Concept 7:

Motivation and attitudes

- Motivation: instincts, arousal, needs and drives
o Evolutionary/Instinct approach: based on instincts
o Drive reduction theory: drives (aroused state) and needs
(lack of something)
Needs create an uncomfortable state drive ensure
motivation to relieve tension
o Optimal arousal theory: to fulfill desire to reach full
awareness or arousal
o Cognitive approach: based on rationale and decision
making
o Maslows hierarchy of need: motivated to satisfy basic to
more advanced needs (illustrated by a pyramid)
Bottom: physiological need (food, water, breathing,
sleep)
Second level: safety (resources, health, employment,
etc.)
Bottom and second basic needs
Third level: love (acceptance, intimacy)
Social needs
Fourth level: self esteem (confidence)
Respect
Fifth level: self-actualization (to reach ones goals)
Maximum potential
Can only reach higher levels if bottom levels are
reached
- Incentive theory (BF Skinner): reward is presented after certain
behavior (POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT)
o If reward is given immediately likelihood of behavior
occurring again is more likely
o Reward must be attainable
o Continued stimulus must be applied
- Food
o Biological factors: hormones control
Lateral Hypothalamus (wants food)
Ventral Hypothalamus (stop eating when full)
Leptin (appetite suppressing hormone) is
present in blood when full
Insulin used to determine amount of fat and sugar
in blood
Metabolism: during dieting/fasting causes slower
burning of food

Genetic disposition: based on parents

o Sociocultural factors:
Occasions, time, desire, appeal, availability
Sex (Masters and Johnson)
o Biological factors:
Sexual response cycle
First part excitement phase (increased
muscle tension, increased HR, increased BP)
Second part - Plateau phase
Third part - Orgasm
Fourth part - Refractory period
Affected by testosterone levels
o Cultural factors:
Vary by age, cultural background, stimulus, emotion,
desire
Drugs
o Biological factors:
Family history (genetic disposition)
Withdrawals and cravings
Biochemical factors (imbalance)
Release of dopamine over stimulates the limbic
system
Reinforcing effect: continuous use of drug, desire to
reach euphoria again and again
o Cultural factors:
Curiosity, rebel, poor control, stress, self-esteem,
relieve themselves, feel good
Attitude: a learned tendency to evaluate things in a certain way
o ABC model:
Affective component (emotional component)
Feel or have emotions about a certain topic
that will affect attitude
Behavioral component
How we act or behave towards an object or
subject affects our attitude
Cognitive component
Form thoughts and beliefs on a subject that
affect attitude
o Influences on behavior:
Theory of planned behavior: consider our
implications and intentions before behaving
Intention is based on attitude, subjective norms
(how others view our behavior), perceived

behavior control (how easy/hard we think it is

to control behavior)
Attitude to Behavior Process Model: an event will
trigger an attitude
Also uses outside knowledge with event to
create a behavior
Prototype willingness model (PWM)
Behavior is a function of 6 things:
o Past behavior, attitude, subjective norms,
intentions, willingness to engage, models
Elaboration likelihood model for persuasion
Based on the why and how of persuasion
Information is processed via central route
(based on quality of persuasion) AND via
peripheral route (superficial qualities)
How Behavior affects Attitude:
o Foot in the door phenomenon
Have a tendency to agree to small actions FIRST and
THEN larger actions
How people are brainwashed or exploited
o Role playing
Always try to be the best when you try a new role
until it feels normal
Ex: becoming a parent (first role playing and then
becomes part of you)
Cognitive dissonance
o Discomfort experienced when holding two or more
conflicting cognitions (ideas, beliefs, etc.)
o Ex: we smoke but we believe smoking leads to cancer =
contradiction
o Result of discomfort:
Modify one or two cognitions (I dont smoke THAT
much)
Trivialize - make something less important (evidence
that smoking causes cancer is weakkkkk)
Adding more cognition (I exercise so it doesnt matter
if I smoke)
Denying cognitions (Whatever, theres no evidence
that smoking and cancer are linked lul)

Theories of Attitude and Behavior Change

- Persuasion:
o 3 factors: message characteristics, source characteristics
(are they knowledgeable, credible, where did they come

form?) and target characteristics (are ya in a good mood?

