3 BOOK OF LATIN VERBS FULLY CONJUGATED VERBS ¢ Alphabetically Arranged ¢ 3,400 Example Sentences from Classical Authors * Top 40 Verbs with Adjoining Page of Usage Examples ¢ At-a-Glance Tense Profiles Explain Forms and Usages ¢ Verb Form Index for Highly Irregular Verbs * Cross-Referenced Index of 2,500 Latin Verbs ¢ English-Latin Index of Model Conjugations ¢ Plus Model Noun and Adjective Declension Tables PdContents Preface v The Formation and Use of Latin Verbs 1 Easy-to-view summaries of the formation and uses of all Latin verb forms The Basics of Conjugation 1 Principal Parts 3 The Indicative Mood 5 The Present Indicative Tense 5 The Imperfect indicative Tense 6 The Future Indicative Tense 8 The Perfect indicative Tense 10 The Pluperfect indicative Tense 12 The Future Perfect Indicative Tense 14 The Subjunctive Mood 15 The Present Subjunctive Tense 15 The Imperfect Subjunctive Tense 16 The Perfect Subjunctive Tense 16 The Pluperfect Subjunctive Tense 17 Uses of the Subjunctive 18 The Imperative Mood 23 . Nonfinite Forms 25 The Gerund, Gerundive, and Supine 25 Infinitives 28 Participles 29 Composite Verb Forms 30 Atypical Verbs 30 Deponent Verbs 30 Verbs That Govern Cases Other than the Accusative 33 Verbs with Irregular Principal Parts 33 Verbs That Lack One or More Principal Parts 35 Impersonal Verbs 35 Verbs That Lack Some or All Passive Forms 36 Verbs with Alternative Forms 36 Defective Verbs 37 The Declension of Latin Nouns, Adjectives, and Pronouns, and the Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs 38 * Easy-to-view summaries of the formation of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs Nouns and Adjectives 38 First- and Second-Declension Nouns 38 First- and Second-Declension Adjectives 38 Third-Declension Nouns (Consonant Stems) 39 Third-Declension Nouns (Masculine and Feminine i-Stems) 40 Third-Declension Nouns (Neuter i-Stems) 41 Third-Declension Adjectives (Consonant Stems) 41 Third-Declension Adjectives (i-Stems) 41 Fourth-Declension Nouns 42 Fifth-Declension Nouns 43iv Contents Pronouns 43 Personal and Reflexive Pronouns 43 Demonstrative Pronouns 44 Other Pronouns 45 Comparison of Adjectives 47 Comparison of Adverbs 48 555 Fully Conjugated Verbs 49 * Alphabetically ordered with examples from Latin literature Top 40 Verbs: A full page of examples adjoining select conjugations Verb Conjugation Tables 49 Examples 49 Authors and Works 49 Top 40 Verbs 52 English-Latin Verb Index 648 * 555 verb models cross-referenced by English meaning Irregular Verb Form Index 661 * Index showing the first principal part of irregular Latin verb forms Latin Verb Index 666 * More than 2,500 verbs cross-referenced to the full verb modelsPreface In the performance of his religious duties, a sixteenth-century English priest with a some- what deficient knowledge of Latin was in the habit of saying quod in ore mumpsimus instead of quod in ore sumpsimus (“what we have taken in our mouth”). When a member of his congregation remarked that mumpsintus was not a Latin word, he replied, “I will not change my old mumpsimus for your new sumpsinus.” No doubt the dearth of suitable reference books had led the unfortunate cleric into this mistake, and the authors hope that the present volume will help beginners in Latin to avoid similar errors. The aim of this book is to give students as much help as possible with a wide range of Latin verbs, and for this reason we have given preference to the following kinds of verbs. Verbs with irregular forms * Verbs with irregular principal parts Verbs that, although similar to others, nevertheless present problems * Verbs with a wide range of meanings * Verbs with the same form in the first-person singular of the present tense (e.g., fundo, fundare establish and funds, fundere pour). We have not included many verbs that are completely regular and whose meaning is straightforward, e.g., nuntid and acciis6. Verbs such as these are listed in the Latin Verb Index and referred for their conjugation to models from among the 555 verbs. Our treatment of the Latin verb system reflects the usage of both the Golden and Sil- ver ages of Roman literature. Most examples come from Cicero, Caesar, Livy, Vergil, Horace, and Ovid, since these are the writers whom students will most probably be read- ing. Many examples, however, are from pre-classical authors (particularly Plautus, ‘Ter- ence, and Cato), but we have not included verb forms peculiar to them; this would have cluttered the conjugation tables and been confusing to beginners. Our principal authority on forms and meanings of verbs has been the Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford University Press), which has also provided many examples. Students at the beginning of their Latin studies may find this standard work of reference cum- bersome to use; they would be better advised to use D. A. Kidd’s Latin-English, English- Latin Dictionary (HarperCollins Publishers) or C.T. Lewis's Elementary Latin Dictionary (Oxford University Press). ‘The authors thank Gareth Williams, Chair and Professor of Classics, Columbia Uni- versity, for reading the page proof and making valuable emendations and suggestions.‘The Formation and Use of Latin Verbs THE BASICS OF CONJUGATION To conjugate a verb is to list the different forms that it can assume. When we have done this, che result is its conjugation. In Latin almost all verbs are conjugated in one of five patterns, and these are called the first, second, third, fourth, and mixed conjugations. Verb forms are either finite or nonfinite. Finite forms are those that can be used by themselves to make up a clause, for example, stroked in the English sentence I stroked the cat. Nonfinite forms cannot be used by themselves in this way; I stroking the cat is not a complete clause or sentence because stroking is a nonfinite form of the verb to stroke, One can, however, say Lam stroking the cat; here stroking is not used by itself but is accompa nied by the auxiliary verb am. Finite Verb Forms A Latin verb has many more forms than an English verb, although the overall catego- ries are much the same. In both languages a verb form can be singular or plural; first-, second-, or third-person; active or passive; and so on. As in English, a verb in Latin varies according to the context in which a particular form is used. ‘These variations for finite verb forms are classified as person, number, tense, mood, and voice. Person and Number A finite verb form is either singular or plural in Latin, just as in English. Both Latin and English verbs have three persons: first, second, and third. First person is the person(s) speaking, i.c., [ or we; second person is the person(s) spoken to, i.e., you; and third person is the person(s) or thing(s) spoken about, ice, he, she, it, or they. Finite verbs Vowel quantity (length) in Latin A Latin vowel is either long or short. If the vowel of a particular Latin word is followed by only one consonant or no consonant at all, its quan- tity in that word—that is, whether it is long or short—can be determined from Latin verse. In this book, all such vowels are marked with a macron if Jong (e.g., véni I came), and left unmarked if short (¢.g., venit he comes). The quantity of most vowels followed by ‘two oF more consonants cannot be decided from Latin verse and are not marked, except for forms of edo eat (No. 160), where the quantity of the long stem vowel followed by ewo consonants is marked (¢.g., &st) to distinguish these forms from forms of sum be (xo. 496). Latin intervocalic i Intervocalic i is ordinarily pronounced as a double consonant; thus, maior is pronounced may-yor. This rule does not apply, however, if the i begins a word used as the second element of a compound (praiécit is pronounced prob-yey-kit) Compounds of iacié When iacié throw (wo. 223) forms a compound with a preposi- tional prefix, the a of the present stem is shortened to i, giving ~iicid. This is written with a single i (-ici6), however, even though it is always pronounced yi-ki-ob. Hence abicio thraxo away (No. 3) and dBici6 throw down (No. 135) are pronounced ab-yi-ki-ob and dey-yi- ki-ob, The first syllable of compounds such as abicid is long for metrical purposes, but the quantity of the initial vowel remains short Latin examples Examples in this book are taken from early and classical Latin litera~ ture, along with several proverbs collected by Erasmus in his Adagia. Each example is accompanied by a reference to the source from which it is taken. For details on the pre- sentation of examples and a list of authors and works cited, see p. 49.2. THE BASICS OF CONJUGATION must agree with their subject in person and number. If, for example, the subject of a clause is the first-person plural pronoun we, the verb must also be first-person plural. Unlike English, Latin has both a singular and a plural form for the second person. The second-person singular form is used when speaking to one person, the second-person plural form when speaking to more than one person. Latin does not distinguish between familiar and polite forms of the second person, as Spanish, French, and other languages do. When a master and slave were talking to each other in ancient Rome, both would have used the second-person singular form of the verb. Person applies only to finite forms of the verb. Tense Every finite form of a verb, as well as participles and infinitives, indicates that the action or state expressed takes place in a particular time. Vine I conquer refers to the present, vincam [ will conquer to the future. These temporal states are called tenses, and Latin has six: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. Mood Every finite form of a verb is in one of three moods, as follows. * Indicative—to express a fact: Brutus purchased a dagger yesterday. * Subjunctive—to express something that might happen, might be happening, or might have happened: If he were to see Caesar, there would be trouble. (In Latin both verbs would be in the subjunctive.) * Imperative—to give an ord : Brutus, throw that dagger away! Infinitives are sometimes regarded as forming a mood of their own. Other nonfinite forms of the Latin verb (e.g., participles) are not considered to be in any mood. Voice All verb forms, both finite and nonfinite, belong to one of two voices: active and passive. ‘The subject of an active verb is the doer of the action: Catullus saw Lesbia, With a passive verb, the subject suffers or receives the action: Lesbia was seen by Catullus. Nonfinite Forms ‘The nonfinite forms of the Latin verb are the following: infinitive, participle, gerun- dive, gerund, and supine. All other forms are finite. Infinitives are those forms of a verb that in English are normally preceded by to, ¢.g., 10 conquer, to be conquered, to harve conquered, to have been conquered (the present active, present passive, past active, and past passive infinitives of the verb conquer). A Latin verb has active and passive infinitives too, and these infinitives exist in different tenses. Latin in- finitives are not preceded by a word corresponding to the English ro. The forms of the infinitive are given with the finite-verb conjugations below; for its uses, see p. 28. Participles and gerundives are verbal adjectives. English has participles (¢.g., running in the running man), but nothing that corresponds to Latin gerundives. Participial forms are given with the finite-verb conjugations below; for uses of the participle, see pp. 29- 30; for the formation and uses of the Latin gerundive, see pp. 25-27. Gerunds and supines are verbal nouns. Verbal nouns exist in English and have the same form as the present participle (c.g., runing in Running is not advisable for a person of my age). For the formation and uses of gerunds and supines, see pp. 25-28.PRINCIPAL PARTS 3 PRINCIPAL PARTS The first-person singular, present indicative active is the form by which all Latin verbs are listed in dictionaries and vocabularies. (For the way in which deponent verbs are listed, sce p. 32.) In English the present infinitive (without 0) is used. Latin has only eleven verbs that are genuinely irregular (that is, they have some forms that cannot be derived from the stems of their principal parts). aio say £76 became possum he uble edd eat inguam say sum be co go milo prefer vol wish, be willing ferds carry nde, he umilling Any other verb can be fully conjugated if its four principal parts are known; these indi- cate the stems from which all its forms are derived. These principal parts are as follows. First-person singular (1 sg.), present indicative active Present active infinitive First-person singular (1 sg.), perfect indicative active Supine The following table presents the principal parts of the model verbs that will be used to represent the five Latin conjugations. 