BAB I

INTRODUCTION
A. Background
The rationale is the particle physics of elementary particles. Elementary particle is
an elementary particle-forming substance in the universe, including water, air, fire,
earth and its contents and the entire universe. Assessment and knowledge of the
various properties of elementary particles at the top is a natural phenomenon that
began popularly known in the 19th century, is after the atomic theory of
Democritus publish. Followed by John Dalton in 1803 made the postulate that the
atom is a particle point and cant be subdivided. Based on classical physics, an
atom is a substance that cant be subdivided components and regarded as a
pointmass. The above properties are very well known in the art of classical
mechanics and has been very clear discussion byLawNewtonian mechanics.
In 1869 Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) a chemist from Russia created the periodic
table is based on the increase in number of atoms. This number indicates the
number of protons contained in the nucleus of an atom. The number of protons is
equal to the number of free electrons surrounding the atom. Knowledge of the atom
continues to grow and in the 20th century, the views and knowledge of classical
physics of the atom begins to wear off after the discovery of a natural phenomenon
known as the Electromagnetic symptoms. Directly this natural phenomenon is a
fact and the answer change the outlook and knowledge of classical physics of the
atom. At that time the experts have been able to conclude that the atom is no longer
the smallest of a substance that cant be described further above components.
Successive discoveries electron by JJ Thomson (1897), atomic nuclei and protons
by Rutherford (1911), and the neutron by Chadwick (1932) postulate undermine
atom as point particles. As an advanced knowledge when it has been known for
forming particles of atoms are protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus
surrounded by electrons. Elementary particles above is well known and is stable
particles. Protons and neutrons as forming the nucleus of an atom is also referred to
as nucleons.
Today, the physicists in both the experimental and theoretical fields have special
attention to the problems of elementary particles, according to the mit is very
interesting. Research on elementary particles continue to grow and in the 1950 the
world's knowledge of elementary particles very new experience improvements
where the protons, electrons and other elementary particles are not an actual

elementary particles but consist of elementary particles smaller again. The particles
are quarks and leptons.
This paper will discuss more about the elementary particles of matter called
Lepton.

B. Problem Formulation
The problem of this paper include:
1. How do the characteristics of Lepton particle?
2. How does the spin of the Lepton particle?
3. How Lepton particle quantum numbers?
4. How weak interaction inter-Lepton?
C. Purpose
The purpose of this papers consits of:
1.
2.
3.
4.

To know the characteristics of Lepton particle.

To know the spin of the Lepton particle.
To know Lepton particle quantum numbers.
To know weak interaction inter-Lepton.
BAB II
DISCUSSION
Characteristic of Leptons

Leptons are one class of fundamental particles consisting of electrons(e) as negatively

charged particles of the lightest, muon() as negatively charged particles, a mass about
200times larger than the mass of the electron and tau() as negatively charged particles,
mass around 3500 is greater than the mass of the electron.(Rusmana, 2010) .
Lepton has no structure nor size and is considered as particles really elementary. Lepton
interacts only via weak force, gravity and electromagnetic (Fujji, 2012). It can be seen
from the rest energy of any type of lepton namely e(0.5 MeV), (100 MeV), and
n(0MeV) so it will never be seen by the strong interaction(Krane, 2011).
Besides the three types of elementary particl eelectron, muon, and tau, there are also three
other elementary particles are included in the leptons are three types of neutrinos. Each
neutrino associated with each type of elementary particles at the top and named
respectively as e (electron neutrino), (muon neutrino), (tau neutrino) (Efrosinin,
2011).

Picture 1.Varience Lepton

Neutrino is a unique class of leptons. In the standard model of particle physics and it is
assumed that the neutrino mass is very small (but not zero), and only has a weak
interaction with matter (Yusuf, 2013). Neutrinos are elementary particles that travels
close to the speed of light but tough at the detection because it is not electrically charged,
in every second thousands of billions of neutrinos pass through our bodies, and we will
not feel anything. Therefore, many studies that examine this further on along the
neutrinomass.

