Co-curricular activities facilitate in the development of various domains of mind and

personality such as intellectual development, emotional development, social development, moral

development and aesthetic development. Creativity, Enthusiasm, and Energetic, Positive thinking
are some of the facets of personality development and the outcomes of Extracurricular
activities.

Meaning of Co-curricular Activities

Co-curricular activities (CCAs) earlier known as Extracurricular Activities (ECA) are the
components of non-academic curriculum helps to develop various facets of the personality
development of the child and students. For all-round development of the child, there is a need of
emotional, physical, spiritual and moral development that is complemented and supplemented
by Co-curricular Activities.

Definition of Co-curricular Activities

Co-curricular Activities are defined as the activities that enable to supplement and complement
the curricular or main syllabi activities. These are the very important part and parcel of
educational institutions to develop the students personality as well as to strengthen the
classroom learning.
These activities are organized after the school hours, so known as extra-curricular activities. Cocurricular Activities have wide horizon to cater to the cultural, social, aesthetic development of
the child.

Examples and Types of Co-curricular Activities

Sports

Musical activities

Debate

Model

Art

Music

Drama

Debate and discussion

Declamation contest

Story writing competition

Essay writing competition

Art craft

Recitation competition

Wall magazine decoration

Writes ups for school magazine

Folk songs

Folk dance

Flower show

School decoration

Sculpture making

Fancy dress competition

Preparation of chart & models

Album making

Photography

Clay modeling

Toy making

Soap making

Basket making

Organization exhibitions.

Celebration of festival

Role of Co-curricular activities in students life

Co-curricular activities are the true and practical experiences received by students. To a greater
extent, the theoretical knowledge gets strengthened when a relevant co-curricular activity is
organized related to the content taught in the classroom. Intellectual aspects of personality are
solely accomplished by Classroom, while aesthetic development, character building, spiritual
growth, physical growth, moral values, creativity, etc. are supported by co-curricular activities.
Frankness and clarity in language and personality is supported by these activities. It helps to
develop co-ordination, adjustment, speech fluency, extempore expressions, etc. among student
both at the school as well as college levels.

Importance and Benefits of Co-curricular Activities

1. Co-curricular activities stimulate playing, acting, singing, recitation, speaking and
narrating in students.
2. Activities like participation in game debates, music, drama, etc., help in achieving overall
functioning of education.
3. It enables the students to express themselves freely through debates.
4. Games and Sports helps to be fit and energetic to the child.
5. Helps to develop the spirit of healthy competition.
6.

These activities guide students how to organize and present an activity, how to develop
skills, how to co-operate and co-ordinate in different situations-all these helps in
leadership qualities.

7. It provides the avenues of socialization, self-identification and self-assessment when the

child come in contact with organizers, fellow participants, teachers, people outside the
school during cultural activity.
8. Inculcate the values to respects others view and feeling.
9. It makes you perfect in decision making.
10. It develop a sense of belongingness.
11. CCA provide motivation for learning.
12. CCA develop the values like physical, psychological, Ethical, academic, civic, social,
aesthetic, cultural recreational and disciplinary values

Role of a Teacher in Organising curricular Activities

1. The teacher must be a good planner so that the different activities could be carried out
systematically throughout the year.
2. It should be the duty of the teacher to give more and more opportunity to the child while
performing co-curricular activities.
3. The Teacher should act as Innovator by introducing some innovative programmes.
4. The teacher must be a good organiser so that the students experienced maximum of it.
5. He should too act like as director, recorder, evaluator, manager, decision maker, advisor,
motivator, communicator, coordinator, so that the student and child could gained
maximum of finer aspects of Co-curricular activities.

List of Outdoor Co-curricular Activities

1.

Mass parade

2. Mass drill
3. Yoga
4. Athletics
5. Bicycling
6. Gardening
7. Cricket
8. Football
9. Basketball
10. Volleyball
11. Kabaddi
12. Khokho
13. Hand ball
14. Trips to place of geographical, historical, economic or cultural interest

15. Mass prayer

16. Morning assembly
17. Excursions
18. Social service in neighborhood
19. Village Survey

List of Indoor Co-curricular Activities

1. Dramatics
2. Music and dance
3. Drawing and painting
4. Decoration
5. Weaving
6. Clay modeling
7. First Aid
8. Tailoring
9. Rangoli
10. Book binding
11. Card board work
12. Leather work
13. Organizing school panchayat
14. Student self government
Principle of organizing co-curricular activities
15. The need and importance of co-curricular activities discussed in previous article makes it
clear that co-curricular activities are an integral part of school education. Such
activities are organised in school with following objectives in mind.