Bad? Tired?)
o Elaboration Likelihood model
Based on central and peripheral routes
Pass through 3 stages:
Target characteristics information is first
filtered by perceptions before even hearing
message
Processing stage (both message and source)
deep processing of material, or shallow
processing (superficial)
Attitude change either lasting (central route)
or temporary change (peripheral route)
Reciprocal determinism (Bandura)
o Cognition, environment and behavior cycle can all
influence each other (vice versa three ways!)
Locus of control
o Internal locus of control you can control your fate
Those who have this will achieve more, better health,
etc.
o External locus of control there are outside forces that
control fate
Those who have this will often have depression,
worse in school, etc.
Learned helplessness
o Experiment: dogs knew they were going to be shocked, G1
can control by pushing button, G2 couldnt
Dogs were placed in a new environment with a very
low wall
G1 learned that they could escape
G2 didnt make the effort to escape
o Uncontrollable bad event can lead to lack of control and
generalized helpless behavior
Tyranny of choice (having too many choices can negatively
impact behavior)
o When you have too many choices you dont feel AS
satisfied as when you have less options
o Causes: information overload leads to decision paralysis
and regret over choice made
Self control (ability to control impulses)
o Desires can become temptation (when they conflict with
values or long time goals)
o Marshmallow test
If kid waiter for 15 mins 2 marshmallows

OR you can just eat 1 marshmallow

Those who can wait had better social skills, better in
school, positive life outcomes, etc.
o Ego depletion
If you use a lot of self control it will deplete
o How?
Changing environment making goal harder to get
Ex: healthy snacks on eye level while junk food
on higher levels (cant reach)
Operant conditioning (using reinforcements)
Classical conditioning (want chocolate, instead eat
fruit and youll get used to it)
Depravation

Theories of Personality
- Situational approach
o Behavior is influenced by external or situational factors
o Cannot predict behavior off of one situation
o Attribution process of inferring cause of a behavior
Internal
External behavior Is based on situation
Consistency: does person always behave this
way?
Distinctiveness: does the person behave
differently in different situations?
Consensus: do others behave similarly in the
same situation?
If answer to last two questions is yes person in
behaving based on situation
If answer to first question is yes behavior is NOT
dependent on situation
- Psychoanalytic theory (Frued)
o Unconscious desires and childhood experiences influence
behavior
o Major driving force libido (natural energy source that
fuels the mind)
o When libido is fixated at a particular psychosexual stage,
conflicts occur
o Ex) Fixation at oral stage = oral personality characteristics
(talkative, smoking)
o Unconscious ID: develops right after birth, requires
immediate gratification
o Conscious AND unconscious Ego: involved in perceptions,
thoughts and judgments, require long term gratification

Acts as a moderator between ID and Superego

o Conscious AND unconscious Superego (develops at
around age of 4) moral compass, moral oversight
Humanistic theory
o Individuals have free will and we can develop ourselves to
reach our full potential
o People are inherently good and are self-motivated to
improve
o Two theorists:
Maslow
Hierarchy of needs
Rogers:
Self-actualization is nurtured throughout life in
a particular climate
Climate:
o Individual should be genuine, open
o Individual should receive positive regard
from others (acceptance)
Both: self-concept is important
o Difference between Freuds theory: this focuses on
conscious
Biological Theory
o Important components of personality are inherited
o Look at identical twins (have same genetic makeup - in
different environments) to study this:
Social potency trait (leadership roles) and
traditionalism (follow authority) both twins had
same
Achievement and closeness were not similar
o Doapmine-4-receptor gene: these people will be thrill
seekers
Behavioral Theory
o Personality is result of interaction between individual and
environment
o Focused on observable/measurable behavior NOT on
mental behavior
o Personality develops over entire lifestyle
o Skinner: Operant conditioning: rewards/punishments to
affect behavior
o Pavlvov: Classical conditioning: used neutral stimulus with
unconditioned stimulus to trigger response (doggies)
Trait theory
o Based on identifiable patterns of behavior
o Uses description rather than explanation

