid, Ricm ) .
R1.
Rid Ricm.

Rid Ricm,

R2

R1

Rin = {2 Ricm // (1 + A ) Rid }

(2.57)

.
75 100 .
(1)

159

 (
) (2) Vx
( 2.33).

2.33:
( Sedra & Smith)

Ohm Rout =

Vx

Kirchoff
,

V = Vx

R1
= Vx
R1 + R2

(2.58)
I=

(1 + A )Vx
Vx
V AV
Vx
+ x
=
+
R1 + R2
Ro
R1 + R2
Ro

(2.58) Ro
Rout = [ R1 + R2 ] //

Ro

(2.59)
1 + A

(2.59) Ro R1+R2

160

Rout =

Ro
(2.60)
1 + A

(2.60)

1 + A .

Rout .

(2.50). (2.50)
(2.60)

Z out

Ro

1+ t

(2.61)
j

2.4 DC
2
2
( )
.
.

.
, dc
,
.
.
dc .

1 5 mV.

161


V / oC.

2.34: Vos ( Sedra & Smith)

Vos .

2.35: ( Sedra & Smith)

Vos
R
Vo = Vos 1 + 2
R1

(2.62)

162

 (2.62)
Vos.


.
dc

.
.

2.36:
( Sedra & Smith)

dc
Vos. dc
Vos (2.62).
dc
IB1,2
. dc
.
IB

163

 Ios
. ,

IB =

I B1 + I B2
2
(2.63)

I os = I B1 + I B2

100 nA 10 nA .
dc
, ) ) Vo
.

2.37: dc
( Sedra & Smith)

dc

Vo = I B1 R2 I B R2

(2.64)

164

 dc
.
R3

2.38: dc
( Sedra & Smith)

2 Kirchoof
dc
R
Vo = I B2 R3 + R2 I B1 I B2 3
R1

(2.65)

IB1 = IB2 = IB (2.65)

:

Vo = I B R2 R3 1 + 2 (2.66)
R
1

(2.66) dc
R3

165

R3 =

1+

R2
R2

=
R1

R1 R2
R1 + R2

(2.67)

(2.67) R3 R1
R2.

2.5
..

..
..
. .. 2
, ,

2
.


.

:
1. Kirchoff

2. .

.
3. .
4.
v+ = v .
.

166

5.

.

vout

vin

.
6. 2

2.5.1
. .. 2
R1 R2. R2 ..,
3 ( 1). R2
( ).

2.39: ( Sedra & Smith)

VI
R1 V2
.
.
R2.
1800
.

167

 R2 ..
R2 2 R1
V1.
3. 3
.
.
.
,
2 .
G

G=

vo
i

(2.68)

.. .
.

2.40:
( Sedra & Smith)

3. ..
:

v2 v1 =

vo
= 0 v2 = v1
A

(2.69)

168

 (2.69)
v1 v2 .
.
.
2 .. (2.69) v1 = 0.
1 , ,
.
.
.

2.41: 2

( Sedra & Smith)

Ohm 1
R1

I1 =

vi v1 vi

R1
R1

(2.70)

(2.70)
. 1

169

 R2 3, .
Ohm R2 vo. :

vo = v1 I1 R2 = 0

v
v1
R
R2 o = 2
R1
v1
R1

(2.71)

. H (2.71)
.
(2.71)
.
( 1) 180.

2 .
,
.
.

.
.
R2 = 0 .
CMRR

.

.
.
.

170

 2.42:
( Sedra & Smith)

vo, 2
vo

vo
. R1
A

v
vi o v + vo
A
i
A
I1 =
=
R1
R1

(2.72)

I1
R2. vo

vo
vo
vo vi + A
vo = I1 R2 =
R2
A
A R1

(2.73)

171

G=

R2

R1
R2
1 + R1
1+
A

(2.74)

(2.74) (2.71) .
(2.74)
,
1 +

R2
<< A .
R1

.

R1.
(
) Rin =

vi
v
= i = R1 .
i1 vi / R1

Rin R1.
(2.71)
R1.
.

.

2.43:
( Sedra & Smith)

172


.
ACL
bandwidth ( ) .

f 2( CL ) =

funity
ACL + 1

(2.75)

(2.75)

2.44: (bandwidth)
( , 6 Malvino)

(2.75)

.

2.5.2
2 R1 R2
2 1 2
.
173

 2.45:
( Sedra & Smith)

vo Z 2
=vi
Z1

(2.76)

Z1 = Z 2
(2.76) Av = 1 .