1 2 3 4 Mixed amé love moned warn reg rule. audi hear _—_capi6 take (0.33) ___(v0. 307) (0.425) (vo. 58) (90.7) 159, present indicative active amd moned rego audio capi6 Present active infinitive amare monére regere —_audire capere 15g, perfect indicative active amavi_ = monut rexi audivi cept supine amatum — monitum rectum auditum —_captum hese four principal parts are given in the banner for each verb in the conjugation tables. (For the principal parts of deponent verbs, see p. 32; for verbs that lack one or more principal parts, see p. 35.) Mixed-conjugation verbs end in -i6 in the first-person singular, present indicative active, but their present active infinitive ends in -ere. Because these verbs show features of both the third and fourth conjugations, they are sometimes called third/fourth-conjugation verbs. The endings of the first two principal parts indicate the conjugation to which a verb belongs. -,-are First conjugation “£6, Second conjugation ~,-ere Third conjugation . Fourth conjugation ere Mixed conjugation ‘The stems of these verbs are derived from their principal parts. 1 2 3 4 __ Mixed Present indicative active amd moned rego capi Present active infinitive amare = monére_—regere capere Present stem ama- mone- _reg- capi- Perfect stem amiv- monu- _—_rex- cép- Supine stem amat- _monit-_rect-4 PRINCIPAL PARTS The present stem is used to form the present, imperfect, and future indicative tenses (both active and passive); the present and imperfect subjunctive tenses (both active and : Ps pr P i assive); the present active participle; the first and second imperatives; the gerund; and Passive); the p participle; P the gerundive. ‘The perfect stem is used to form the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative active tenses; the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive active tenses; and the perfect active infinitive, The supine stem is used to form the supine itself, as well as the future active participle and the perfect passive participle. The future active participle combines with esse to form the future active infinitive. The perfect passive participle is used to form the per- fect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative passive tenses; the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive passive tenses; the future passive infinitive with iri; and the perfect passive infinitive with esse. Most verbs in the first, second, and fourth conjugations (¢.g., amd, moned, and audid) are regular, that is, their principal parts follow the pattern typical of the conjugation to which they belong. First conjugation ‘The final -a- of the present stem is replaced by -av- to form the perfect stem, and by -at- to form the supine stem. Second conjugation The final -e- of the present stem is replaced by -u- to form the perfect stem, and by ~it- to form the supine stem. Fourth conjugation The final -i- of the present stem is replaced by -iv- to form the perfect stem, and by -it- to form the supine stem. For verbs of these conjugations that do not follow the typical pattern, the irregular prin- cipal parts must be learned. This is also true for all verbs of the third and mixed conjuga- tions. See “Verbs with Irregular Principal Parts,” p. 33. A few verbs belong to the first conjugation but end in -e6 or -i6; examples follow. cred - creire - creavt- creatum procreate (No. 119) nuntio - nuntiare - nuntiavi - nuntitum announce The mixed conjugation contains a small number of verbs, but many of these are com- monly used. capid - capere - cépi - captum take (No. 71) cupid - cupere - cupivi (-it)- cupitum desire (wo. 125) facié - facere - féci - factum make, do (No. 180) fodio - fodere - fodi - fossum dig (No. 196) fugio - fugere « figi - fugirirus fle (No. 203) iacid - iacere - ict - iactum throw (No. 223) parid - parere - pepert - partum give birth to (No. 360) quatio - quatere --—- quassum shake (No. 415) rapid - rapere - rapui - raptum seize (No. 420) sapid - sapere - sapivi (-it) - — taste (No. 447) (A missing principal part is indicated by a long dash here and in the list of principal parts in each verb’s conjugation banner.) The mixed conjugation also includes compounds of obsolete or little-used verbs in ~cutid, ~cutere (e.g., percuti6 strike (No. 371)), -licid, -licere (e.g., pellici6 seduce (No. 366)) and -spicia, -spicere (e.g., aspici look at (No. 51)). Most Latin verbs have all four principal parts. Some verbs, however, do not have a per- fect or supine, and some have neither; see p. 35 for examples. For verbs that have no supine but do have a future active participle, the participle is given as the fourth princi- pal part (as for fugid above).The Present Indicative Tense 5 THE INDICATIVE MOOD The Present Indicative Tense Formation 1 2 3 4 ama- mone- reg- audi- amo moned rego audio 2 amis monés regis audis 3 amat monet regit audit tpl amamus monémus regimus audimus 2 amatis monatis regitis auditis 3 amant monent regunt audiunt capiunt Participle —armans monens regens audiens capiens Infinitive amare monére regere audire capere Passive 459, amor moneor regor audior capior 2 amaris (-are) monéris (ere) regeris (-ere) _audiris (-ire)__caperis (-ere) 3 amatur monétur regitur audicur capitur tl amamur monémur regimur capimur 2 amamini monémint regimini capimini 3 amantur monentur reguntur capiuntur Infinitive ami monéri regi capi * There is no present passive participle. The present active participle is declined as a one-termination é-stem adjective of the third declension (see p. 41). * In the forms above, the final vowel of the stem in the first, second, and fourth conju- gations is either long or short according to a regular pattern; for example, the vowel of the second-person singular is always long: amas, monés, audis. The only exception is the form amé itself, where the final vowel of the stem disappeared by contraction (amé < ama6). The third-person plural endings of the fourth conjugation (audi-unt/ audi-untur) are the same as those of the third (reg-unt/reg-untur). * Because the stem of most third-conjugation verbs ends in a consonant, a special set of endings is used to avoid ewo consonants coming together and the resulting diffi- culty in pronunciation (e.g., regs and regt); each of these endings begins with a short vowel. A few third-conjugation verbs have a stem in u- (e.g., ru rush (No. 440)) but have the same endings. * The alternative form for the second-person singular, present indicative passive is given in the conjugation tables. Similar alternative forms occur in the imperfect and future passive tenses. * An older form of the present passive infinitive, with the ending -ier instead of -i, was sometimes used by poets. “Nolim laudarier (= lauda (Horace S. 1.2.356.) Ego nold mé meretricem dicier (= dici). Ido not wish to be called a courtesan (PLavtus Cist. 83) ) sie ma.” “1 would not want to be praised for that reason.” Uses he present indicative is used to express an action or state occurring at the present time. Latin does not make the distinctions that English does between simple present (I go to Rome), continuous present (I am going to Rome), and emphatic present (I do go t0 Rome). Each of these statements becomes Romam 6 in Latin. In translating from6 THE INDICATIVE MOOD Latin, the appropriate form of the English present tense is determined by context. In addition, Latin uses the same form of a verb for questions as for statements. Cicer6nem vides. You see Cicero. Ciceronemne vides? Do you see Cicero? * In a narrative that is set in the past, Latin authors often used the present tense to describe an event in order to create a vivid effect; this is called the bistoric present. Although this idiom is possible in English, it is by no means common. Often a Latin author switched from a past tense to the historic present within the same sentence. Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eds per When it had been reported to Caesar that they provinciam nostram iter facere condri, were trying to march through our province, matirat ab urbe proficisci. be hastened (lit., hastens) to set out from the (Catsar B.G. 1.7.1) «ity. For uses of the historic infinitive, see p. 28. * With iam already, now and similar adverbs, the present tense is used to describe actions that have been going on for some time. (French uses the same idiom.) English uses the perfect tense instead. [Mithradatés] ab illo tempore annum From that date Mitbradates has now been iam tertium et vicésimum regnat, ruling for twenty-two years (lit, is ruling (Cicero Man. 7) for the twenty-third year) * Ina narrative that is set in the past, the conjunction dum is followed by the present tense when used in the sense of while, during the time that. Dum ea Romani parant consultantque, While the Romans were making these iam Saguntum summé vi oppugnabatur. preparations and deliberating, Saguntum (Livy 21.7.1) ‘was already being vigorously assaulted. When dum (or donee) has the meaning until, as long as, or provided that, the verb of its clause is not restricted in this way. Donec gratus eram tibi, Persarum vigui. As Jong as I was pleasing t0 you, I flourished rege beatior. (Horace Carm. 3.9.1,4) in greater happiness than the king of the Persians. This use of the present does not occur with other conjunctions. The Imperfect Indicative Tense Formation 1 2 3 4 Mixed stem am: moné- reg- audi- capi- Active ts. amabam monebam regébam audigbam capigbam 2 amibi monébas regebas audiebas capiebas 3 amabat monebat regebat audigbat capiébat tpl amabamus monebamus regebamus ——_audigbamus capiébamus 2 amabitis monébi regebatis audigbatis capiebatis 3 amabant monébant regebant audiébant capigbant Passive 15g. amabar monébar regebar audiébar capiébar 2 amabaris (-are) _monébaris (-are) regebaris (-are) audiebaris (-are) _capiebaris (-are) 3 amabatur monebatur regébatur audiebacur capiebatur tp. amabamur monebamur —regébamur —audigbamur capigbamur 2 amabimini_ —— monébam regebamini —audiébamini._—_capiebamini 3 _amabantur__monebantur__—regébantur__audigbantur__capi¢banturThe Imperfect Indicative Tense 7 * For the imperfect indicative of the first and second conjugations, the final vowel of the present stem is lengthened and the endings -bam, -bas, -bat, etc. are added. For the imperfect indicative of the third, fourth, and mixed conjugations, the endings -ébam, -ébas, -ébat, etc. are added to the present stem. * There are no imperfect infinitives or participles. Uses * The imperfect is most commonly used to express continuous or habitual action in the past. [Verrés] in forum venit; ardébant ocull, Verves came to the forum; bis eyes were td ex Gre criidélitas minebat. blazing, cruelty was showing clearly on his (Cicero Ver. 2.5.161) face. {continuous action] Nocti ambulabat in public Themistoclés, Themistocles used to walk in public at night quod somnum capere non poset. because be could not get to sleep. (Cicero TD. 4.44) {habitual action] Both of these senses are commonly expressed in English by a simple past (c, blazed). * The inceptive imperfect describes an action that was begun in the past but was not completed. 