o Traits a stable characteristic, consistent

o Allport:
Traits differ among individuals that fall under three
categories:
Cardinal characteristic that direct most
activities (dominate traits, influence all of our
traits)
Central lesser expressed
Secondary preferences or attitudes
o Cattell - Proposed 16 personality traits
o Eysenck - Based on assumption of 3 dimensions of
personality:
Extraversion degree of sociability
Neuroticism emotional stability
Psychoticism degree to which reality is distorted
We have all of these traits but at different degrees
o Big Five found in all people in all populations
OCEAN: Openness, conscientiousness,
extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
o Factor analysis: used by Cattell, Eyesenk and Big 5
Statistical method that categorizes traits
Technique that classified the variables
Observational Learning (Bobo doll)
o Learning-performance distinction
Learning and performing are two different actions
Can still learn without performing
o Banduras Social Cognitive Theory:
AM I Motivated
Attention, Memory, Imitation, Motivation
Defense Mechanisms: when we protect ourselves against our
anxiety/discomfort
o Pathological distort reality to prevent discomfort
Denial (she doesnt have breast cancer)
o Immature present in adults
Projection shift ones feelings to another (if youre
jealous, saying that that person is jealous, not you)
Projective identification people who feelings were
projected on start to feel that way ()
Passive aggression express aggression in a slow
way
o Neurotic
Intellectualization: detaches emotional aspects of a
situation

Rationalization: convince our self that we are not at

fault
Regression: perform behaviors as if we were much
younger (acting like a baby)
Repression: unconscious where our thoughts are
pushed into unconscious
Displacement: individual is angry towards one person
but cannot express it so they express anger on an
easier target
o Mature (people who are happier, healthier and more
satisfied)
Humor to make it socially acceptable
Sublimation channel negative energy into positive
energy (exercise when mad)
Suppression more conscious way of pushing away
negative feelings
Altruism feel fulfilled when serving other people
o Reaction formation
If you have a problem with one thing you will help
out In that thing. Lol
Ex: problem with immigration.. imma work at the
immigration center wtf?
Freud: Death drive, reality principle and pleasure principle
o Pleasure principle when young/immature immediately
want to fulfill pleasure
Pleasure is replaced with reality when you get older

As adults, world will not always give you what you

want
o Reality principle
You have to wait to receive gratification
o Drive (intrinsic universal drives that are naturally
developed)
Eros: All have a drive towards life (being healthy.
having sex, staying safe)
Thanatos death drive: self-destructive or harmful to
others (due to fear and anger)

Psychological Disorders
- Mental Disorders:
o Two classifications: ICD-10 and DSM-5
o DSM-5 (more categories):
Distress or disability

Neurodevelopmental disorders: mental retardation,

autism, other brain stuff, etc.
Neurocognitive disorders distress or disability
caused AFTER brain has developed (delirium
reversible, dementia irreversible)
Sleep-wake disorders insomnia, breathing related,
etc.
Biomedical vs. Biophyscosocial classification
o Biomedical focuses on physical abnormalities
o Biopsychosocial considers how physical abnormalities
contribute to cause and how physiological/social factors
affect
Obsessive compulsive disorder
o Change or disturbance in pattern resulting in negative
emotion
o Linked to communication problems between parts of brain
Orbitofrontal complex (error will cause worry
signals)
Cingulate gyrus (error will cause disgust, guilt to
anxious thoughts)
Basal ganglia (error will cause reflexive or repetitive
behaviors)
Caudate nucleus (error causes a failure to filter
anxious thoughts)
o Interferes with ability to focus
o Compulsions are performed to reduce anxiety
o Medication: tries to fix communication between parts of
brain
Increases serotonin (improves information
processing)
PTSD have trouble recovering from a bad experience
o Brain can sometimes over stimulate and stress systems
end up malfunctioning
o Amygdala sets off fight or flight response to memories
o Hippocampus stores memories incorrectly
o Prefrontal cortex causes inappropriate responses
o Hypothalamus overacts, causes an imbalance in hormone
levels
o Symptoms:
Reliving the event, avoiding anything related to
event, hyperarousal, change in feelings
Schizophrenia neurodevelopmental disease (disorder of brain)
o Combination of genetic and environmental causes
o Tests that can show abnormal changes:

Brain scans
Neurotransmitters (dopamine too high)
Plays role in frontal and temporal lobes
Ventral tegmental area (somas in brainstem
that use dopamine)
o Mesocorticolimbic pathway: sends
dopamine across cerebrum
o Diagnosed based on a clinical history (family history,
observation, etc.)
o Behavior is altered
Think: delusions (abnormal beliefs) and
hallucinations
Act: isolate themselves, disorganized/confused, flat
affect (no emotions on face)
o Prodrome (before Schizophrenia is fully present)
People demonstrate some sign
Schoolwork, relationship will suffer
Exhibit paranoia or suspicions against others
(delusions)
o Abnormalities are in three divisions
Cognitive tension, organization
Negative blunted emotions
Positive hallucinations and delusions
o In the brain:
Reduction in size of brain tissue
Size of cerebral cortex is thinner
Normal organization in frontal and temporal lobe is
abnormal
Depression
o Involve distress and disability in relation to negative mood
o Decreased activity in frontal lobe and decreased activity in
limbic structures
o Physical symptoms: lethargy, fluctuations in weight,
fluctuations in sleep, etc.
o Abnormal blood concentrations of cortisol
o Factors involved in depression:
Biological: genetic, less activation in prefrontal
cortex, less activation in reward circuit, fewer
receptors for serotonin and norepinephrine
Psychological: learned helplessness (exposure to
prolonged stress), create pessimistic style (internal,
stable, global)
Sociocultural/Environmental: prejudice, child abuse,
etc.

