CHEMICAL BONDS

A link between atoms of two or more

elements by mutual attraction

Electronegativity Difference
If the difference in electronegativities is
between:

1.7 to 4.0: Ionic

0.3 to 1.7: Polar Covalent
0.0 to 0.3: Non-Polar Covalent
Example: NaCl
Na = 0.8, Cl = 3.0
Difference is 2.2, so
this is an ionic bond!

IONIC BOND

Bond formed by the transfer of

electrons from one atom to another

The reaction of sodium and chlorine to produce sodium chloride.

The Ionic Bond

Ionic Bond

electrostatic attraction
oppositely charged ions
metal and a nonmetal
Electrons transferred
Extremely strong bonds

COVALENT BOND
The atoms are linked together by
sharing of electrons between the atoms

Show bonding in O2
+

Show bonding in N2

The Covalent Bond

Covalent Bond
Figure 8.2 or another

molecule picture

sharing of electrons
nonmetals
a neutral overall charge
Electrons not transferred
Electrons shared
Weaker bonds than ionic
bonds

BOND AND LONE PAIRS

Valence electrons are distributed
as shared or BOND PAIRS and
unshared or LONE PAIRS.

Cl

shared or
bond pair

lone pair (LP)

This is called a LEWIS

structure.

MOLECULAR
GEOMETRY

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

VSEPR
Valence Shell Electron
Pair Repulsion theory.
Most important factor in
determining geometry is
relative repulsion
between electron pairs.

Molecule
adopts the
shape that
minimizes the
electron pair
repulsions.

H
H C H

methane, CH4

109.5

less repulsion between the

bonding pairs of electrons

90

ammonia

NH3

..

H C H

..
H N H
..

..

less repulsion between the bonding pairs of electrons

H
H C H

..
H N H

..
H O
.. H
water, H2O

109.5 (109.5) 109.5 (107)

109.5 (104.5)

..

H C H

H N H

..
H O
.. H

BOND POLARITY
HCl is POLAR because it
has a positive end and a
negative end. (difference
in electronegativity)
+d -d

H Cl

Cl has a greater share

in bonding electrons
than does H.

Cl has slight negative charge (-d) and H

has slight positive charge (+ d)

direction of polarity

H
O

carbon dioxide
(a nonpolar molecule)

H
Water

a polar molecule

Hydrogen bond

H bond formation in Organic compounds

O H

In alkanol

N H
H

N
H

In amine

Most of them are liquids in room temperature and

pressure.