16. 1 To provide equal opportunity to all the students to take part in

17. 2. To enrich their interest and understandings of the contributions made by other streams
to the teaching of commerce.
18. In organising such activities the following points are kept in mind.
19. 1. Such activities should always be executed through the active and willing cooperation
of the students, staff and school management.
20. 2. Different age groups of students of commerce are always kept in mind while
organising co-curricular activities for them.
21. 3. The time spent on such activities should be reasonable.
22. 4. All efforts are made to keep a proper balance within the activities of each individual
student and the programme of the department as a whole.
Values of co-curricular activities
It has been amply emphasised in previous pages that co-curricular activities are supplementary
and complementary to curricular activities. Such activities are of immense values to students, to
teachers, to schools and to the business community.
Some of these are listed here:
(i) Helps to develop in student's proper individual and collective responsibilities with desirable
qualities of leadership.
(ii) Helps to develop the ability to work with others.
(iii) Helps to develop the leisure time advantageously.
(iv) Helps to train them to become good citizens of the country.
(v) Helps to train the students as how to plan and direct their own enterprises and to exercise
initiative and judgment.
(vi) To create confidence in students to rely on their own capabilities to do the work.
(vii) To foster a spirit of self-reliance in work when they grow old and settle in different walks of
life.

Facial expressions- facial expressions can convey feelings of surprise, happiness,

anger and sadness. If you meet a long lost friend and say "I am very happy to meet
you again", but with a sad facial eexpression,it conveys the exact opposite
meaning.
Eye movements-the eye movements such as wide open pupilcontactress feelings of
surprise, excitement or even fear.the importance of eye contact with one's audience
was pointed out earlier.Direct eye contact is an indication of intensity and interest,
while lack of it can convey feelings of nervousn and guilt.As prolonged eye contact
can intimidate people, it is not agood idea to stare at people. Different cultures
perceive eye contact differently.In Asia,Latin America and Africa people avoid direct
eye contact to show respect. Arabs use prolonged eye contact to measure
trustworthiness.
GGestures- the gesture s such as movement of the hands while giving a lecture or
presentation indicates a high level of involvement in what you are saying.on the
other hand,shuffling of the feet is a sign of nervousness and speaking with ones
hands in ones pockets is considered to be casual or even rude.
Head movements- The head movements like nodding the head can convey
interest,appreciation, agreement or understanding.
Posture- posture, refers to carriage or attitude. Our posture can iindicate our
feelings.in formal settings such as job interviews and classroomsettings, it is
essential that you maintain an erect posture can convey that you are defensive and
rigid.uncrossing your arms and legs can indicate that you are willing to listen.
Physical appearance- our outward appearance, including the way we dress and the
jewellery and make up that we wear can convey an impression of formality or
informality.going to a job interview dressed in blue jeans or not sticking to a
stipulated dress code at the work place can convey that you a rebel, nonconformist
or a very casual person.therefore it is important to take care of your appearance, so
that you convey the right meaning to others.
Promexics- promexics is derived from the word 'proximity' or closeness and is the
communication term for personal space and distance. The space and distance which
we choose to keep from people is also part of non-verbal communication. Each of us
had our own inner and outer circle, which differ for different people. The different
types of spaces are as follows:
Intimate space- our inner most circle is an 'intimatespace',into which we generally
admit only select people such as family and close friends.

Personal space-A 'personal space' might include other friends and colleagues or coworkers. The intimate and ppersonal spaces involve communication of an informal
nature.
Social and public space- the'social and public space' includes official or workplace
relationships, where the communication is of a more formal nature.
Fixed space- Fixed space means that the physical ffeatures of the work environment
such as furniture, room size and seating arrangements are permanent. This conveys
an impression of formality
Semi-fixed space- Semi-fixed space means that certain elements of the environment
can be changed .For example, changing the seating arrangement conveys an
impression of informality