o In brain:
Raphe nuclei responsible for serotonin (abnormal)
Locus Coeruleus responsible for norepinephrine
(abnormal)
Ventral tegmental area responsible for dopamine
(abnormal)
Bipolar Disorder (related to depression)
o Swing between emotion highs and emotion lows
o Have periods of mania (euphoric, high self-esteem,
optimistic)
Make poor decisions due to poor judgment
Leads to delusions, risky behavior, high HR, etc.
o Mania is followed by intense depressive episodes
o Bipolar I periods of mania and depression
o Bipolar II periods of depression and hypomania (not as
much as bipolar I)
Anxiety
o Generalized anxiety general state is continuously tense,
worried, etc.
Furrowed brow, twitching eyelids, etc.
o Panic disorders sudden burst of sheer panic and intense
fair
Sweating, chest pain,
o Phobias irrational fear to specific objects
Follow a pattern usually (animals, insects, blood, etc.)
Social phobias avoid talking, etc.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
o Two or more personalities within a person
o Identities differ based on: mannerisms, emotional
response, denial
o History of child abuse or extreme stress
o Controversy extremely rare causing people to question it
(therapy induced??)
Somatic symptom disorder
o Somatic means physical symptoms
o Can lead to ANY symptom
o May or may not be medically explained
o Can cause an extreme level of worry and anxiety
(excessive levels)
Conversion
o Contrasted to conversion disorder (look at neurological
symptom)
o Cannot explain the symptoms

o Usually have a psychological stressor or trauma

o Mental disorder = psychological symptoms AND physical
symptoms
Factitious Disorder
o Patient wants to be sick and will falsify signs/symptoms
o Want a diagnosis and treatment
Personality disorder
o Marked deviation or distress that causes change in
personality
o 10 types in 3 clusters:
A odd, eccentric
Paranoid distrust and suspicion of others
Schizoid emotionally detached
Schizotypal avoid close relationships and
have odd/magical beliefs
B dramatic, emotional or erratic
Antisocial little or no regard for others
Borderline brink of having an emotional or
relationship issue
Histrionic very attention seeking, display
emotions outwardly
Narcissistic have huge egos, need admiration
C anxiety and fearfulness
Avoidant feel inadequate and avoid putting
self in state where they can be criticized
Dependent submissive and clingy
Obsessive Compulsive personality disorder
need to be in control, like order, everything
needs to be perfect
Sleep disorders
o Deprivation people will be more irritable, poor memory
More susceptible to obesity (increase in cortisol),
depression
o Insomnia persistent trouble falling asleep
Medications can cause dependence and tolerance
Other treatments: lifestyle changes (exercise before
bed)
o Narcolepsy cant help themselves from falling asleep
Spontaneous fits of intense sleepiness
Linked to absence of a neurotransmitter
o Sleep apnea stop breathing once asleep
Snoring and feeling fatigue signs of sleep apnea

o Sleepwalking and sleep talking (occur during N3 sleep

mainly in children)
Could be due to nightmares, etc.
o Causes:
Brain central sleep apnea
No obstruction but still presence of apnea
Cheyne-strokes (graph of breathing) breathing:
result of heart failure, stroke or renal failure
Airways obstruction causes snoring, gasping,
always feel tired/sleepy
Diagnosed by sleep stud (if 15 or more apneas
per hour)
Apnea gets worse as a person gets older
Lungs
Hypoventilation causes a build up of CO2 and
less O2
o Can result in right sided heart failure
Obesity can impair lungs from allowing air
Reward pathway in brain
o Dopamine (ventral tegmental area) produced when feeling
pleasure
Amygdala, Nucleus accumbens (bodys motor
functions) and hippocampus (memory) part of
mesolimbic pathway
Ex. Cake: amygdala I love this, hippocampus
remembers restaurant and type of cake, NA
take another piece of cake
Prefrontal cortex (attention and planning)
Ex. Cake: focuses on cake
o As dopamine goes up, serotonin goes down
Serotonin satiation
o Negative consequences dont affect addicted brain as does
a normal brain
Drugs
o Brain can recognize certain environmental features
Can adjust bodily functions (HR, metabolism)
Will result in even MORE drugs needed to reach high
If no high to counteract drop = crash
o If body doesnt pre-adjust, leads to overdose
o Tolerance inside the brain
Long term stimulation will causes brain to shut down
some receptors
Same amount of drug will not lead to same
amount of happiness