5 bis eyes [Piso] simul cariam relinquébat. commétus Ar the same time Piso began to leave the Senate est Tiberius, et propinquds eius impulit ouse. Tiberius was upset and urged Piso's ut abeuntem auctoritite vel precibus relatives to stop bim with their influence or tenérent. (Tacrrus Ann. 2.34.1) entreaties as he was going out. * The conative imperfect describes an action that was attempted in the past but was not completed. It is often indistinguishable from an inceptive imperfect. Veniébatis in provinciam .... prohibit You tried to enter your province. ...you were estis in provincia vestra pedem ponere. stopped from setting foot in your province. (Cicero Lig. 24) * With iam already, now and similar adverbs, the imperfect tense is used to describe ac- tions that had been going on for some time in the past. English uses the pluperfect tense in this situation. Iamdadum, malier, tibi adversabar. T bad already been opposing you for some time, (Praurus Men. 418f.) ‘madam. * The Roman manner of writing letters was different from ours. When we write a letter today, we use the present tense to describe events happening at the time of writing, for example, As I write this, the situation has reached an extremely dangerous stage. A Roman, however, often wrote from the temporal perspective of the person receiving the letter and would say Rés, cum haec scribébam, erat in extrémum adducta discrimen (Cicero Fam, 12.6.2). What was a current happening for the writer is described by the imperfect or perfect, and what happened in the past is described by the pluperfect tense. Cum mihi dixisset Caecilius puerum sé Since Caecilius has told me that be is sending Romam mittere, haee scripsi raptim. «slave to Rome, I am rwriting this in haste (Cicero Art. 2.9.1)8 THE INDICATIVE MOOD The Future Indicative Tense Formation 1 2 3 stem ama- moné- reg- Active 119. amabo monébo regam 2 amabis monebis reges 3 ambit monebit reget tpl amabimus monébimus regemus 2 amabitis monebitis regétis 3 amabunt monébunt regent Participle — amatiir-us (-a, -um) monitar-us (-a,-um) reetiir-us (-a,-um) Infinitive amatir-us(-a,-um) esse monittir-us(-a,-un) esse rectus (-a,-um) esse Passive 159 amabor monébor regar 2 amaberis (-ere) monéberis (-ere) regéris (-ére) 3 amabitur monebicur regétur tol amabimur monébimur regemur 2 amabimint monébimini regémini 3 amabuntur monébuntur regentur Infinitive amatum it monitum iri rectunn i 4 Mixed stem audi- capi- tg, avdiam capiam 2 audiés capiés 3 audiet capiet tel audiémus capiémus 2 audiétis 3 audient capient Partiiple —auditdr-us (-a, -um) captar-us (-a, -um) Infinitive auditiir-us(-a,-um) esse captiir-us (-a, um) esse Passive 159 audiar capiar 2 audieris (-ere) capiéris (ere) 3 audiétur capietur tpl audiémur capiémur 2 audigmini capiémini 3 audientur capientur Infinitive captum * The future indicative is formed from the present stem. In the first and second conju- gations, the final vowel of the stem is lengthened and the endings -bé, -bis, -bit, etc are added. In the third, fourth, and mixed conjugations, the endings -am, -és, -et, etc. are added to the unmodified present stem. * The future active participle is formed by adding -tirus to the supine stem. * The future active infinitive consists of the future active participle plus the infinitive of sum. This participle must agree with the subject of the infinitive in number and gender. * The future passive infinitive consists of the supine in -um (see pp. 25 and 28) plus iri, the present passive infinitive of e6 go. (The use of iri here is purely idiomatic and canThe Future Indicative Tense 9 not be given an exact English equivalent; amatum iri means to be going to be loved.) Since the supine (which is a verbal noun) is used here, not a participle, there is no agreement with the subject of the infinitive. The future passive infinitive is not com- mon in Latin authors. * There is no future passive participle. Uses * ‘The future indicative tense is used to describe something that is expected to happen in the future. English has a continuous future (J will be going) as well as a simple future (L will go); this distinction does not exist in Latin. * The future is occasionally used to express an order. ‘Ta nihil invita dices faciesve Minerva. You will say or do nothing if Minerva is (Horace Ars 385) unwilling: + Sum has two future infinitive forms: futir-us (-a, -um) esse and fore 10 be going to be (there is no difference in meaning). Fore is the only one-word future infinitive in Latin; it is not inflected. * Use of the future active infinitive is common. Suspicati hostés hiic nostrds esse ventirds, The enemy, suspecting that our men would come nocti in silvis délituerant here, bad hidden in the woods during the (Cassar BG. 4.32.4) night Esse is often omitted. Propter multitiidinem et veterem belli They imagined that they would fight without gloriam paucitatemque nostrorum sé risk because of their numbers and established nit dimicattirds existimabant. fame in war, and the small number of our (Caesar B.G. 3.24.2) ‘men. Use of the future passive infinitive is less common. Ceeinit tibi aram hic dicatum ir She prophesied that an altar would be dedicated (Livy 1.7.10) 10 you here. Dicatum does not agree with its subject, aram, because it is a supine, not a participle. * Latin authors often avoided the future passive infinitive by using the periphrastic con- struction fore (or futarum esse) ut plus the subjunctive (lit. [it] to be going to be that...). Spérant fore ut patris literis nuntiisque They hope that the son will be restrained from filius ab illo furdre revocétur. bis madness by bis father’s letters and (Cicero Ver 2.2.97) messages. In this example, fore ut...filius...revocétur could be replaced by an accusative with-infinitive construction: filium revocatum iri. Exaudita vox est a lcd Vestac futarum A 0ice was beard from the grove of Vesta that esse ut Roma caperétur, Rome would be captured. (Cicero Div. 1.101) Futirum esse ut Roma caperétur could be replaced by an accusative-with-infinitive construction: Rémam captum ii Sometimes this construction is used because a verb does nor have a supine. Nondum ulceratd serpentis mors When Philoctetes was not yet festering as a result Philoctéti quae causa in rérum nai of the snake's bite, whai cause was there in the continébatur, fore utis in insuli Lemn6 nature of things that he should be abandoned linquerétur? (Cicero Fat. 36) ‘on the island of Lenmmos? (Lingus has no supine and, therefore, no future passive infinitive form.)10 THE INDICATIVE MOOD ‘This construction can even be used to replace a future active infinitive. Putabam fore ut scirem iam quid Magnam spem habére coepi fore ut té brevi tempore incolumem habérémus. Brundisi actum esset. (Cicero Att. 9.1.1) (Cicero Fam. 6.13.1) T thought I would know by now what had been done at Brundisium. The Perfect Indicative Tense Formation Thegan to entertain great bopes that we would shortly bave you fvith us] unbarmed. Active ‘Stem amav- monu- rex- tg. amavi monui Text 2 amavisti monuisti rexistt 3 amavit monuit Texit tpl. amavimus monuimus reximus 2 amavistis monuistis rexistis a amaverunt (-ére) monuérunt (-ére) rexerunt (-ére) Infiniive —_ amavisse monuisse rexisse Passive 19 amit-us(-a,-um) sum monit-us(-a,-um) sum —_rect-us (-a,-um) sum 2 amat-us (-a,-um) es monit-us (-a, -um) es rect-us (-a, -um) es 3 amat-us(-a,-um) est monit-us(-a,-um) est —_rect-us (-a,-um) est, tpl amati(-ae,-a)sumus monit-I(-ae,-a) sumus _rect-i (-ae, -a) sumus 2 amat-t (-ae, a) estis monit-i (-ae,-a) estis rect-I (-ae, -a) estis 2 amt-i (-ae, -a) sunt (-ae,-a) sunt rect-i (-ae, a) sunt Porticiple — amat-us (-a, um) monit-us (-a, -um) rect-us (-a,-um) Infinitive amat-us(-a,-um) esse __monit-us (-a,-um) esse ___rect-us(-a,-um) esse Mixed Active stem cep- 15g. cépi 2 cepis 3 audivit cepit 1p audivimus cépimus 2 audivistis cepistis 3 audiverunt (-ére) ceperunt (-ére) Infinitive andivisse cepisse Passive 159 audit-us(-a,-um) sum capt-us (-a, um) sum 2 audit-us (-a, -um) es capt-us (-a, -um) es 3 audit-us(-a,-um) est capt-us (-a, -um) est, tpl. -ae,-a) sumus ——_capt-i (ae, -a) sumus. 2 (-ae, -a) estis a -ae,-a) sunt participle audit-us (-a, -um) capt-us (-a,-um) Infinitive _audit-us (-a, -um) esse capt-us (-a, -um) esse * ‘The endings for the perfect indicative active and the perfect active infinitive are the same for all conjugations; they are added to the perfect stem of the verb.The Perfect Indicative Tense 11 * The perfect indicative passive consists of two words: the perfect passive participle plus the present tense of sum. English has many tenses that are formed in the same way, for example, the continuous present (I am loving) and the perfect (J have loved). The perfect passive participle must agree with its subject in number and gender, for exam- ple, puellae auditae sunt the girls have been heard, the girks were beard; servas monitus est the slave has been warned, the slave was warned. * The third-person plural of the perfect indicative active has an alternative ending: ~ére. This was much used by poets, but also occurs in some prose authors, such as Livy and Tacitus. inventas qui vitam excoluére per artis... [those] who have enriched life through {quique sui memorés aliqués fecére knowledge that they discovered and [those] merendd. (Vercnt. den. 6.6636.) who have made people remember them by their service. In this example, excoluére is the equivalent of excoluérunt and fécére is the equiva~ lent of fécérunt. * There is no perfect active participle. + In verbs with a perfect stem in -v-, some forms in some tenses are often shortened so that -vi-, -vé-, and -ve- are lost. Perfect stems in -v- include all first- and fourth- conjugation verbs with regular principal parts and some verbs from the second and third conjugations. The following table shows examples of shortened forms in the first through fourth conjugations. amo ales Perfect indicative (259) amasti (amavisti) dalestt (délevisti) Perfect indicative (3 pl.) améarunt (amavérunt) —_délérunc (délévérunt) Plupertec indicative (159) amaram (amaveram) —_déléram (déleveram) Future perfect indicative (1 sg) amard (amaverd) delero (déleverd) Perfect subjunctive (154) amarim (amaverim) —_délérim (deleverim) Pluperfect subjunctive (1g) __amassem (amavissem) __délessem (délévissemn) nosed audi6 Perfect indicative 25a) nostt (ndvistt) audisti (audivisti) Perfect indicative (3p) norunt (ndvérunt) — Plupertect indicative (1 sg.) noram (ndveram) — Future perfect indicative (159) — — Perfect subjunctive (159) norim (ndverim) - Plupertect subjunctive (159) __nossem (névissem) __audissem (audivissem) Shortened forms of this type are especially common with first-conjugation verbs. From perfects in -iv- (mainly fourth-conjugation verbs) only forms with the sequence -ivi- are shortened in this way. However, in most fourth-conjugation verbs and others with a perfect in -ivi (c.g., peto seek (so. 376)), there is a shorter perfect stem iden- tical to that of the present (e.g., audi- from audio). This is not used in the second- person singular or plural. Examples are audii (= audivi), audiit (= audivit), audi- imus (= audivimus), audiérunt (= audiverunt). Verbs with a perfect in -ii sometimes contract the i into a single long i (e.g., petit > peti (the first-person singular, perfect indicative active of peto), petiisse > petisse (perfect active infinitive)). Contracted forms of the third-person singular, perfect in- dicative active are visually confusing since they coincide with the third-person singu- lar, present indicative active (e.g., petit < petiit, subit < subiit (from subed go under (No. 492)). In Latin texts, where long vowels are not marked, petit (perfect) and petit (present) are spelled in exactly the same way: petit.12 THE INDICATIVE MOOD Uses + The simple past tense in English describes something that happened in the past as a single event: Last year we visited Herculaneum. English also has a perfect tense, which describes a present state resulting from a past action or actions: I have closed rhe door, T have been to Rome. The Latin perfect tense has both these meanings, and context de- termines which is appropriate when translating from Latin. When used as a true per- fect tense, it is considered a primary tense; when used in the same way as the English simple past, it is considered a secondary tense. For an explanation of these terms and their significance, see “Sequence of Tenses,” p. 21. * The perfect active infinitive is often used in poetry with a present sense. Quam juvat immités ventds au How pleasing it is to hear the harsh winds cubantem et dominam tener6 when in bed and to hold one’s mistress in continuisse sini. (Tisut.us 1.1.456) soft embrace. Tum certare odiis, tum rés rapuisse Then you will be allowed to vie in hatred and} licabit. (Vercit Aen. 10.14) then to plunder. This use is not common in prose. * If simulac, ubi (in the sense of when), postquam, antequam, or ut (with the indica tive) is used in past narrative to introduce a clause describing an event prior to that of the main clause, it is normally followed by the perfect indicative, not by the pluperfect. In similar clauses in English, the pluperfect or simple past is used. Eo postquam Caesar pervénit, obsidés, After Caesar (bad) arrived there, he demanded arma, servos, qui ad eds perfigissent, hostages, their arms, and the slaves who had poposcit. (Carsar B.G. 1.27.3) ‘fled t0 them. If cum is used in the same sense as postquam, it takes the pluperfect subjunctive. [Alexander] cum interémisset Clitum When Alexander had killed bis friend Clitus, familiarem suum, vix d sé manis he almost did away with himself. abstinuit. (Cicero TD. 4.79) If quod, quia, quoniam, or si is used in past narrative to introduce a clause describing an event prior to that of the main clause, it is followed by the pluperfect indicative. Manlius Torquatus filium suum, quod is Manlius Torguatus ordered that bis own son contra imperium in hostem pugnaverat, be put to death because he had fought against necari iussit. (SaLuust Cat. 52.31) the enemy contrary to orders. * The perfect is sometimes used in proverbs (the so-called gnomic perfect; compare the English proverb Faint heart never won fair lady). Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit atile The person who combines the useful and dulet. (Horace rs 343) pleasant wins every vote. The Pluperfect Indicative Tense Formation 1 2 3 Active Stem amav- monu- rex- 1g, amaveram monueram rexeram 2 amaveras monueras rexeras 3 amaverat monuerat rexerat tel amaveramus monueramus rexeramus 2 amaveratis monueratis rexeratis 3 amaverant monuerant rexerantThe Pluperfect Indicative Tense 13 7 2 3 Passive ts amat-us(-a,-um) cram monit-us(-a,-um) eram —_rect-us (-a,-um) eram 2 amat-us(-a,-um) eras monit-us(-a,-um) ers. —_rect-us (-a,-um) erds 3 ainat-us(-a,-um) erat monit-us(-a,-um) erat —_rect-us (-a,-um) erat tpl amit (-ae,-a) erimus —- monit-iCae,-a) eramus —_reet-i Cae, a) erimus 2 amit (-ac,-a) erdtis _monit-i(-ae,-a) eratis —_rect-T (-ae, a) eratis 3 amat-i (ae,-a) erant____monit-i (-ae,-a) erant -a) erant Mixed cap- céperam ceperis ceperat céperamus ceperatis 3 audiverant ceperant Passive 19 us(a,-um) eram —capt-us (-a,-um) eram 2 us(-a,-um) eras capt-us (-a,-um) eras 3 us (-a,-um) erat capt-us (-a, -um) erat tpl audit-i(-ae,-a) erimus —_capt-T (-ae, -a) eramus 2 capt-i (-ae,-a) eri 3 capt (-ae, -a) erant ‘The pluperfect indicative active is formed with the perfect stem; its endings (which are identical to the imperfect of sum) are the same for all conjugations. For shorter forms of the pluperfect indicative active, sce p. 11. The pluperfect indicative passive consists of two words: the perfect passive participle plus the imperfect tense of sum. ‘The phuperfect has no participles or infinitives, Uses * The pluperfect describes an action or state two stages back in the past. In the Englis sentence When I visited Gaul, Caesar had already crossed the Rhine, the main verb bad crossed refers to something that had occurred before I visited. I visited refers to a past event and is the reference point by which the time of had crossed is established; bad crossed can be regarded as happening two stages back in the past. Helvetit iam in Hacdudram f The Helvetii had already reached the territory pervénerant cOrumque agros of the Haedui and were laying waste their populabantur. (Caesar BG. 1.11.1) fields In this example, populabantur were laying waste is one stage back in the past and per- vénerant had reached is two stages back. For inconsistencies in the use of the Latin pluperfect, see p. 12. * In Latin poetry, the pluperfect is sometimes used without any perceptible difference from the perfect, that is, it describes a simple event in the past. ‘The use of dixerat in this way is common in the Aeneid and occurs after a speech has been delivered; it is best translated by the simple past. In the following example, Anchises agrees to leave Troy with Aeneas; his final words are followed by dixerat. “Cado equidem nec, nate, tibi comes tre “I indeed yield and do not refuse to go ax your recis6.” dixerat ille companion, my son.” [Thus] he spoke (Verait Aen. 2.7046.)14 THE INDICATIVE MOOD The Future Perfect Indicative Tense Formation 1 2 3 Active Stem amav- monu- rex 15g, amavero monuerd rexerd 2 amaveris monueris rexeris 3 amiverit monuerit rexerit tpl amaverimus monueri rexerimus 2 amaveritis monue! rexeritis 3 amaverint monuerint rexerint Passive ts. amat-us(-a,-um) erd———monit-us(-a,-um) erd.——_rect-us (-a,-um) ero 2 amat-us(-a,-um) cris monit-us(-a,-um) eris—_rect-us (-a,-um) eris 3 amat-us(-a,-um) erit —— monit-us (-a,-um) er rect-us (-a, -um) erit tpl amat-i (-ae, -a) erimus i (-ae,-a) erimus —_reet-i (-ae,-a) erimus 2 -ae, -a) eritis (ae, -a) eritis rect-i (-ae,-a) eritis 3 amat-i (-ae, -a) erunt i (-ae, -a) erunt rect (-ae,-a) erunt Mixed stem audiv- cép- ts. audiver6 ceperd 2 audiveris céperis 3 audiverit céperit tpl. audiverimus céperimus 2 audiveritis céperitis 3 audiverint céperint (a,-um) er capt-us (-a,-um) er 2 audit-us (-a,-um) ris capt-us (-a,-um) ris 3 audit-us (-a,-um)erit _capt-us (-a,-um) erit tpl. audit-i(-ae,-a) erimus —_capt-i (-ae,~a) erimus 2 audit-i (-ae, -a) eritis capt-i (-ae, -a) eritis 3 audit (ae,-a) erunt —_capt-i (-ae,-a) erunt * The future perfect indicative active is formed with the perfect stem; its endings (which are identical to the future of sum except for the third-person plural) are the same for all conjugations. For shorter forms of the future perfect indicative active, see p. 11. * The future perfect indicative passive consists of two words: the perfect passive parti- ciple plus the future tense of sum. * The future perfect has no participles or infinitives. * Older forms of the fature perfect active occur in the playwrights Plautus and Terence. Particularly common is fax (= fecer6). Uses * Like the pluperfect, the future perfect places one event before another, but here both are to take place in the future. In the English sentence When you visit me next week, I will bave finished the manuscript, the verb visit refers to one event in the future, and will have finished refers to another event, also in the future, but one that will take place before you visit; will have visited is in the future perfect tense. However, English doesThe Present Subjunctive Tense 15 not use this tense in contexts that, strictly speaking, require it. In the English sentence When | finish the manuscript, I will vacation at Pompeii, both events are to take place in the future, but finishing the manuscript will occur before the vacation; from a Latin perspective, we should say When I will have finished my manuscript, 1 will vacation at Pompeii, and in Latin the verb in clauses of this type (when I will have finished my manu- soript) is in the future perfect tense. Hacc pliribus multaque alia [seribam] I will write of these things and many others at ‘cum primum erd aliquid nactus oti greater length when I first get a little leisure. (Cicero Fam. 2.9.3) (ero nactus lit, will have gotten) Qui prior strinxerit ferrum, eins victoria The victory will be bis who draws his sword first. crit. (Livy 24.38.5) (strinxerit lit., will have drawn) Siillas attigeris, dabitur tibi magnum If you touch those women, you'll get alot of malum. (PLautus Rud. 793) trouble (lit., If you will have touched those ‘women, much irouble will be given to you). However, if the subordinate clause expresses an action or state that will be occurring at the same time as that of the main verb, the future tense is used. Ur voles med (= mé) esse, ita erd. Lvill be as you want me tobe. (PLavrus Ps. 240) * Plautus and Terence sometimes use the future perfect tense where a simple future would be more logical Molestus certé ei fuerd. I will certainly be a nuisance to him. (Terence An. 641) THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD There are four subjunctive tenses in Latin: present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect. The Present Subjunctive Tense Formation 1 2 3 4 Mixed Stem am- mone- reg- audi- capi- Active 159, amem moneam regam audiam capiam 2 amés moneas regis audias capias 3 amet moneat regat audiat capiat tpl amémus moneamus regamus audiamus capidmus 2 amétis moneatis regatis audiatis capiatis 3 ament moneant regant audiant capiant Passive 1s. amer monear regar audiar capiar 2 améris(-ére) — monearis (-are)_regaris (-are) _audiaris (-are) __capiaris (-are) 2 amécur moneatur regatur capiatur tpl. amémur moneimur regamur capiamur 2 amémint monedmint regamint capiamini 3 amentur moneantur regantur audiantur capiantur * For the present subjunctive of the second, third, fourth, and mixed conjugations, the endings -am, -as, -at, etc. are added to the present stem. The first-person singular form (active and passive) of the third, fourth, and mixed conjugations (regam/regar, audiam/audiar, capiam/capiat) is the same as that of the future indicative. In the first conjugation, the final vowel of the present stem is dropped and the endings -em, “és, -et, etc. are added.16 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. The Imperfect Subjunctive Tense Formation 1 2 3 4 Mixes Stem amare- monére- regere- audire- capere~ Active sg, amirem monérem regerem audirem caperem 2 amarés monérés regerés audirés caperés 3 améret monéret regeret audiret caperet tpl amarémus monérémus regerémus audiremus caperémus 2 amarétis monéretis regerétis caperétis 3 amérent monérent regerent audirent caperent Passive tsg, amarer monérer regerer audirer caperer 2 amaréris (-ére)monéréris (-ére) _regeréris (-ére) caperéris (-ére) 3 amérétur monérétur regerétur caperétur ‘tpl. amarémur monérémur regerémur caperémur 2 amarémini monérémini regerémini caperémini 3 amérentur monérentur regerentur audirentur caperentur + For the imperfect subjunctive, the