COMSATS-Lancaster Dual Degree Programme

CIIT, 1.5KM Defence Road, Off Raiwind Road, Lahore.

Name

Ahmed Daud

Registration Number :

CIIT/DDP-FA10-BTE-002/LHR

Email

daud@live.lancs.ac.uk

Semester

Section

DDP

Department

Electrical Engineering

Course Title

Lab Data Communication and Computer

EEE314

Networks

Course Code

Assignment Number :

Assignment Topic

Modulation Techniques

Course Book

Data and Computer Communications

Submission Date

April 02, 2013

Submitted To

Mr. Owais Javed

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUESTION #

PAGE #

Q # 1 ASK

Q # 2 BPSK

Q # 3 FSK

Q # 4 Line Coding

11

References

14

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Write the MATLAB code for Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation.

SOLUTION:
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that represents digital data as variations in the
amplitude of a carrier wave.

MATLAB Code:
clear all;
clc;
close all;
F1=input('Enter the frequency of carrier=');
F2=input('Enter the frequency of pulse=');
A=3;%Amplitude
t=0:0.001:1;
x=A.*sin(2*pi*F1*t);%Carrier Sine wave
u=A/2.*square(2*pi*F2*t)+(A/2);%Square wave message
v=x.*u;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Carrier');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,u);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Square Pulses');
grid on;subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,v);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('ASK Signal');
grid on;

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OUTPUT:
Enter the frequency of carrier=100
Enter the frequency of pulse=10

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Write the MATLAB code for Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation.

SOLUTION:
BPSK (also sometimes called PRK, Phase Reversal Keying, or 2PSK) is the simplest form of phase shift
keying (PSK). It uses two phases which are separated by 180 degrees and so can also be termed 2PSK. It does not particularly matter exactly where the constellation points are positioned and in this
figure they are shown on the real axis, at 0 degrees and 180 degrees.

MATLAB Code:
clear all;
clc;
close all;
set(0,'defaultlinelinewidth',2);
A=5;
t=0:.001:1;
f1=input('Carrier Sine wave frequency =');
f2=input('Message frequency =');
x=A.*sin(2*pi*f1*t);%Carrier Sine
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Carrier');
grid on;
u=square(2*pi*f2*t);%Message signal
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,u);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Message Signal');
grid on;
v=x.*u;%Sine wave multiplied with square wave
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,v);
axis([0 1 -6 6]);
xlabel('t');
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ylabel('y');
title('PSK');
grid on;

OUTPUT:
Carrier Sine wave frequency =20
Message frequency =5

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Write the MATLAB code for Frequency-shift keying (FSK) Modulation.

SOLUTION:
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is
transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. The simplest FSK is binary FSK
(BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information.

MATLAB Code:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
x=input('enter the binary input = ');
l=length(x);
for i=1:1:l
m(((i-1)*100)+1:i*100)=x(i);
end
figure;
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(m);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('modulating signal');
f=100;
t=0:(1/f):(l-(1/f));
f1=10;
f2=5;
c1=sin(2*pi*f1*t);
y1=m.*c1;
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,y1);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
for j=1:l
if x(j)==1
x(j)=0;
else x(j)=1;
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end
m1((j-1)*100+1:j*100)=x(j);
end
c2=sin(2*pi*f2*t);
y2=m1.*c2;
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,y2);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
y=y1+y2;
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,y);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('FSK modulated wave');
r=randn(size(y));
F=y+r;
figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(F);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('noise added FSK signal');
l1=length(F);
t1=0:0.01:.99;
r1=sin(2*pi*f1*t1);
r1=fliplr(r1);
l2=length(r1);
l3=l1+l2-1;
u=fft(F,l3);
v=fft(r1,l3);
k1=u.*v;
k11=ifft(k1,l3);
r2=sin(2*pi*f2*t1);
r2=fliplr(r2);
w=fft(r2,l3);
k2=u.*w;
k22=ifft(k2,l3);
k=k11-k22;
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(k);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
8|Page

title('correlated signal');
for z=1:l
t(z)=k(z*100);
if t(z)>0
s(z)=1;
else
s(z)=0;
end
end
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(s);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('Demodulated output signal');

OUTPUT:
enter the binary input = 101

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Write the MATLAB code for line coding.

SOLUTION:
Line coding consists of representing the digital signal to be transported by an amplitude- and timediscrete signal that is optimally tuned for the specific properties of the physical channel (and of the
receiving equipment). The waveform pattern of voltage or current used to represent the 1s and 0s of
a digital data on a transmission link is called line encoding. The common types of line encoding are
unipolar, polar, bipolar, and Manchester encoding.

MATLAB Code:
clc;
close all;
clear all;
x=[1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0];
nx=size(x,2);
sign=1;
i=1;
while i<nx+1
t = i:0.001:i+1-0.001;
if x(i)==1
unipolar_code=square(t*2*pi,100);
polar_code=square(t*2*pi,100);
bipolar_code=sign*square(t*2*pi,100);
sign=sign*-1;
manchester_code=-square(t*2*pi,50);
else
unipolar_code=0;
polar_code=-square(t*2*pi,100);
bipolar_code=0;
manchester_code=square(t*2*pi,50);
end
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,unipolar_code);
ylabel('unipolar code');
hold on;
grid on;
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axis([1 10 -2 2]);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,polar_code);
ylabel('polar code');
hold on;
grid on;
axis([1 10 -2 2]);
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,bipolar_code);
ylabel('bipolar code');
hold on;
grid on;
axis([1 10 -2 2]);
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,manchester_code);
ylabel('manchester code');
hold on;
grid on;
axis([1 10 -2 2]);
i=i+1;
end

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OUTPUT:

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Artech House - A Professionals Guide to Data Communication in a TCP-IP World 2006

Computer Networks (4th Ed 2003) - Andrew Tanenbaum Prentice Hall
Data Communications and Networking - Behrouz A 4th Edition
Data and Computer Communications by William Stallings, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall
Computer Networking- A Top-Down Approach Featuring the Internet by Kurose & Ross, 3rd
Edition, Pearson Education
Data Communications And Computer Networks By Prakash C. Gupta
Data Communication And Computer Networks, 1E by B B Tiwari R Agarwal
Understanding Data Communications, 7/E by Held
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach by Curt M.
White
Data Communication System by Monika Khurana
Understanding Data Communications and Networks by William A. Shay
Computer Networks and Internets with Internet Applications, 4/e by Comer
Data and Network Communications by Michael A. Miller
Basics of computer networking by Thomas G. Robertazzi
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
http://ocw.mit.edu/
http://see.stanford.edu/
http://mycourses.med.harvard.edu/public/
https://sites.google.com/a/ciitlahore.edu.pk/eee314/
http://libweb.lancs.ac.uk/
http://www.mathworks.com

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