Have to increases dosage over time

o Withdrawal in the brain
If body is accustomed to higher levels of drug
Causes anxiety, depression, etc.
o Substance use disorders
Intoxication when drug enters body
Behavioral and psychological effects
Withdrawal when substance exits after a long time
Sick, ill, dangerous
o Effects on brain:
Can cause substance induced disorders
Can affect mood, anxiety, sleep, sexual
function, psychosis, paranoia
Development of substance use disorder
Problem with actually usage
o Using large amounts?
o Have cravings?
o Failing to cut down?
o Problems at work school or home?
Presence of withdrawal
o Feels sick or unwell
Tolerance: effect decreases with doses
o People keep increasing dose
Parkinsons (motor abnormalities)
o Muscles are stiffer than normal, hands tremor, etc.
o Substantia nigra (black substance normally - part of the
brainstem) there is a loss of black color when patient has
Parkinsons
These cells that are lost are dopaminergic neurons
(release dopamine)
Primary output from substantia nigra to striata
Degenerating: lewy bodies
Contain alpha synuclein which clumps in
neurons
Widespread lewy bodies throughout
o Causes:
Genetic, rural living, etc.
o Basal ganglia (substantia nigra is part of this structure)
Major role in motor functions
Receives information from outermost layer of
cerebrum, performs processing and sends
information back to cerebral cortex

Human Development
- Motor milestones:
o 2 to 4 months lift head up and arms/chest, roll over
o 5 to 8 months sit up without support, stand while holding
to furniture
o 6 to 11 months pull self up without help, crawl, walk while
holding onto furniture
o 10 to 14 months stand up on own
o 11 to 15 months walk alone
- Reflexes (neonatal)
o Permanent reflexes: Breathing, eye blink, pupillary,
swallowing reflex (present throughout life)
o Rooting reflex: if stroke cheek, baby turns head towards
o Babinski reflex baby curls/uncurls toes
o Moro reflex loud noise will cause baby to throw arms
outward and arch back
o Tonic neck reflex if baby turns to a side, side that is
turned arm get straightens other arm bends
o Gallant reflex- if skin is stroked one side, baby will move to
that side
o Palmer grasp reflex grasp whatever is in arm
- Adolescence transitions
o Puberty: 2 year long period of sexual maturation
Males first ejaculation
Females first menstrual cycle
Development of reproductive organs
o Brain parts:
Development of prefrontal cortex (responsible for
higher order cognition)
Development of limbic system (amygdala
emotions, hypothalamus hormones, corpus
collosum connection of hemispheres)
o Global brain changes:
Increase in myelination (faster communication)
Increase in brain volume and then shrinks (synaptic
pruning occurs breaks down weak connection
between neurons)
Social Psychology
- Conformity bring behavior in line with group norms
o Two main influences that cause to conform to a group:
Informative influence: look for group for guidance
Normative influence: fear rejection when disagreeing
with group so you conform

o Two ways of conforming:

Publicly agree in a group situation but have a
different individual opinion
Privately youre convinced
Group polarization
o Factors that must be present:
All views do not have equal influence
Arguments made favor the majority (known as
confirmation bias)
o Make decisions more extreme
o Ex) racist alone vs. racist in a group (will result in more
polarized decisions)
Groupthink maintaining harmony is more important than
analyzing problem at hand
o Reach consensus, actively suppress other viewpoints,
isolate from outside perspectives
o Occurs to groups that are cohesive
o Have powerful, respected leaders
o Members suppress their opinion, conform to majority view
Conformity vs. obedience
o Conformity adjust behavior in order to go along with a
group
More likely to conform in groups of 3 to 5
More likely to conform if unanimity was present
More likely if someone has a group status
More likely if there is group cohesion
More likely if behavior is being observed
Internal factors: prior commitment (increase OR
decrease), feeling insecure
o Obedience how we follow orders, without question or
protesting
Factors that influence: how close are we, closeness
(physically), legitimacy of authority, institutional
authority, victim distance
o Not always negative
o Compliance to go along with a behavior in order to get a
reward or avoid punishment
o Identification when a person acts, behaves or dresses a
certain way to be like someone that they respect
o Internalization conform with a behavior publicly AND
privately (integrated into your own identity)
o To avoid social rejection normative social influence
o Defer to the judgment of others if we think they are more
right than we are Informational social influence