present active infinitive is used as the stem, and to this are added the endings -m, -s, -t, etc. (active) and the endings -r, -ris, -tur, etc. (passive). The final e of the stem is lengthened in all but the first-person singular and third-person plural forms (active and passive) and the third-person singular active form. The Perfect Subjunctive Tense Forma 1 2 3 Active Stem amav- monu- rex- 443 amaverim monuerim rexerim 2 amaveris monueris Texeris, a amaverit monuerit rexerit, Tp. amaverimus monuerimus rexerimus 2 amaveritis monueritis rexeritis 3 amaverint monuerint rexerint Passive ts amét-us(-a-um) sim monit-us(-a,-um) sim —_rect-us (-a,-um) sim 2 amat-us (-a,-um) sis monit-us(-a,-um) sis rect-us (-a, -um) sis 3 amat-us(-a,-um) sit monit-us(-a,-um) sit rect-us (-a, um) sit tpl amat-i Cae,-a) simus -ae,-a) simus rect (-ae,-a) simus 2 amat-i (-ae, -a) sitis (-ae, a) sitis rect-i (-ae,-a) sitis 3 (ae, -a) sint ae,-a) sine __rect-i (-ae, a) sintThe Pluperfect Subjunctive Tense 17 4 Mixed Active stem audiv- cep- 1s audiverim ceperim 2 audiveris céperis a audiverit céperit tpl audiverimus céperimus 2 céperitis, 3 audiverine ceperint Passive ts. audit-us(-a,-um) sim capt-us (-a,-um) sim 2 capt-us (-a, -um) sis 3 audit-us (-a,-um) sit capt-us (-a,-um) sit tpl i (-ae,-a) simus —_capt-i (-ae, -a) simus 2 (ae, a) sitis 3 * For the perfect subjunctive active, the perfect stem is used with the addition of the endings -erim, -eris, -erit, etc. These endings are the same as those for the future perfect indicative except that the first-person plural and second-person singular and plural have a longi (-erimus, -eris, -eritis—not -erimus, -eris, -eritis) and the first- person singular ends in -erim (not -era). It is easy to distinguish amaverim (perfect subjunctive) from amavers (future perfect indicative) if one remembers that the first- person singular of all active tenses of the subjunctive ends in -m (amem, amarem, amaverim, amavissem). Plautus used the endings -eris, -erimus, -eritis of the per- fect subjunctive active exclusively, but poets of the classical age and later sometimes used -eris, -erimus, -eritis (with a short i). To present a clear distinction between the perfect subjunctive and the future perfect indicative, the long-i forms are used for the perfect subjunctive tense in the conjugation tables. * For shorter forms of the perfect subjunctive active, see p. 11. * The perfect subjunctive passive consists of two words: the perfect passive participle plus the present subjunctive tense of sum. * Older forms of the perfect subjunctive active occur in Plautus and ‘Terence, for exam- ple, faxim (= fécerim). The Pluperfect Subjunctive Tense Formation + 2 3 Active stem amavisse- monuisse- rexisse- 1g, amavissem monuissem rexissem 2 amavissés monuissés rexissés 3 amavisset monuisset rexisset tpl. amiavissémus monuissémus_ rexissémus, 2 amavissétis monuissétis rexissetis 3 amavissent monuissent rexissent Passive 159. amat-us(-a,-um) essem — monit-us (-a,-um) essem —_rect-us (-a,-um) essem 2 amat-us(-a,-um) essés__-monit-us(-a,-um) essés___rect-us (-a,-um) essés 3 amat-us (a, um) esset_ _-monit-us(-a,-um) eset. —_rect-us (-a, -um) eset ipl amat-i(-ae,-a) essémus —_ monit-i(-ae,~a) essémus __rect-1 (-ae, -a) essemus 2 amét-i(-ae,-a) essétis __monit-1(-ae,-a) essétis. _—_rect-i (-ae,-a) essétis 3 amat-i (-ae,-a) essent monit-i (-ae, -a) essent rect-i (-ae, -a) essent18 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 4 Mixed Active stem audivisse- c&pisse- tig, audivissem cépissem 2 audivissés cépissés 3 audivisset cepisset tpl audivissémus cépissémus 2 audivissétis cepissétis 3 audivissent cépissent Passive 15g, audit-us(-a,-um) essem —_capt-us (-a,-um) essem 2 audit-us(-a,-um) essés _capt-us (-a, -um) essés 3 audit-us (-a,-um) esset _capt-us (-a, -um) esset tpl audit-i (-ae,-a) essémus —_capt-i (ae, -a) essémus 2 (-ae,-a) essétis —_capt-t (-ae, -a) essétis essent __capt-i ae, -a) essent + For the pluperfect subjunctive active, the perfect active infinitive is used as the stem, and to this are added the same endings as for the imperfect subjunctive active ( -m, -S, -t, etc.). * For shorter forms of the pluperfect subjunctive active, see p. 11. + The pluperfect subjunctive passive consists of two words: the perfect passive participle plus the imperfect subjunctive tense of sum. Uses of the Subjunctive In a Main Clause The subjunctive mood in a main clause expresses what is willed, wished, or cor possible. It is used in five ways. idered # The optative subjunctive expresses a wish. It may be reinforced by utinam, which has no equivalent in English, or (rarely) & si if only. The optative subjunctive is negated by ne. An optative subjunctive in the present tense expresses a wish for the future. Stet hace urbs praeclara. (Cicero Mil. 93) Long may this city remain glorious! © mihi praeteritos referat sf luppiter If only Jupiter would bring back my past years! annés. (Vercu. Aen, 8.560) An optative subjunctive in the imperfect tense expresses a wish for the present. Utinam posset hoc crimen défendere. Would that be could answer this accusation! (Cicero Ver 2.3.224) (or I wish be could...!) An optative subjunctive in the pluperfect tense expresses a wish for the past. Utinam rés pablica stetisset quo Would that the state had remained in the coeperat stati. (Cicero Off 2.3) ‘position in which it had begun! (or I wish that the state bad...!) Utinam né seciribus caesae accidissent Would rhat trunks of fir trees, hewn by axes, abjegnac ad terram trabés. had not fallen to the ground! (Ennis Trag. 2536.) * The potential subjunctive expresses an action or state that has or had the potentiality of happening. In English this is normally expressed by the auxiliary would (or some- times should or could). This use is most commonly found in conditional sentences where the verbs of the main clause and of the conditional clause are both in the sub- junctive. The potential subjunctive is negated by nén.Uses of the Subjunctive 19 ‘The present subjunctive is used if the reference is to the future. Hanc ego viam si aut asperam atque If L-were to deny that this way is rough, hard, arduam aut plénam esse periculorum and full of dangers, I would be lying. negem, mentiar. (C1ceRo Sest. 100) ‘The imperfect subjunctive is used if the reference is to the present. “Caederem t@, nisi irascerer.” “I would be flogging you [now] if I were not (Seneca Dial. 3.15.3) getting angry.” ‘The pluperfect subjunctive is used if the reference is to the past. ibi t@ esse scissem (= scivissem), “Uf Thad known you were there, I would bave ad té ipse vénissem.” (Cicero Fin. 3.8) come to you myself.” If the potential subjunctive is used in a main clause without an accompanying condi- tional clause, the time reference of the tense is different. The present or perfect sub- junctive is used if the reference is to the future or present. Cadi discentis minimé velim. Twould not at all want learners to be flogged. (Quixtiian 153.14) Quis tulerit Gracchos dé querentés? (JuVENAL 2 Who would endure the Gracchi complaining about sedition? ‘The imperfect subjunctive is used if the reference is to the past. Quis umquam arbitrarétur [bellum] Who would ever have thought that the war ab dno imperatare confici posse? could be brought to an end by one general? (Cicero Man. 31) Non ego hoc ferrem calidus iuventa. T would not have stood for this in my bot-blooded (Horace. Carm. 3.14.27) ‘youth (lit., when hot zith youth). The jussive subjunctive expresses orders and overlaps with the imperative in the sec- ond and third persons. In the first-person plural it expresses self-exhortation or self- encouragement and is to be translated /et ws... The jussive subjunctive is negated by né. Paredmus senatui. (Cicero Sest. 143) Let us obey the Senate. Né difficilia optemus. Let us not yearn for things that are nearly (Cicero Ver: 2.4.15) imposible, In the third-person singular and plural, the jussive subjunctive is to be translated by either let him/ber/it/them. ...or he/she/it/they should. ... Suum quisque noscat ingenium. Let each know his wn natural ability. (Cicero Off 1.114) Né quis tamquam parva fastidiat Let no one look down on the rudiments of grammaticés elementa grammar [as if they were] insignificant. (Quinriuian 1.4.6) ‘The second person is used mainly in early and colloquial Latin. Hic apud nds hodié cénés. Dine bere with us today, (Piavrus Mos. 1129) Né sis patruus mihi, (Horace S. 2.3.88) Don’t get stern with me. (lit., Don’t be an uncle tome.) ‘The second-person singular is often used in classical Latin when there is a general ref- erence. It is to be translated by you should or one should. Ist6 bono atare, dum adsit; cum absit, You/One should use that advantage while it né requiras. (Cicero Sen. 33) is present; when it is gone, you/one should not ‘yearn for it20 THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD * The deliberative subjunctive is used in questions to indicate the uncertainty of the speaker about the future and what must be done. It is negated by non. Nos nén poétarum voce moveamur? Are we not 0 be maved by the voice of poets? (Cicero Arch. 19) * The concessive subjunctive expresses concession. It is to be translated by granted that or I concede that. It is negated by né. Sit far, gus, sit lagitiorum I concede that be isa thief, that he is a temple omnium vitiorumque princeps: at est robber, that be isa leader in all debaucheries bonus imperitor. (Cicero Ver. 2.5.4) and vices; but be is a good commander. In a Subordinate Clause The subjunctive mood is used in the following types of subordinate clauses. * Adverbial clauses of purpose Utamaris, amabilis esto. In order to be loved, be lovable. (Ovi Ars 2.107) * Adverbial clauses of result ‘Tanta vis probitatis est, ut eam vel in cis So great isthe force of honesty that we love it PE " = ‘quds numquam vidimus diligamus. even in people we have never seen. (Cicero Amic. 29) * Indirect questions Nil nimium studed, Caesar, tibi velle 1am not particularly keen to want to please you, placére, nec scire utrum sis albus an Caesar, nor to know whether you are white iter homd. (CaTuLtus 93) or black * Certain adverbial clauses of time Exspectate dum consul aut dictator fiat. Wait until be becomes consul or dictator. (Lavy 3.11.13) In this example, dum is followed by the subjunctive because the clause it introduces expresses something that is anticipated, not something that has taken place. * Adverbial clauses of reason introduced by quod or quia when the reason is an alleged one and is not endorsed by the writer Sdcratés accisitus est quod corrumperet Socrates zvas brought to trial on the grounds juventitem. (QuINTILIAN 4.4.5) that be corrupted the youth. * Subordinate clauses in indirect speech that were part of the original direct speech Socratés dicere solébat, omnis in €3, Socrates was accustomed to say that all were quod scirent, satis esse Zloquentis. cloguent on a subject they understood, (Cicero de Orat. 1.63) * Adjectival clauses expressing purpose [Clasini] legatds Romam qui auxilium ab The people of Clusivom sent envoys to Rome senati peterent misére. (Lavy 5.35.4) to seek help from the Senate. * Adjectival clauses expressing a general class Neque pauci neque levés sunt, quisé duo Those who say they have seen tao suns are soles vidisse dicant. (Cicero Rep. 1.15) neither few nor untrustworthy. Adjectival clauses expressing result Livianae fabulae ndn satis dignae quae The plays of Livius are not worth reading rice. iterum legantur, (Cicero Brut. 71)Uses of the Subjunctive 21 Adjectival clauses expressing cause Amant téd (= t@) omnés mulierés, neque All women are in love with you, and rightly, inivria, qui sis tam pulcher. since you are so handsome. (Pravrus Mil. 58f) Adjectival clauses expressing concession Miror t@ sic fabulari quae tam callida I marvel that you are talking in this way even cet docta sis. (Pautus Poen. 2336) though you are so clever and experienced. Clauses after verbs of fearing “Limed né nihil ibi praeter lacrimas fear can give you nothing but tears. queam reddere. (Cicero Plane. 