ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electrol
yte
Molten Lead
bromide
(PbBr2)

Ion Present
Anod
2+
PbBr2 Pb
+ 2Br
Ion present :e
2+
Ion Present :Pb
(CATion) Discharge :
Br (ANion)
Observation :

Diluted Sodium chloride

(NaCl)
solution / aquoeus

Catho
Ion present de
:
Discharge:
Observation :

Product :

Product :

Ion present :
Discharge :
Observation :

Ion present :
Discharge:
Observation :

Product :
Concentrated Sodium
chloride
(NaCl) solution /
aqueous

Ion present :
Discharge :
Observation :

Ion present :
Discharge :
Observation :

Concentrated / Diluted
Copper(II)sulphate
aqueous
( using copper
electrode)

Ion present :
Discharge :
Observation :

Ion present : 2Discharge:

Observation :

Product :
2+
+

Ion present : 2Ionization :

Observation :

2+

from cation,4 andNO

3
from anion : THESE ARE
STABLE

OH

Cl
NO3

Either concentrated or diluted

2+
Cu is choose to discharge at
cathode ( refer to E.C.S)
** extra observation : Intensity
of blue colour decrease
2+
Reason : concentration Cu ion
decrease
Reactive electrode are used. So
at anode, discharge process
does not occur. Electrode will
dissolves in electrolyte to
produce ion.
** extra observation : Intensity
of blue colour remains
unchange

Product :
**K , Na , Ca
2F , SO

F
2SO4

Product :

ANion

Na

CATion

** Anode- solute will discharge

when solution is concentrated, if
diluted refer to ECS, the lowest
ion will choose to be discharge.

Product :
2+
+

Product :
Easy to discharge (more electronegativity)
Easy to discharge

KCl, CaCl2 will yeild same

product as NaCl in this case,
+
+
2+
because K , Na and Ca will
not choose to bes discharge at
cathode. ( refer to E.C.S)

Product :
Ion present :
Discharge:
Observation :

+
+

Product :
Concentrated / Diluted
Copper(II)sulphate
aqueous ( using
carbon / graphite /
platinum electrode)

Not
In molten only 2eions are
present, so no problem to
determine which ions are goin to
be discharge on respective
electrode.

IONS. THEY DO NOT DISCHARGE IN WHATEVER

CONDITION. THEY HAVE A STRONGER TENDENCY TO EXIST
AS IONS THAN ATOMS OR MOLECULE.

DIAGRAM
ELECTROLYSIS USING MOLTEN ELECTROLYTE

ELECTROLYSIS USING SOLUTION / AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE

ELECTROPLATING AND PURIFYING OF METAL

GAS CONFIRMATORY TEST

Gas

Properties

Chemical test
1.

Oxygen

Colourless gas

Hydrogen

Colourless gas

ELECTROLYSIS COPPER (ii) SULPHATE AS ELECTROLYTE

(Carbon Electrode)
Chlorine

Pungent yellowish
gas

Bromine

Pungent brown
gas

Bring glowing wooden

splinter near to the
mouth of test tube.
2. Glowing wooden splinter
relight.
1. Bring lighted splinter
near to the mouth of test
tube
2. Fire extinguish, produce
pop
sound.
1. Put a moist blue litmus
paper in the test tube.
2. Blue litmus change to
red and bleach out
(white).
3. Chlorine gas is released.
1. Put a moist blue litmus
paper in the test tube.
2. Blue litmus change to red.
3. Bromine gas is released.

Anode ( negative
terminal)
Definition:
Anode is a terminal where
substance releases electrons
and the oxidation process
takes place.
Zinc is more electropositive than
copper. (Zinc stated above than
copper in electrochemical
series).

Energy change : Chemical energy Electrical Energy

** the position of two metals is in
Cathode ( positive
Electrochemical series determine the cell
terminal) Definition:
voltage.
Cathode is a terminal where the
** the further the distance between two
substance accepts electrons and
metal in
the reduction process takes place
Electrochamical series, he bigger the cell
voltage will be.
Electrons flow from zins strip to
copper strip through the
external circuit. Electrons are
2+
2+
accepted by Cu ions. Cu
ions are discharged because its
2+
+
position is lower than Zn ion and H
ion
in ECS.

Zinc atom will released electrons

to form zinc ion.
2+

Zn Zn

ions to flow through but prevent the

two electrolyte from mixing

+ 2e

Zinc strip : becomes the

negative terminal.
Electron flow from zinc strip to
copper
strip.
Observation at Anode:
Zinc strip become thinner.
(because it dissolves, refer to
half equation above)

Salt Bridge : contains inert ions or salt

that does not react with the electrolyte,
example sodium chloride, potassium
chloride, potassium nitrate and dilute
sulphuric acid.
**Function:
To complete the circuit by allows the
flow of ions. To prevent the two
electrolyte from mixing.
** Porous pot also functioned like a salt
bridge. Porous pot has fne pores to allow

Cu

2+

+ 2e Cu

Copper strip : becomes the

positive terminal.
Observation at Anode:

Brown solid deposit on the copper

strip. Intensity of blue colour
decrease (because the
2+
concentration of Cu is
decreases.)