Asch conformity studies (Asch line studies)

o Understanding how group behavior affects individual
o Study: everyone gives answer aloud, individual will
conform to majority
In a group you are more likely to conform and give
the wrong answers
o Why does this happen?
Fear of ridicule (normative social influence)
Doubted own responses (informational social
influence if everyone else was giving same answer,
must be correct)
Some were caused by perceptual error
o Those who did not conform:
Very confident, some were doubtful
o Criticism of study:
Participants were of same population (male students)
Participants knew they were part of a study
Was it representative of the real world?
o Gestalt psychology understood as a whole not in parts
Milgram studies on obedience
o Study the willingness of participants to obey instructions
form authority that went against their morals
o Two participants (one was confederate): teacher and
learner
Learner shocked every time they got answer wrong
Teacher (always participant) would read words
Instructed to give shock if wrong (increased by
increment of 15)
Learner would react a lot and then silence
Participant wasnt allowed to check on learner
Most of participants shocked all the way
o What it shows:
Just world phenomenon people get what they
deserve
Participant says it was the learners fault that
he was receiving shocked
Passing responsibility of actions to other
following orders
Self serving bias
We assume we wouldnt do this in that
situation but we really would
Fundamental attribution error

Tendency to assume that others behave a

certain way because of flaws but we would only
behave IF we were in that situation
Stanford Prison Experiment
o Conclusions: influence of situation on behavior
o Becomes easier to behave badly towards people who lose
themselves (deindividualization)
o Behavior is suspect to cognitive dissonance
o Prisoners and Guards were suffer to internalization
o Problems:
Zimbardo not objective
Allowed unethical behavior to occur
Small sample size
Not replicable
Selection bias?
Bystander effect
o In a group: less likely to take action
o Why? Lack of knowledge,
o Diffusion of responsibility theory: when individuals are in
the presence of others, feel less personal responsibility
o Deindividuation: presence of large group decreases guilt,
more inclined to behave in a bad way (e.g. on black Friday,
on the internet)
Social facilitation
o Most dominant response will be shown when in the
presence of others
Practice a presentation a lot help you
Didnt practice do worse
Presence of others increases arousal (HR, etc.)
Increase in arousal leads to likelihood of dominant
response
o When being evaluated normally performance isnt
affected since arousal isnt too affected
o Social loafing tendency to put in less effort if individual
contributions arent evaluated
Can be reduced if task is more challenging or if
individuals are evaluated
Agents of socialization
o People, organizations and institutions
o Family is most important teach you value and norms
o Schools teach life skills
o Peers and mass media

Normative and non-normative behavior

What is normal?
o Norms: standard that dictate how one should act in certain
situations based on a group
Based on context, physical location, etc.
Folkways common rules/manners, have been
followed for a long time
Mores norms based on moral value or belief (create
strong feelings)
Taboos completely forbidden in any circumstance
(very immoral behavior, result in sever disgust
among community)
Laws based on understanding right and wrong
(have serious consequences)
o Deviance: individuals behaving differently (not necessarily
bad or immoral)
Theory of differential association deviance is a
learned behavior that results from learning from
other cultures
Labeling Theory behavior is deviant if people
judged it and deemed it deviant
Primary deviance not a lot of reaction to
deviance
Secondary deviance produces severe
negative result
Strain Theory if person is blocked from attaining a
goal, will become frustrated and become deviant
Example: lack of equal opportunity
Collective Behavior
o Involves short interactions, no social boundaries (open),
produces norms that are very loose
o Driven by group dynamics
o Three types:
Fads fleeing behavior
Become and loses popularity quickly
Perceived as cool or interesting so they gain
popularity
Mass Hysteria involves large groups of people who
experience delusions together
Lots of fear, panicked actions, etc.
Mass psychogenic illness: a lot of people
believe that they have the same symptoms
(due to fear)
Riots large groups of people who participate in
vandalism, chaotic behavior, damage stuff, etc.

Anomie Sanctions

Could be due to fear, conflicts, etc.