Importance of business communication

Internal business communication is the exchange of information within a company.
Internal business communication involves interaction with the following
sstakeholders:
Superiors
Peers
SSubordinates
Employees/unions
Shareholders
Communication involved in this internal stakeholders
Superiors- Every organisation has a formal reporting system. Superiors are the
higher ups in the organisation to whom you report. The frequency of interaction with
them will vary, depending on your position and responsibilities, as well as their need
for information. As a sales person, you may have to submit daily or weekly reports
on sales progress. As a marketing,you may be required to make periodic
presentations on marketing strategy for new product launches to the vice President,
marketing. Occasionally, you may also approach your superiors to communicate
your suggestions for improvement of the organisation.
Communication with ssuperiors could be through written channels,such as reports,
or through oral face-to-face channels, such as presentations and one-to-one
meetings. When trying to solve problems or improve relationships, oral face-to-face
channels are most effective

Peers-peers are your coworkers, or people at the same level within an organisation.
For example, a marketing manager and an HR manger are peers, since they work at
the same level within different departments. Communication between peers is
essential for functional coordination. An advertising manager for example, will need
to communicate with the finance .manager regarding approval of the advertising
budget for a new product launch. Information sharing is another reason for
communication between peers.
The advertising manager and the sales manager in the marketing department may
need to communicate regarding the special features of a product to be highlighted
in an advertising campaign. Regular communication between coworkers in different
departments is also essential to ensure that they work together as a team to
achieve the common goals of the organisation
The most appropriate channel of communication between peers is the oral face-toface cchannel, since it helps to build good rapport and improves work relationships
Subordinates- Subordinates are the people in the organisation who work below you
or report directly to you.For example,as the marketing manager, you may have
assistant managers reporting to you,who in turn may have marketing executives
reporting to them.The most common reason for communication with subordinates is
to convey organisational procedures, policies,targets and goals.other reasons
include performance appraisal and feedback, reward and recognition aspects and
disciplinary issues.
appropriate channels of communication with subordinate s may be both oral and
written, depending on the situation. Communicating about organisational
procedures is best done through writtencommunication.But performance appraisals
and feedback should be done through an oral one-to-one meeting and discussion.
Employees/unions- employees/unions can be quite power full.Therefore
communication with them is essential. The reason s for communication include
welfare aspects disciplinary aspects and terms of employment All these should be
clearly spelt out and kept on record.Hence written channels such as written
contracts are the most appropriate channels
Shareholders- shareholders are very important internal stakeholders, since they are
the owners of the company. It is essential to communicate with shareholders to
keeping the informed of all developments in the company. It is essential to
communicate with shareholders to keeping them informed about the following:
Company's progress on different fronts
Development pprogrammes
New projects undertaken by the company

New capital issues

Any major problems faced by the company
The steps being taken to tackle the major problems
This is part of public relations, through which the company projects a positive image
of itself in the eyes of shareholders
. Ans5 This the most important stage of the job application process, during which
attention should be paid to the following aspects:
Opening formalities- Since it is important to create a good first impression, the way
you greet and iintroduce yourself is important. Using the name of the interviewer
correctly, giving a firm handshake, waiting till you are asked to be seated and sitting
with an erect posture are common courtesies that should be observed to project a
good image.
Non-verbal communication- This was emphasised that in face-to-face
communication, non-verbal cues can enhance communication and convey a positive
message. Apart from a firm handshake and erect posture, your non- verbal
behaviour should indicate that you are confident and attentive to what the
interviewer is saying. Direct eye contact, facial gestures and nodding to show that
you are listening are all important aspects of non-verbal communication that should
be observed during the interview.
Group interview-A group interview is one where a panel of interview a single
aapplicat.The group may comprise people from different functional areas in the
organisation, such as HR,marketing and finance. When asked a question by one
group members, it is common courtesy to make eye contact with as address your
responses to all the interviewers.
Two-way interview-Although the aapplicant's task is primarily to listen and the
interviewer's job is primarily to ask questions, it is in the hands of the applicant to
make the communication a two-way process.Apart from answering questions, the
interviewee should show interest in the job and the company by asking relevant
questions, wherever possible.
Honesty and humility-it is important to be honest and to avoid giving vague answers
or beating around the bush,if you do not know the answer to a particular
question.Employer's appreciate honesty,rather than over-smart answers. Humility is
equally important. For example, when asked about your weaknesses do not state
that you have no weaknesses. Another point to remember is to avoid exaggeration.
For example, if you are being interviewed by a top executive of the company, do not
suggest that you can turn the company around.