. 2
.
.
Z1 =R Z 2 =

vo
1
=vi
jCR

1
:
jC

(2.77)

. vo(t) vi(t).
.
Miller.

174

 2.46: Miller ( Sedra & Smith)

i1 =

v1 (t )
. t
R

= 0 Vc Ohm

vo ( t ) = Vc

1
1
i1dt = Vc
v1dt (2.78)

C0
CR 0

vo(t) vi(t) . Vc
. CR
. Miller

.
Miller 2.47
( 2.55).
0
. Miller
.

175

 2.47: Miller
( Sedra & Smith)

dc, = 0,
.
Miller
dc.
.

2.48: Miller dc
( Sedra & Smith)

176


.


.

2.49: ( Sedra & Smith)

Vo
= jCR (2.79)
Vi
(2.79)

Vo (t ) = CR

dVin (t )
dt

(2.80)

.
.
(2.80)
spike .

177


.
.
.

2.50: ( Sedra & Smith)

.
Rf v1,
v2,vn R1,
R2,Rn.
.
, .
Ohm i1, i2,in :

i1 =

v
v1
v
, i2 = 2 ,....in = n
R1
R2
Rn

(2.81)

, 1 Kirchoff,
Ohm

vo =-(

Rf
R1

v1 +

Rf
R2

v2 +...+

Rf
Rn

vn )

(2.82)

178

 .
,
.
2
.
R1 = R2 = .. = Rn.
,
,
.

2.51: ( , 6 Malvino)

( )
.

( ).

. -transistor
-.

179

(a)

()

2.52: ) ) -transistor (The Art of Electronics, Horowitz)

2
( )
.

2.53: (The Art of Electronics, Horowitz)

vout =

R2
( v1 v2 )
R1

(2.83)

180

 (2.83)

R2

R1

ac
dc .

C

2.54: ) ac )
( , Millman & )

2 Kirchoff

Vo = IR ' =

VS
R+

1
jC

R'

(2.84)

AV =

Vo
R'
j
=
Vs
R j + 1
RC

(2.85)

(2.85) (
)

fL =

1
2 RC

(2.86)

181

R'
AV = .
R

.

d 2v
dv
+ K1 + K 2 v v1 = 0 , K1,2
2
dt
dt

.
Miller,
.

2.55: ( , Millman & )

d 2v

dt 2

. 1
1

dv
.
dt

(3) v1(t) (
).
180 K1

dv
v1 .
dt

dv

dt

2 v. v K1

dv
v1
dt
182

 (4)

K1 dv

dt

) K v + v .
2

.
V1 V2 t
= 0.
S1 S2 S3 t = 0.
4

R1=100 k,
R2=56 k, R3=22 k Rf=220 k. v1=25
mV, v2=-15 mV v3=10 mV , .

(2.82). :
v0 = 96.05 mV

R1= 1k, R2= 100 k. ()

=103, 104, 105.
G

R2

R1

=). v1
v1= 0.1 V. () 100000 50000,
G;

() (2.74)
R1,2 G:
A = 103 G = 90.83
A = 104 G = 99.00
A = 105 G = 99.90

183

 v1= 0.1 V , (2.74)

:

vinv input =

v0
= 9.08mV , 0.99mV , 0.1mV
A

To :
R
G 2
R1

100

R2
R
1

1 = 9.17%
2 = 1.00%
3 = 0.1%
() (2.74)
100000 50000: G = 99.80
0.1%.

v0

vi

100
1. ,
1.
.

184

v1 =

vo
v
= o =0
A

1 R1

I1 =

vi v1 vi 0 vi
=
=
R1
R1
R1

, 1
R2,

I 2 = I1 =

vi
R1

x Ohm

vx = vi I 2 R2 = 0

vi
R
R2 = 2 vi
R1
R1

R3

185

I3 =

0 vX
R
= 2 vi
R3
R1 R3

1 Kirchoff R4

I 4 = I3 + I 2 =

vi
R
+ 2 vi
R1 R1 R3

vo = v X i4 R4 =

R2
R
vi i + 2 vi R4
R1
R1 R1 R3

R R R
vo
= 2 + 4 1 + 2
vi
R1 R1 R3

vo
R R R
= 2 1 + 4 + 4
vi
R1 R2 R3

1
R1= 1M. 100 R2= 1
R3, R4 10.2 k 1 .

R1= 1 100 ,
.

186

2.5.3

. .