101) Clauses after verbs of hindering, preventing, and forbidding Non déterret sapientem mors quominus Death does not deter a wise man from rei pablicae consulat considering the interest of the state. (Cicero TD. 1.91) Antiochus [ndn] sé tenuit quin contra Antiochus did not refrain from publishing suum doctorem librum aderet a2 book against bis own teacher. (Cacero Luc. 12) Noun clauses of result, introduced by ut Ita fit ut omnind némé esse possit bedtus. Thus it happens that no one can be completely (Cicero TD. 2.16) bappy. Sequence of Tenses The tense of the subjunctive verb in a subordinate clause is restricted by the tense of the verb in the main clause. This sequence of tenses is determined by whether the main verb isa primary or secondary tense. Primary tenses have reference to the present or future: the present, future, perfect (when used to express a present state), and future perfect tenses. Secondary tenses (also called historic tenses) have reference to the past: the imperfect, perfect (when used to express a simple action or state in the past), and pluperfect tenses. For the two ways in which the Latin perfect is used, see p. 12. Primary tenses Secondary tenses Present Imperfect Fucure Perfect (translated without have) Perfect (translated with bave) —_Pluperfect Fuuure perfect The table above applies to the verb in the main clause. The sequence of tenses rule ap- plies to the verb in the subordinate clause, as the following table shows. Main douse Subordinate clause Primary Present Present subjunctive Future Perfect subjunctive Perfect with have Composite farure subjunctive Future perfect Historic Imperfect Imperfect subjunctive Perfect without have Pluperfect subjunctive Pluperfect Composite future-in-the-past subjunctive22. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Within each group, the tense of the verb in the main clause and the tense of the subjunc- tive used in the subordinate clause will depend on the sense. For example, if the tense of the verb in the main clause is the present, the tense of the subordinate-clause verb— present subjunctive, perfect subjunctive, or composite future subjunctive—is deter mined by the meaning that the author wishes to convey. While the perfect indicative can be either primary or secondary, the perfect subjunctive is only primary. Because there is no single-word subjunctive for the future, a composite form is used consisting of the future participle plus the subjunctive of sum. For the com- posite furure subjunctive of facid, these forms are factirus sim, sis, sit, etc.; for the composite future-in-the-past subjunctive, the forms are factarus essem, essés, esset, etc. The meaning of these is I will do, etc. and I would do, etc. Sequence of tenses is most clearly shown in indirect speech. The following mutually exclusive tables illustrate its use in indirect questions. Primary Sequence Original question Porsible main clause Indirect question (a) Quid facis? Rogo (a) quid fa What are you doing? ‘Lam asking what you are doing. (b) Quid fecise? Rogavt (b) quid feceris. What have you done? have asked what you have done or what you did. or What did you do? Rogabo (©) quid factarus sis, (©) Quid facies? Lill ask what you will do What will you do? Rogiverd [will have asked All direct questions in the first column are converted to the corresponding indirect ques- tions of the third column in primary sequence. Rog6, rogavi (in the sense I have asked), rogabé, and rogaveré can each be combined with any indirect question in the third col- umn, giving a total of twelve possibilities: rogd quid facias, rogo quid féceris, etc. Note that while rogavi in the main clause in primary sequence can only have the sense I have asked, the perfect subjunctive in the indirect question may represent the perfect with or without have. Because the original question Quid fécisti? can mean either What have you done? or What did you do?, the indirect question in the third column, quid féceris, can mean either what you have done or what you did. To say Iam asking what you were doing requires a periphrasis such as Quid faciébas? hoe te roge (What were you doing? I am asking you this). Secondary Sequence Original question Possible main clause indirect question (a) Quid facis? Rogabam (a) quid facerés. What are you doing? Twas asking or I used to ask ‘what you were doing. (b) Quid fecisti? Rogavi (b) quid fecisses. What bave you done? asked ‘what you bad done. or What did you do? Rogaveram (©) quid factarus esses. (©) Quid facie: Thad asked what you would do. What will you do? The original questions of the first column are the same as for the primary sequence, but their indirect forms must have a secondary, or historic, tense of the subjunctive. There are nine possibilities: rogabam quid facerés, rogabam quid fécissés, etc.THE IMPERATIVE MOOD 23 ‘The sequence of tenses rule applies to all subordinate clauses where the verb is in the subjunctive, with the following exceptions. * In adverbial clauses of result, a primary subjunctive may follow a main clause contain- ing a secondary tense because a past act or state may be followed by a present result. In [Lacull6] tanta pridentia fuit, ut hodié There wus sucb wisdom in Lucullus that Asia stet Asia [eins] instivatis servandis. is standing today by following bis precepts. (Cicero Luc. 3) * In reported speech a secondary tense of the subjunctive (but not of the indicative) must be retained in primary sequence. Memoria tene6 Milésiam quandam I remember (lit., bold in memory) that when mulicrem, cum essem in Asi, Tvas in Asia, a certain Milesian woman was apitalis esse damnatam. condemned on a capital charge. (Cicero Clu. 32) ‘The original statement was the following. Milésia quaedam mulier, cum essem in When I was in Asia, a certain Milesian woman Asia, rei capitalis damnata est. ‘wus condemned on a capital charge. When this is put into reported speech, the clause cum essem in Asia retains its sec- ondary subjunctive tense (essem) even though the main verb (tene6) is primary. * A historic present may be followed by a primary or secondary subjunctive tense. [Caesar] persuadet Castico ut regnum Caesar persuaded Casticus to assume the in civitate sua occuparet. position of king in his own state. (Catsar BG. 1.3.4) THE IMPERATIVE MOOD ‘There are two forms of the imperative: the first and second imperatives. First Imperative 1 2 3 4 Mixed Active 2x9. ama moné rege audi cape 2p. amate monéte regite audite capite Passive 2s. amare monére regere audire capere 2pl__amamini_—_monémini_—_regimini_—audimini___capimini * The second-person singular imperative active of four Latin verbs has a shorter form that is the only one used in classical Latin. dic fac make, do) duc (diic6 lead) fer (Ferd bring) ‘These irregular forms are easily remembered in the mnemonic Dick's fiat dick’ fie Feré also has an irregular second-plural imperative active: ferte. Compounds of dicé and feré have the shorter form, e.g., édiic < édiicé and confer < conferd). Compounds of dicé and facié have the expected form in -e (édice < adicé and perfice < perficid) * The passive imperative is found mostly in deponent verbs (see pp- 31-32).24 THE IMPERATIVE MOOD Second Imperative Active 23g, amitd monéto regitd audio capitd 3 amatd monéto regitd audit capitd 2p amatdte —s monétdte —regitdte —auditate. 3 amanté — monentd—regunto—audiunto Passive 2s. amator = monétor_-—sregitor capitor 3 amator — monétor_—regitor auditor capitor 3pl.amantor __monentor __reguntor _audiuntor___capiuntor * There is no second-person plural passive of the second imperative, and the other pas sive forms are rare. * The third-person imperatives are to be translated as let him/her/it/they..., for exam= ple, amane6 let thern love! Uses of the Imperative * The imperative is used to express a positive command. Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge qud__—_Since this isthe situation, Catiline, go in the coepisti: égredere aliquandd ex urbe; direction you bacve begun [to gol: at long last, patent portae, proficiscere. et out of the city; the gates are open, be an (Cicero Cat. 1.10) your way! The imperative can be used in a prayer addressed to a divini Da, pater, augurium atque animts Father, give [us] a sign and inspire (lit. steal inlabere nostris. (Veron. Aen. 3.89) into) our bearts * Negative commands are expressed in three ways, * Né with the imperative. In classical Latin this construction only occu! Tu né sin poetry. ide malis. (Veron. Aen. 6.95) Do not yield to your troubles * Né with the perfect subjunctive (here used in a jussive sense). The negative may also be supplied by a negative adverb or pronoun, ¢.g., nusquam or nullus. “Né transieris Hiberum; nusquam té “Do not cross the Ebro; do not move a step vestigio maveris.” (Livy 21.44.6) in any direction.” * Ndli/ndlite (the imperative of nolo) with the infinitive Vendere cum possis captivum, occidere Since you can sell a captive, do not kill bin noli. (Horace Ep. 1.16.69) ‘The latter two are the normal ways of expressing a negative command in prose * The second imperative is not as common as the first, except that it is the only form for memini (mementé, etc); it is the normal form for sci6 (scitd, etc., but scite is also in use) and occurs with habe6 (habéta, etc.) in the sense know, understand. When a distinction can be made, which is by no means always, the first imperative expresses a command to be fulfilled in the immediate future, while the second impera~ tive expresses a command with a more general application that extends beyond the immediate future. Consequently, the second imperative is used in laws, maxims, and instructions of different sorts. Regio imperio duo suntd; militiae There will be ro with royal porsers; they will summum ius habent0; nemini parenta; have supreme authority in war; they will ubey illis sals populi supréma lex esto. no one; for them the safety of the people will (law quoted in Cicero Leg. 3.8) be the highest ae.The Gerund, Gerundive, and Supine 25 Cato’s de Agri Cultura is full of directions for running a farm that are given in the sec- ond imperative. Villam urbanam pro copia aedificat6. Build your residence in accordance with your (Caro Agr: 4.1) means, Vicinis bonus esto. (Caro Agr: 4.1) Be good 10 your neighbors. ‘The second imperative was used in familiar language, and so it is common in Plautus. Moribus vivito antiquis. Live according to the old-time ways. (Pavrus Tri, 295) ‘The second imperative also occurs in poetry. Dic nigras pecudés; ea prima piacula Take black animals; let them be the first sunt. (VerGn Aen. 6.153) offerings of expiation. NONFINITE FORMS The Gerund, Gerundive, and Supine ‘The gerund is a neuter noun of the second declension and is formed by adding -ndum to the present stem in the first and second conjugations, and -endum in the other conju- gations. The gerund has no plural ‘The gerundive is a first- and second-declension adjective formed from the stem of the gerund (amand-, monend-, etc,). The supine is a fourth-declension noun that exists in only two cases, the accusative (amatum, monitum, etc.) and the ablative (amata, monita, etc.). The supine is the fourth principal part and must be learned for verbs whose principal parts are not regular. The gerund and the supine are verbal nouns, both with the meaning (the act of) loving, warning, ruling hearing, taking, but with entirely different uses. Formation - 1 2 3 Gerund amandum monendum regendum Gerundve —amand-us(-a,-um) — monend-us(-a,-um) _regend-us (-a,-um) supine ium amatum monitum rectum ina amatii monita reett 4 Mixed Geund——andiendum capiendum Gerundive audiend-us(-a,-um) —_capiend-us (-a,-um) supine in-um — auditum captum ina auditi: capt In some third-, fourth-, and mixed-conjugation verbs, an older form of the gerund/ gerundive stem in -und- occurs (e.g., faciundum < facid), but the form in -end- is more common. Uses of the Gerund ‘The gerund is active in meaning. Although it is a noun, it may not be qualified by an adjective. Because it is a verbal form, it can be qualified by an adverb. A gerund from a transitive verb can, with certain limitations, govern an object. It is used in every case except the nominative and vocative.26 NONFINITE FORMS Accusative ‘The gerund is used in the accusative only after prepositions such as ad, where it ex- presses purpose. Non slum ad discendum propensi We have an inclination not only to learn but also sumus, vérum etiam ad docendum. 