Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Strain Measurements Introduction
Strain Measurements Introduction
Measurement
Week 7, Lecture 1
Strain Measurement - Introduction
Page 1
Strain Measurement
Proper design of mechanical components requires
consideration of load-carrying capacity and
allowable deflections.
Any object that is subject to a load develops internal
forces that act to balance the external loads.
These internal forces are called stress.
Page 2
Strain Measurement
0=
Page 3
Strain Measurement
We can theoretically analyze and predict stress due
to external forces, but we cannot measure stress
directly.
We can only measure the effect of stress, which is
strain.
Luckily stress and strain are linearly related for most
standard engineering materials (at least over a
limited range).
Page 4
Strain Measurement
FN
a =
Ac
a = normal stress
FN = normal applied load
Ac = cross-sectional area
Page 5
Strain (Deformation)
Normal Strain under axial loading
B
B
L
L
A (area)
= L/L (dimensionless)
January 14, 2009
Page 6
Strain Measurement
a =
L
L
a = axial strain
L = original length (unloaded)
L = change in length (loaded)
Page 7
Strain Measurement
Strain units are
10-6 m/m
s (microstrain)
or
10-6 in/in
a = E m a
E m = Youngs modulus (modulus of elasticity,
Hooks law) and depends on the
material under load.
Page 8
Strain Measurement
Torque;
Pressure;
Cause stress
Vibrations.
Page 9
Page 10
Ductile Material
Aluminum Alloy
(450 MPa)
Rupture
300
B
0.002
Necking
0.2
Page 11
Brittle Material
Rupture
Cast Iron
Page 12
Hookes Law
=E
or
E=/
Tempered steel
High-C steel
Low-C steel
Iron
Page 13
Strain Measurement
Axial versus Lateral Strain
As solids are deformed in the axial direction due to
an applied load, they also deform in the lateral
direction (the cross-sectional area must decrease or
increase) because the total volume (for constant
mass and density) must be conserved.
This lateral strain is also a property of the material
under load and is called Poissons ratio.
Page 14
Strain Measurement
Poissons ratio.
p =
lateral strain
axial strain
L
=
a
Page 15
Poissons Ratio
Unloaded
January 14, 2009
Loaded
Page 16
Poissons Ratio
Unloaded
Loaded
Page 17
Load Stress
Uniaxial Extension/Compression - Simplified
B
F
x
F
B
Example: A truss
Uniaxial state of stress
Load is from external
force
axial
F
=
A
Where A= area
of cross section
Page 18
Stress Strain
Uniaxial Extension/Compression
Axial Strain
L
F
Lateral Strain
x
D
x =
D/2
L
L
D
D =
D
x =
D
D
=
E
Lateral Strain
=
Axial Strain
Page 19
Load Stress
Uniaxial Bending
Example: A Cantilever Beam Subject to Bending
Page 20
Load Stress
Biaxial Stress Case
y (axial direction)
X (hoop direction)
Example: A pressure Vessel
Biaxial Stress Case
Load is from pressure
hoop = 2 axial
P r
=
t
Page 21
y =
x
E
y =
y
E
v x
y =
E
E
Corresponding
strains
x =
January 14, 2009
x
E
x =
v y
E
x =
x
E
v y
E
Page 22
Stress Strain
Biaxial Stress Case
x
y
y =
x
E
y
E
y
E
x
E
y =
E ( y + x )
1
x =
E ( x + y )
1 2
Page 23
torque;
pressure;
vibrations ...
Link 1:
cause stress
Link 2:
Page 24
Strain Measurement
xy = G xy
G = modulus of rigidity
xy = shear stress
xy = shear strain
January 14, 2009
Page 25
Page 26
Strain Measurement
If a strain gauge is bonded to a solid that is
subsequently loaded, the strain gauge will deform
with the solid.
The resistance of the strain gauge then changes as
it is deformed.
The amount of resistance change depends on how
the gauge is deformed, the gauge material, and the
gauge design.
Page 27
Strain Measurement
This concept has been refined so that gauges are
now available that are small, have good resolution,
have low mass, have a high frequency response
and are relatively immune to ambient effects.
Strain gauges have found use in load cells, pressure
transducers and torque meters.
Page 28
Next Time
Page 29