Experiment no.

3
Light Intensity:
In photometry, luminous intensity is a measure of the wavelengthweighted power emitted by a light source in a particular direction per
unit solid angle, based on the luminosity function, a standardized model of
the sensitivity of the human eye. The SI unit of luminous intensity is
the candela (cd), an SI base unit.

Natural light sources:

Sun: The sun is a star that is a huge ball of gas. Explosions at the
centre of the sun produce large amounts of energy. This energy is
released as light and heat. Some of this light reaches Earth and gives
us daylight. The light that comes from the sun is known as white light.
Stars: The stars provide only small amounts of light at night as they
are billions of kilometers away from Earth
Moon: A full moon, however, can provide quite a lot of light. The light
from the moon is just light reflected from the sun.
Aurora's: An aurora is a natural light display in the sky (from the Latin
word aurora, "sunrise" or the Roman goddess of dawn), predominantly
seen in the high latitude (Arctic and Antarctic) regions
Lightning: Lightning is a sudden electrostatic discharge during an
electrical storm between electrically charged regions of a cloud (called
intra-cloud lightning or IC), between that cloud and another cloud
(CC lightning), or between a cloud and the ground (CG lightning).
Meteors: A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body travelling
through space. When such an object enters the Earth's atmosphere at
a speed typically in excess of 20 km/s, aerodynamic heating produces
a streak of light, both from the glowing object and the trail of glowing
particles that it leaves in its wake. This phenomenon is called a
meteor, or colloquially a "shooting star" or "falling star".
Foxfire fungus: Foxfire fungus is the bioluminescence created by
some species of fungi present in decaying wood. The bluish-green glow
is attributed to luciferase, an oxidative enzyme, which emits light as it
reacts with luciferin.
Lava: Lava is the molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption
and the resulting rock after solidification and cooling. This molten rock
is formed in the interior of some planets, including Earth, and some of
their satellites.

Artificial light sources:

Artificial light sources are light sources which artificially combine just the
necessary components of the optical spectrum. The way in which these
components are combined determines the color rendering of the light source
and thereby affects the way in which objects appear when illuminated with
the light source.
Some sources of artificial lights are as follow:

Incandescent bulb: An incandescent bulb consists of a filament that

glows when electricity is passed through it.
Halogen lamp: A halogen lamp is a type of incandescent lamp where
high-pressure halogen gas is inside the bulb allowing the filament to
burn hotter and longer.
Gaseous Discharge: This technology passes electricity through a
gas, which excites the gas and causes it to glow. Fluorescent, highintensity discharge lights (HID) and low-pressure sodium lights use this
technology.
LED: LEDs are the newest type of artificial light and were born out of
the electronics and computer industry. An LED is a tiny electronic
device that emits light.

Observation:

Location

Observed
Value
O

Standard
Value
S

Difference
S-O

Classroom

189

300

111

Corridor

318

100

-218

Library

568

300

-268

Open atmosphere

1935

10752

8817

Lab

141

500

359

Experiment no. 4
Sound level:
Sound level is usually defined in terms of something called Sound Pressure
Level (SPL). SPL is actually a ratio of the absolute, Sound Pressure and a
reference level (usually the Threshold of Hearing, or the lowest intensity
sound that can be heard by most people).
SPL is measured in decibels (dB), because of the incredibly broad range of
intensities we can hear.

Sound proofing:
Soundproofing is any means of reducing the sound pressure with respect to a
specified sound source and receptor. There are several basic approaches to
reducing sound: increasing the distance between source and receiver,
using noise barriers to reflect or absorb the energy of the sound waves, using
damping structures such as sound baffles, or using active anti noise sound
generators.