2.56: ( Sedra & Smith)

R1.

R2.
.

0,
.

.
,
.

v2 v1 =

vo vo
= =0
A

(2.87)

vi.
Ohm R1

vi

R1

187

 R2.
2 Kirchoff

vo = vi + (

vi
v
R
) R2 o = 1 + 2
R1
vi
R1

(2.88)

(2.88)


.
(2.88)
.
R2 R1.
R2
(R2= R1 = 0).
(R2=0 R1 ),
.

2.57:
( Sedra & Smith)

188

 )
.
. :

( ) (
(2.75))

2.58: () ()
( , 6 Malvino)

.

. ,
( 2.58 ()).

189


.
.
,

2.59: ( , Millman & )

ZL iL =

vs (t )
.
R

ZL .
7

10 mV, R1= 9 k R2= 1

k.
.

(2.88)
Av = ACL =

R2 + R1
= 10
R2

190

vo = ACL vi = 10 10mV = 100mV

CMRR
.
CMRR
: vicm (2.54)
Acm vicm .
verror , vin,

verror =

Acm
1
vicm =
vicm
A
CMRR

(2.89)

2.60: CMRR
( Sedra & Smith)

2.6

.
, ,

191

 ,
, , .

, , ,
.


.
:
I.

.
II. dc
.
III.
. 2
5 volt.

.
:

vo,
v1 v2

192

.
.
, v2
, v1.
.

R3, R4
.
v2 :

193

vo1 =

R2
v1
R1

v1 .
.

R3, R4.
:

vo 2 = v2

R2 R2
1 +
R3 + R4
R1

vo vo1,
vo2.

R
1+ 2
R2
R1
vo = vo1 + vo 2 = v1 +
v2
R
R1
1+ 3
R4

(2.90)

;
( )
v2-v1

194

( v2 = v1).
(2.90). (2.90) vo = 0 v1=v2
R2

R1

R4

R3

. (2.90)

vo =

R2
(v2 v1 )
R1

(2.91)

R2

R1

2
.

R2

R1

R4

R3

,
R3 = R1 R4 = R2.
Rin :

Rin =

v2 v1
(2.92)
i

195

 2 ,

v2 v1 = R1i + 0 + R1i (2.93)
(2.92), (2.93) Rin = 2 R1

(2.94).

. R1 .
(2.94) R1
.

.
2 , , 1 mV.
, ,
1V.
,
2
. . vCM
, vd .

196

.

.
. vo
v1 v2, .
. ,
1 1000, 100
k.

2 .
1 2
3 .
3
6.
.

197

1 2
v1 v2 2 R1

(v2 v1 )

R1

R1 2 R2.

1 2
2R
vo1 vo 2 = 1 + 2 (v1 v2 )
R1

(2.95)

3
vo1 vo 2 vo.

vo =

R4
(vo1 vo 2 )
R3

(2.96)

(2.95), (2.96)

vo =

R4
2R
(1 + 2 )(v2 v1 )
R3
R1

(2.97)

198

Ad =

2R R
vo
= 1 + 2 4
v2 v1
R1 R3

(2.98)

(2.98)
R1.

.

,
2 .

. 2
10 k.
2 1000. R1
R1f
R1v.

1+

2 R2
= 2......1000
R1 f + R1v

(2.99)

(2.99)

1+

2 R2
= 1000
R1 f

(2.100)

1+

2 R2
=2
R1 f + 100k

(2.101)

199

 (2.100), (2.101)
R1 f = 100.2k
R2 = 50.05k

2.7
.


.


(2.74).
(2.74)
.

( (2.47))

Vo ( j )
=
Vin ( j )

0 >> 1 +

R2

R1

1 R
1 + 1 + 2 +
Ao R1 t

(2.102)

j
(1 +

R2

R1

R2
(2.102)
R1

200

Vo ( j )
=
Vin ( j ) 1 +

R2
R1
j

(1 +

(2.103)

R2

R1

. (2.103).

3 dB
(2.103)

3dB =

t
1+

R2

(2.104)
R1

Vout ( j )
Vin ( j )

Ao >>1+

R2

1+

R1

1+

R2

R1

(2.105)

j
(1 +

R2

R1

(2.105)
R
dc 1 + 2
R1

(2.104).
slew
rate ( )

.

201


( ).

2.61: () , () , ()
V () V
( Sedra & Smith)

(2.105) R2 = 0 R1
,
Vo
1
=
Vi 1 + j

(2.106)

(2.106) Vo
Vi

Vo (t ) = Vin (1 e

t .