Positive answers- Do not speak ill of your previous employers. If asked about your
previous experiences, you may give honest feedback, but you should do so tactfully.
Your answers should always end on a positive note.
Salary discussion-Any discussion on salary should be initiated by the iinterviewer
and not by the interviewee,especially during the initial interview. When asked about
your salary expectations, you should indicate a range,rather than a specific figure.
Therefore, you should have found out the general salary range for candidates with
your qualifications and experience, before the interview. Only then can you give a
reasonable response to the question. You also need to assess your own experience,
qualifications and whether you have other job offers,before responding to a
question on salary expectations.
Closing the interview-How you. close the interview is as important as how you open
it. Normally, the interviewer gives a signal when the interview is over, either
through body language, or by making a comment on the next step for action. At this
point,you must thank the interviewer,give another firm handshake and say that you
look forward to hearing from the company soon.sometimes the interviewer, give
another firm handshake and say that you look forward to hearing from the company
soon.sometimes, the interviewer may conclude by inviting you to ask questions. In
this case, you should only ask questions that are relevant to the job or the
organisation and avoid asking questions related to your performance in the
interview. It would be a good idea to prepare a list of questions for the end of the
interview.
Ans5 b circulars also written forms of communication within the organisation. The
basic difference between a circular and notice is that circulars are announcements
that are distributed to small or selective groups of people within the organisation,
whereas notices are ment for a larger group of people. Another way to differentiate
a circular and notice is that circular arecirculated to respective individuals, whereas
notices are put up on notice boards.
Example, if a manager wants to call a meeting of heads of departments,he will pass
around a circular only to the heads,requesting them to attend that meeting
Circular is an aannouncement that is sent to a selective group of people, but notice
is an announcement that is sent to everyone concerned. Show cause notice is a
special kind of notice that is sent to individuals or group demanding for an
explanation on an issue . circular like memo is brief and to the point. It has a caption
that indicates the message to be conveyed,like a memo, there is no formal
salutation or close.

Ans6a SQ3R technique of reading was developed by Robinson in his book "Effective
Study" (1970).SQ3R stands for the initial letter's of the five steps

Steps.

Expansion.

AAbbreviation

Step1.

Survey.

Step2.

Question.

Step3.

Read.

Step4.

Recall.

Step5.

Review.

1. Survey-Survey refers to a quick glance through the title page,preface and chapter
headings of a text. By surveying, you will be able to gauge the main ideas of the
text. Besides,the author's name, date,place of publication and title page can give
you an idea of the general subject area.the table of contents, preface or foreword in
a book would give you an idea of the themes and how they are organised. A survey
of the index or bibliography tells you immediately whether the book contains what
you need.
Question-The second step in the SQ3R technique of reading is question. A survey of
the text will surely raise a few questions in your mind regarding the text.some of the
questions could be:
Is the book useful or relevant to my study?
Does it provides some guidelines/information on the subject at hand?
However, as you go through the individual chapters, you might have specific
questions regarding the topic. This will surely help you to gain some insights into
the text,topic and the author's comments. You will be surprised to see how your
question are answerd in the process of reading and understanding the
text.Therefore, don't treat reading as an automatic process. It has to be conscious
and deliberate,with a definite purpose , where you interact with the topic and the
author
Reading-After surveying and questioning, you begin the actual reading. You need to
develop a critical approach to reading anything for that matter. Read the text over
and over again, each time with a different question and a different purpose in mind.
"I read it once and understand everything"kind of attitude is nothing but a
myth.hence,while reading for the first time, you must just focus on the main points
or ideas and supporting details.Make a note of important points that you have read.
Recall-Recalling or reciting follows reading level. In this level the reader rrecalls or
recites the contents after reading some portion of text.This is done because every
reading exercise, increases your background knowledge and you must be able to
connect the information gained with the existing knowledge. Thus,recalling
whatever you have read enables you to connect and relate the content with the

previous and future learning of the subjects. You can recite aloud, silently or by
writing down the key points that sums up the major points. It is a good practice to
put across the points in your own words when you recall.
Review-Reviewing is the process of checking whether we have followed the earlier
stages promptly and eefficiently.Have we surveyed the book,article or magazine
properly?Have we asked the appropriate questions relating to the content?Have we
read it critically and have we recalled the most significant details or information
required for our study? These are questions that must be asked in the final stage of
reading. Review will sharpen your critical ability, enable you to form your own
opinions on the topic and express them to others.