10 teach. (Cicero Fin. 3.66) Genitive ‘The gerund is used in the genitive after adjectives and prepositions that are followed by the genitive, and after nouns. Sum cupidus té audiendi. Lam desirous of hearing you. (Cicero de Orat. 2.16) Equitandi peritissimus. Most skilful in riding. (Sverontus Tit. 3.2) tut abstinére et suo et hostium agro so that be could be independent of his wn framentandi causa posit. and bis enemy's land for foraging. (Livy 42.128) “Tacendi tempus ese. It's time to be quiet. (PLavrus Poen. 741) Dative ‘The gerund is used in the dative with a verb or expression that requires this case. Ego Epidicum operam quaerendé dao. Iwill apply myself t0 looking for Epidicus (Praurus Epid, 605) Osculandé melius est pausam fier Ins berrer that a stop be put to kissing. (Puaurus Rud. 1205) Ablative The gerund is used in the ablative with prepositions that take the ablative (ab, dé, ete.); it is used by itself to express instrument or cause. Lex est recta ratid in iubendo et vetandd. The law is the correct method in ordering and (Cicero Leg. 1.33) forbidding. Hominis mens discendo alitur et The human mind is nourished by learning and cégitanda. (Cicero Off: 1.105) thinking. Uses of the Gerundive ‘The gerundive is a verbal adjective with no single-word equivalent in English. It is used in three ways. * As an attributive adjective, passive in sense and expressing what could or should hap- pen, for example, vir laudandus a worthy-to-be-praised man, ive., a praiseworthy man; rés metuendae things worthy to be feared, ive, terrible things Helenus hace saxa horrenda canébat. Helenus prophesied these fearsome rocks (Veron Aen. 3.559) * Asa predicate adjective with the same meaning, except that it always implies the idea of necessity, that is, what should happen, not what could happen. This use requires the use of sum, which is often omitted but understood. Apud novos milités pauca verba facienda With new soldiers a word or rao should be sunt, (Livy 21.40.4) sed. Arma acti facienda vi Weapons have ro be made for a brave man. (Verait Aen. 8.441) In this construction, an agent is expressed by the dative without a preposition.The Gerund, Gerundive, and Supine 27 Gens ditra atque aspera débellanda tibi You must subdue a bard and rugged race in Latio est. (Veron en. 5.730f.) Latium In this sense the gerundive can also be used impersonally; this is the only possibility for intransitive verbs. Qui vivimus, cum moriendum sit, nonne Surely ze, who are living, are miserable since miseri sumus? (Cicero TD. 1.14) ‘we must die? In the sense of a present or future passive participle. With one exception, it can be used in the same type of grammatical contexts as the gerund; like the gerund, it does not occur in the nominative. It is always combined with a noun or pronoun. Accusative ‘The gerundive can be used with prepositions that take the accusative. [Caesar] omnés évocat spé praedae ad Caesar summons everyone to loot the Eburones diripiendos Eburonés. ‘with the expectation of plunder (Catsar B.G. 6.34.8) Ircan also be used predicatively after certain transitive verbs. (The gerund has no sim- ilar construction.) [Mithradatés] in Asia omnis civ Mitbradates had all Roman citizens in Asia Romanos necandos trucidandosque killed and slaughtered. ciravit. (Cicero Man. 7) Genitive A gerundive with a noun or pronoun can be used in the genitive after an adjective or noun. Platdnis studiésus audien (Cicero de Orat. 1.89) Cupiditas belli gerendi, (Carsar BG. 1.41.1) ‘The gerundive is also used with gratia or causa to express purpose. Eager to listen to Plato. The desire 10 wage war. ys to Caesar to exonerate L agit6s ad Caesarem sui purgandi gratia They send en mittunt. (Caesar B.G. 7.43-2) themselves. ‘The gerundive is also used in the genitive predicatively with sum to indicate purpose. «-f@gium imperium, quod initio «the authority of the king, which had conservandae libertatis fuerat. originally served to uphold freedom. (Satusr Cat. 6.7) Dative The gerundive occurs in the dative with a verb or adjective that takes this case. ut eis rébus administrandis tempus 30 that time might be given to dealing with darétur, (Catsar B.G. 3.4.1) these matters. Palis iactandis tuae sunt consuétae mantis, Your hands are used to throwing dice (Piavrus Vid. 33) T Ablative ‘The gerundive is used in the ablative with and without prepositions. Multa sunt dicta ab antiquis dé Many things were said by the ancients about contemnendis ac despiciendis rébus disregarding and despising buman affairs. hamanis. (Cicero Fin. 5.73) Loquendi élegantia augétur legendis Elegance in speaking is increased by reading Britdribus et poets the orators and poets: (Cicero de Orat. 3.59)28 NONFINITE FORMS Uses of the Supine The supine in -um (the accusative singular) is used to express purpose after verbs of motion or verbs implying motion. Galliae lgati ad Caesarem gratulatum The envoys of Gaul came to congratulate Caesar convénerunt. (Carsar B.G. 1.30.1) (lit. came to Caesar to congratulate). Icis also used to form the future passive infinitive, e.g., amatum iri to be going to be loved. Eum exceptum iri puta. think that he is going to be captured. (Cicero Att, 7.22.1) The supine in ~& (the ablative singular) is used only to qualify fas right, nefas wrong, and certain adjectives where English would use an infinitive. Only a limited number of verbs, mostly indicating saying or perceiving, are used in this way, e.g., mirabile dicta wonderful to relate and fas audita right to bear. Quaerunt quid optimum facta sit. They ask what the best thing is to do (Cacero Ver. 2.1.68) Infinitives Uses A Latin infinitive can usually be translated by an infinitive in English. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. _It is sweet and noble to die for one's country. (Horace Carm. 3.2.13) Tam fragilis poteram a terra contingere Already I was able to touch brittle rwigs from rimés. (Vercu. Ed. 8.40) the ground. Loquor dé doctd homine et érudit6, cui‘ T.am talking of a learned and refined person vivere est cogitare. (Cicero TD. 5.111) for whome to live isto think. There are two uses of the infinitive that require attention. * The accusative-with-infinitive construction is used to express an indirect statement, typically after verbs of perceiving, knowing, thinking, and saying, as well as after verbs of hoping, desiring, promising, etc. This is to be translated into English by a noun clause. Examples follow with present, future, and perfect infinitives. Ais Démocritum dicere innumerabilés You say that Democritus states that there are esse mundos. (Cicero Luc. 55) countless universes. Taravit sé nisi victorem in castra non He swore that he would not return to camp reversirum. (Catsar B.C. 3.87.5) except as conqueror ‘Theophrastus seribit Cimonem vilicis Theophrastus writes that Cimon instructed bis imperavisse, ut omnia praebérentur. stewards to furnish everything [required] (Cicero Off: 2.64) * The historic infinitive may replace the imperfect indicative in a narrative; it creates an even more vivid effect than the historic present (see p. 6). When the historic infinitive is used, nouns, pronouns, and adjectives remain in the same case that they would take if the verb were finite. The construction is usually confined to main clauses. Several infinitives can be used in the same sentence without a conjunction. Climorem utrimque efferunt; imperator They raise a shout on either side; on either side utrimque Iovi vota suscipere, utrimque _the general offers vows to Jupiter [and] hortiri exercitum. (PLaurus Am. 228ff.) encourages bis army. In this example, efferunt is a historic present form, while suscipere and hortari are historic infinitives,Participles 29 Participles Uses Asa verbal adjective, the Latin participle agrees with the noun or pronoun it qualifies in gender and number and may itself be qualified by an adverb. The present and future participles of transitive verbs may be followed by a noun or pronoun in the accusative. English often puts words such as when or while before participles, as in the sentence While waiting for a litter, I was splashed by a chariot. Latin participles are not qualified in this way. The tense of a participle depends on that of the finite verb of its clause. A present par ticiple refers to the same time as that of the finite verb, a future participle to a time sub- sequent to that of the finite verb, and a past participle to a time before that of the finite verb. English has the same rule but does not apply it as strictly as Latin does. Examples follow with present, future, and perfect participles. Oceisus est a céna rediens. He was killed on bis way bome from a (Cicero S.Rose. 97) dinner party. Pictaratus moritaris Aoribus agger. ‘The mound is bedecked with flowers about to die. (Srarius Theb. 6.58) Dionjsius Syracisis expulsus CorinthT Dionysius, having been driven from pueros docebat. (Cicero TD. 3.27) Syracuse, used to teach boys at Corinth ‘The perfect participles of deponent and semi-deponent verbs are often used, in prose and verse, in a present sense. Cum sé ad pedés pr When they bad thrown themselves at bis feet suppliciterque loci flentes picem and speaking in suppliant tones [and] in tears petissent.... (Carsar B.G. 1.27.2) had asked for peace... In this example, suppliciter locati refers to the manner in which they asked for peace, and so locaiti is the equivalent of a present participle. The Latin participle is used in the ablative absolute construction, which normally com- bines a noun or pronoun in the ablative with a participle in agreement; the result is a phrase that is grammatically independent (absolute = independent) in the clause where it oceurs, but that indicates circumstances related to the action or state described. The noun or pronoun governing the participle should not be referred to in the rest of the clause (although this does occasionally happen even in the best authors). The construc- tion is usually translated into English with a clause beginning with a conjunction like when, after, since, ot although Vastatis omnibus ebrum agris vicis Afier all their fields bad been laid waste [and aedificiisque incensis Caesar exercitum whole) blacks and buildings bad been burned, reduxit. (Carsar B.G. 3.29.3) Caesar withdrew bis army. Uxdrem suam [filiam] liliam Gn, He gave bis own daughter, Julia, in marriage Pompeid conlocavit repudiats pridre 10 Gnaeus Pompey once ber previous busband sponsd. (SuEToNtUS Iul, 21.1) had been divorced. ‘The present and future participles are used much Jess than the perfect participle in abla- tive absolute constructions, Nulla hoste prohibente incolumem Since there was no enemy in the way, be led bis legionem in Nantuatés perduxic. legion safely to the Nantuates (Caesar BG. 3.6.5) Hospite ventiir6 cessabit namo With a visitor about to arrive, none of your [servorum) tudrum, (JuveNat. 