Techniques of sound proofing:

Decoupling & Soundproofing
Decoupling is the first element in soundproofing. Sound is nothing more than
a vibration. The sound vibration will travel (conduct) easily if there is a nice
solid direct pathway to follow. Imagine an iron pipe. Strike one end and the
sound vibration is easily and rapidly conducted to the other end of the pipe.
We would like to block that conduction. We do this by decoupling.
For your wall (or ceiling) we want less sound vibration to travel from one side
to the other. It is extremely helpful if we decouple the framing in our walls
(and ceilings). It's simple, inexpensive and highly effective.

Sound Absorption, Sound Vibration

Hollow air cavities will resonate noise. Youve heard" the ocean in a seashell
and youve also blown across the top of a bottle and heard the deep whistle.
Both sounds are actually the trapped air resonating. Your hollow wall will also
trap air that resonates. When your neighbor vibrates his side of the wall, the
air in the wall cavity is also vibrated, just like a drum. This air cavity is clearly
another method for sound vibration to travel from one side of the wall to the
other and requires soundproofing.
Even though the wall framing is decoupled, the vibrating air cavity will still
transmit sound through the wall between the studs. Simple fiberglass
insulation will absorb some of this noise (absorption).
Insulation helps to a degree for soundproofing, and should be done if
possible. The sound vibration reduction is smaller than the other three
elements we use. Don't compress or pack the insulation, otherwise it will
actually start conducting sound vibrations and an amount of soundproofing
will be lost.
Adding Mass
Mass is a very important element in soundproofing. We simply want to make
the walls or ceiling as heavy as possible. Its harder for sound to move
something heavy. Examples of heavy materials include Drywall, Plywood,
OSB, and Cement Board.
For sound to conduct through a wall, it has to actually move the wall a teeny
bit. A heavy wall is harder to move than a lighter wall. Drywall is one of the
lowest cost sources of mass available. Use thicker, heavier drywall like 5/8.

It is very important to note that a heavy wall will still vibrate from sound,
however not as easily.

This graph illustrates the improvements in soundproofing gained from adding

additional drywall.
The Most Important Element for Soundproofing: Damping
Damping is the last and the biggest element for soundproofing. If we could
reduce his drywall from sound vibration in the first place, it would make
the jobs of the mass, the insulation and the decoupling easier and much
more effective. Keep in mind that his drywall is a HUGE surface area that is
vibrating and causing sound vibration.

Observations:

Location

Standard
value
S(dB)
35

Difference
S-M

LAB

Measured
value
M (dB)
42

Class room

45

30

-15

Corridors

58

35

-23

Main road

63

80

17

-7

Experiment no. 5
Gantt chart:
A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart, adapted by Karol Adamiecki in 1896, and
independently by Henry Gantt in the 1910s, that illustrates a project
schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal
elements and summary elements of a project.

Construction of Gantt chart:

A Gantt chart is constructed with a horizontal axis representing the total time
span of the project, broken down into increments (for example, days, weeks,
or months) and a vertical axis representing the tasks that make up the
project (for example, if the project is outfitting your computer with new
software, the major tasks involved might be: conduct research, choose
software, install software). Horizontal bars of varying lengths represent the
sequences, timing, and time span for each task. Using the same example,
you would put "conduct research" at the top of the vertical axis and draw a
bar on the graph that represents the amount of time you expect to spend on
the research, and then enter the other tasks below the first one and
representative bars at the points in time when you expect to undertake
them. The bar spans may overlap, as, for example, you may conduct
research and choose software during the same time span. As the project
progresses, secondary bars, arrowheads, or darkened bars may be added to
indicate completed tasks, or the portions of tasks that have been completed.
A vertical line is used to represent the report date.

Observations:
Activity

Dependant
activity

Time taken

B,C

C,D

15

(days)

Comments:

Gantt chart schedules the activities to be done in minimum time.

It tells that what activity has to b work on and when. And which one
overlaps the other.
In above mentioned reading all the activities (A-H) of a certain project
were completed in 59 days, but scheduling it on Gantt Chart helps to
complete that project in just 33 days. So we have saved 26 days.