202

2.8
1. ;
2.

() ac
() dc
() ac dc
() dc ac
3.

()
()
()
()
4. /

()
() 2
()
() 2 -
5.
re /

()

() RE

() RC

() 2

6.

()
()
()
() ac
7. /

()
()
()
()
8.

203

()
()
() 2
()
9.

()
()
()
()
10.

() Push Pull
()
() CE
()
11. ()

()
()
() Transistor
()
12.

()
()
()
()
13. , /
()
()
()
()
14. v = 100.000. 1V,
1 V,

() 10 V

() 2 mV

() 10 mV

() 1 V

15.

() () ()
204

()
16. /

()
()
()
()
17.

()
()
()
()
18.

()
()
()
()
19. 15 V, MPP

() 0

() 30 V

() 15V

() +15V

20. 741 C

()
()
()
()
21.

()
()
()
()
22.
,

()
205

()
() CC
()
23. 1 /

()
()
()
()
24.

()
()
()
()
25.

()
()
()
()
26.

()
()
()
()
27. O TE 741

() 100.000
() 2
() 75
()
28. 200.000.
12 V
29. ;
30. ;
31.
;

206

32. ;
33.

()

()

()

()

34.

()
.
()
()
()
35.

()

()
()

()
36. R1 = 19.8 k, R2 = 200 RL = 10 k.
40.000
.
37. R1 = 49.8 k R2 = 200 .
20.000
.
38. R1 = 9.8 k R2 = 200 .
8000
.
39. 10 mV
-200 mV.
.
40.
106 Hz. 125
.
41. R1= 80 k,
R2= 64 k, R3= 20 k Rf= 400 k.

207

 V1= 15 mV, V2= -25 mV, V3= 8 mV ,

.
42. R1= 40 k,
R2= 64 k, R3= 80 k, Rf= 400 k.
V1= 15 mV, V3= 8 mV, , V2
.
43. R1= 150 k
R2= 12 k. V1= 40
mV V2= 22 mV
.
44.

() 2
()
()
()
45.
, .
Vo = 3.5 V VI = 3.5 V. ;

45

46.
R1 = 33k , R2=330 k.
;
33k :

208

() 33k
() 33k

46
47.
Vo Ii.
( Rm
R1

Vi

ii

Vo
)
i1

()
()

47

209

48.

.

48
49. R1 = R2 = R4 = 1M
.
R3 :
() -10 V/V
() -100 V/V

49
50.
,

210

Vo
=
Vi

Go

R3
1 + Go + R4
1+

G
Go =

R2
R1

R4 R4
+
1 +
R
R3
2

() Go = 100, A = 1000,

R4 = R2 = R1 .

Vo

Vi

51. Miller ,
1 ms,
.
. 2V,

() , . 1ms,
() 2 ms

51
52.
.
.
R
dc 2 3
R1

211

dB, o = 1

CR2

. ,

1 k, dc 40 dB, 3 dB, 4 kHz.

;

52
53.
.
R
2 3 dB = 1
.
CR1
R1

1 k, 40 dB,
3 dB 100 Hz.
;

53

212

54. ,
, , 100 k,
50 k. v1 ,
v2, . vo
v1 v2. v1 = 3 V, v2 = -3 V, vo;
55.
, ,
.
= 1000, 100, 10. ,
.

55
56. ()

R
R R

R
R
R
R
vo = f vN1 + f vN2 + ... + f vNn + 1 + f p v p1 + p v p2 + ... + p v pn
RN2
RNn
R p2
R pn
RN1
RN R p1

RN = RN1 // RN2 // ...// RNn

R p = R p1 // R p2 // ...// R pn

() vo = 2vN 1 + v p1 + 2v p2
10 k.

213

 56
57.

4.1 104 V

. 100 kHz 76 V/V.

, fb, ft.
58. , 1 ms
11 V,
;
59. 10 V/s
20 V
;
60.

v1 = 10sin ( 2 60t ) + 0.01sin ( 2 1000t )

v2 = 10sin ( 2 60t ) 0.01sin ( 2 1000t )
vo = 0.1sin ( 2 60t ) + 5sin ( 2 1000t )
, ,
CMRR, dB.
61.

214

 61
62.

62
63. vo
v1, v2 v3.

63

215

64.

d 2 vo 5dvo vo
+
+ = vi vo vi = V cos t
dt 2
dt
2

. .

216