Spin of Leptons
Each particle has an intrinsic spin and electrons have an intrinsic spin . If we classify
the particles in this way, found tha tup to a certain limit groupings are overlapping. All
leptons have a spin. Mesons (particles between) have rounded spin 0 or 1, and Baryon
(heavy particles) spin fractional-half (or sometimes 3/2) (Krane, 2011).
Spin particles can be grouped as follows:
Spin
e

Spin 0

v
p
n

According to Krane(2011) in the translation of the book 'Modern Physics' wrote that the
grouping scheme is not solely based on the intrinsic spin but also based on the age-lived
particles are stable against decay. Under this scheme shows that the decay which goes by
the strong interaction has the shortest life times, typically in the range of 10-20 to 10-23
seconds. Decay is caused by the interaction of ordinary electromagnetic slower, typically

in the range of 10-15 to 10-18 seconds, and decay caused byweak interactions have life
times in the range of 10-10 to 15minutes (for neutrons).
Quantum Number of Leptons
Quarks and leptons have quantum numbers, which showed the hallmark of the particle
will interact. Some quantum numbers depending on each type of particle as baryon
number (B) whose value is always 1/3 for all quarks and 0 for all lepton and lepton
numbers (L) whose value is always 1 for all leptons and quarks 0 for all. Some quantum
numbers determine how strong it will be docked particles (couple) with Gauge boson.
(Feranie, 2010)
Quantum numbers for style electromagnet is electric charge. For example, a charged
lepton with charge + e will be docked more strongly to the electromagnetic force rather
than quarks with charge +1/3 e e or 2/3. Neutrinos do not have the electromagnetic
quantum numbers as electrically neutral (Feranie, 2010).
Quantum numbers for the weak force called Isospin weak (IZ). Isospin quantum numbers
of particles originated from the families whose members have the same mass and the
same interaction but cargo variant. Family particles is called multiplet particles. Examples
pawn family has three members, namely particle +, - and 0. Therefore, the state of
charge should be introduced to numbers indicated by numbers I or better known as
isotopic spin angular momentum direction expressed by certain of isospin quantum
numbers IZ. Quantum numbers I have show the multiplicity of circumstances as much as
2I +1 and IZ, valuable I, I-1..0 ..., - (I-1), -I. For example, the first number of pawns is I =
1 so that the number of state-owned pawn is 2 1 + 1 = 3 and IZ price of pawns are 1, 0
and -1 which is +, 0 dan 1. Leptons do not have the color quantum number (Feranie,
2010).
The following table is the quantum number Lepton family

T
T3
Y
Q

: isospin
: the third component isospin
: hypercharge
: charge, formulated through relation Gell-Mann

Q=T 3 +
Le
L
L
L

L=

Y
2

: electron lepton numbers

: moun lepton numbers
: Taulepton numbers
: totaly lepton numbersformulated through with equation

i=e , ,

Li
(Wijaya, 2012)

Weak interaction inter-Leptons

According Feranie (2010) in 'learning device physics' write basic Feynman diagram for
lepton weak interaction is

This diagram is generally accepted that all weak interactions are allowed for all leptons.
Lepton weak interaction is allowed is that leptons into neutrinos or vice versa, leptons
and neutrinos must be of the same generation. This is because every interaction, lepton
number must be eternal. Interactions between neutrinos and leptons are allowed are:

We see an example of the interaction between the electron and the electron-neutrino.
Then the diagram becomes:

This diagram is still not correct, because the Boson-W here has not been charged. As in
the previous discussion that in every interaction including weak interaction, charge
interaction before and after the interaction must be eternal. But if we rotate the legs
diagram as below, then the weak interaction we get that right. Consider now the charge
before and after each interaction.

Further review the interaction of the positron-electron antineutrino pairs produce and
virtual W+ boson. So if the legs in the previous diagram rotated the diagram e e + W+
will be a diagram e+v + W+below. Note the anti particle changes the particle due to the
rotation

So it can be seen that the weak interaction is allowed to anti leptons are shown as follows:

So boson W+ (virtual boson W = usually generated from decay) may generate pairs of
electron and an anti-electron neutrino (not anti-electron neutrino, caution) are like
illustrated below:

BAB III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
Lepton is one class of fundamental particles consisting of electrons (e), the muon
() and the tau (). Lepton has no structure and only interact through the weak
force, gravity and electromagnetic. All lepton has a spin with quantum numbers
for all lepton and lepton numbers (L) whose value is always 1 and Lepton not have
color quantum numbers. Weak interactions between leptons are allowed into a
neutrino leptons or otherwise, leptons and neutrinos should be of the same
generation.

B. Suggestion
Hopefully papers deepening of core physics of matter can be beneficial and for the
reader, especially those if there are deficiencies in the scope of material that would
be added and expanded.