14.59) slaves will be slacking off Latin has abstract nouns, but in certain contexts it often prefers an expression involving a participle. In English, phrases such as the defeat of the Gauls and the murder of Caesar are30 NONFINITE FORMS normal, but in Latin we find instead Galli vieti and Caesar occisus, lit., the Gauls having been defeated and Caesar having been murdered, respectively. Whether these Latin phrases are to be taken in their literal meaning or as the equivalent of an abstract noun (defeat and murder) plus a concrete noun (Gauls and Caesar) depends entirely on context. The sentence Caesar occisus humum cecidit literally means Caesar, having been murdered, {fell to the ground, but Caesar occisus omnés terruit is translated as The murder of Caesar terrified everyone, because it was not Caesar himself that terrified everyone but the fact that he had been murdered. Nec terra mattata miitavit genus aut Nor bas a change of land altered race or morés. (Livy 37.54.18) character. Carthaginiensés Capuae amissae ‘Tarentum The Carthaginians balanced the capture of captum aequabant, (Livy 26.37.6) Tarentum against the loss of Capua Composite Verb Forms Uses ‘Composite verb forms are made up of a participle plus a form of sum. The passive of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses (e.g. amatus sum, amatus eram, and amatus eré) are of this type and form part of the regular conjugation of verbs. There are, however, other composite forms that are not given in the normal conjugation of a Latin verb, but that occur in Latin literature. Most are combinations with the fu- ture participle, Used with an indicative form of sum, these can express the following. * An emphatic future Effugere némd id potest quod futdrum No one can escape what is going to happen. est. (Cicero N.D. 3.14) * Intention Rex ndn interfutdrus navali certamini erat. The king did not intend to take part in the (Livy 36.43.9) naval battle * Potentiality Daditos ultimis cruciatibus adfecturi They would bave put those who surrendered fugrunt. (Livy 21.44.4) 10 the worst tortures. Used with a subjunctive form of sum, the future participle forms a future subjunctive (eg., factirus sim) and a future-in-the-past subjunctive (e.g., factiirus essem). These occur in indirect speech (see pp. 21-22) and in result clauses. In eam ratiénem vitae nds ndn tam We have been led into this way of life not so cupiditas quaedam gloriae quam res ‘much by some desire for fame as by the ipsa ac fortuna deduxit ut sempiternus business itself and by fortune, with the result sermé hominum dé nobis futdrus sit that we will always be the subject of people's (Cicero Q,fi: 1.1.38) talk. On the use of futurum esse (= fore) to avoid the use of the future active infinitive and passive, see p. 9. ATYPICAL VERBS Deponent Verbs Deponent verbs are passive in form but active in meaning. They occur in each conjuga- tion but are by no means as numerous as normal verbs. Except for the five forms noted below, they are not conjugated in the active voice. Some deponents are transitive (e.g., loquor speak and sequor follow); some are intransi- tive (e.g., nascor be born and morior die). Transitive deponents can take a direct object.Deponent Verbs 31 “Té sequor, o Graiae gentis decus. You I follow, O glory of the Greek race. (Lucretius 3.3) This Latin sentence cannot be inverted so that the verb is passive in sense (you are fal- owed by me) because there are no special endings to give deponents a passive meaning. A normal verb has four active forms that have no corresponding passive (the present participle, future participle, supine, and gerund). These also occur in deponents, which would otherwise not have these important parts. For the Latin deponent verb populor plunder, these forms are as follows. Present participle populans plundering Future participle populaturus going to plunder Supine populatum (act of) plundering Gerund populandum (act of) plundering The fifth active form occurring in deponents is the future infinitive, e.g., populatarus esse 10 be going to plunder. Although normal verbs have a future passive infinitive (ama- tum iri to be going to be loved), this form is not used with deponents. The only form in a deponent that has a passive sense is the gerundive (e.g., populandus going 10 be plundered). ‘The perfect participle of deponents requires special attention. Although passive in form, it is active in meaning and so provides something lacking in normal verbs: a perfect ac- tive participle (c.g., opinatus having thought and populatus having plundered). There is, however, no form of these verbs with the passive meaning having been thought or having been plundered. The following table presents a synopsis of deponents; all finite forms are given in the first-person singular. 1 2 3 enor try vereor fear Stor use (wo. 108) (vo. 538) (0. 530) Indicative Present conor vereor ator Imperfect cénabar verebar itebar Future conabor verébor Perfect cOnat-us(-a,-um) sum —_verit-us(-a, -um) sum. Plupertect cOnat-us(-a,-um) eram —_verit-us(-a,-um) ram dis-us(-a, -um) eram Future perfect. ——cOnat-us(-a,-um) erd——_verit-us (-a,-um) erd {as-us (-a,-um) erd Subjunctive Present, céner verear utar imperfect conarer verérer ‘uterer Perfect cOnat-us (-a,-um) sim ——_verit-us(-a,-um) sim {is-us (-a,-um) sim Puperfect, cdnat-us(-a,-um) essem —_verit-us(-a,-um) essem —_dis-us (-a, -um) essem Imperative First conare conamini verére verémini ‘titere ‘itimini Second conator —conantor verétor —_verentor atitor ‘ttuntor Nonfinite forms Present infinitive conari verért od Future infinitive cOnatiir-us (-a,-um) esse —_veritir-us(-a,-um) esse disiir-us (-a,-um) esse Perfect infinitive cOnat-us(-a,-um) esse __verit-us(-a,-um) esse dis-us (-a, um) esse Present participle cOnans verens future participle cOnatiir-us (-a, -um) veriviir-us (-a,-um) Perfect participle cOnat-us (-a,-um) verit-us (-a, -um) ts-us (-a, -um) scerund cOnandum verendum, itendum Gerundive ‘cOnand-us (-a,-um) verend-us (-a,-um) ‘tend-us (-a,-um) Supine cdnit-um i) verit-um (a) uis-um (a)32 ATYPICAL VERBS a Mixed mentor lie pation suffer (ho. 292) (vo. 364) Indicative Present mentior patior Imperfect menti¢bar patiébar Future mentiar patiar Perfect mentit-us (-a,-um) sum pass-us (-a, -um) sum Plupertect mentit-us(-a,-um) eram ——_pass-us (-a, -um) eram Future perfect mentit-us(-a,-um) ero pass-us (-a,-um) erd Subjunctive Present mentiar patiar Imperfect mentirer paterer Perfect mentit-us(-a,-um) sim pass-us (-a,-um) sim Pluperfect mentit-us (-a,-um) essem —_pass-us (-a, -um) essem Imperative First mentire — mentimint patere —patimini Second mentitor mentiuntor —_patitor_patiuntor Nonfinite forms Present infinitive mentitT pati Future infinitive mentitar-us(-a,-um) esse passtir~us (-a,-um) esse Perfect infinitive mentit-us(-a,-um) esse _pass-us (-a, -um) esse Present partiiple mentiens patiens Future particle mentitur-us(-a, -um) passtir-us (-a,-um) Perfect participle mentit-us (-a, -um) ppass-us (-a, -um) Gerunds mentiendum patiendum Gerundive mentiend-us (-a, -um) patiend-us (-a,-um) supine mentit-um (-a) pass-um (-i) * A deponent verb has only three principal parts, and by convention they are given as, for example, itor, ati, asus sum. (Since a deponent verb’ supine (sum) can be derived from its perfect participle (sus), there is no point in including the supine in the list of principal parts.) * The imperfect subjunctive tense is formed from a hypothetical present active infinitive: cOnarer < *cOnare, verérer < *verére, Giterer < *utere, mentirer < *mentire, paterer < *patere. * The verbs itor use, fruor enjoy, fungor experience, and potior take possession of are intransitive and would not be expected to have gerundives (which are passive), but these sometimes occur. “Spectatum hic ad rem fruendam oculis, “Have we come here to watch the slaughter of sociorum caedés vénimus?” our allies and] to enjoy the spectacle (lit. (Livy 22.14.4) enjoy the thing with our eyes)?” + The verbs gradior step, walk (and its compounds, e.g., aggredior advance), morior die, orior rise, and potior take possession of are mixed-conjugation deponents, but orior and potior have some fourth-conjugation forms. * Four common verbs are semi-deponents. The tenses made from their present stem are active in form, but their perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect forms are passive in form though active in meaning. auded - audére - ausus sum dare fid6 - fidere - fisus sum trust (in) (and its compounds, e.g., confid6 be assured) gauded - gaudére - gavisus sum rejoice (in) soled - solére - solitus sum be accustomed (to) * The passive forms of mered earn and misered feel pity are used as deponent verb forms, so both voices (mered/mereor and misered/misereor) arc active in meaning.Verbs with Irregular Principal Parts 33 Verbs That Govern Cases Other than the Accusative ‘Transitive verbs in Latin, by definition, can take an accusative object. There are a num- ber of verbs that take an object in a different case, even though the corresponding En- glish verb may be transitive and take a direct object. Some verbs take a dative object (e.g., assentior agree (with), faveo favor, ignoscé forgive, noce6 injure, and placed please). Some verbs take a genitive object (e.g., memini remember and obliviscor forget). Some verbs take an ablative object (e.g., cared lack, fruor enjoy, and ator use). Some verbs take either a genitive or ablative object (e.g., eged Jack). Verbs with Irregular Principal Parts For many verbs, the perfect stem cannot be predicted from the present stem. This in- cludes all third- and mixed-conjugation verbs, a few verbs of the first and fourth conju- gations, and a significant number of second-conjugation verbs. Some patterns, however, can be discerned in the way in which the perfect stems of these verbs are formed; the most common patterns follow. * The present stem is used unchanged bibs - bibere - bibi- — drink (so. 63) prandea « prandére - prandi - pransum take a meal (No. 400) vertd - vertere - verti - versum turn (No. 540) (A missing principal part is indicated by a long dash here and in the list of principal parts in each verb’s conjugation banner.) * The present stem is used but its vowel is lengthened. For second-conjugation verbs, the final ¢ of the stem is dropped. fugid - fugere - figi -fugicarus flee (wo. 203) iuv6 - juvre - i@vi- iitum help’ (wo. 261) venio - venire - véni - ventum come (No. 537) video - vidére » vidi - visum see (No. 543) (For verbs that have no supine but do have a future active participle, the participle is given as the fourth principal part (as for fugid above). * ‘The present stem is used, its vowel is lengthened, and the final m or n of the stem is dropped. funda - fundere - fidi - fasum pour (No. 208) vined - vincere - vici « vietum conquer (No. 546) * A long @ is substituted for a in the present stem. agd - agere - gi - actum set in motion (No. 26) faci - facere -féci - factum make, do (No. 180) * An s is added to the present stem and final voiced consonants (b, d, and g) become unvoiced (p, t, and ¢) before the s. The combinations ¢ + s and g + s become x. auged - augére - auxi (aug + si) -auctum increase (0. 60) dicd - dicere « dixi (dic + si) - dictum say (No. 142) saepid - sacpire - saepsi - saeptum enclase (NO. 442) scribd - seribere - scripst -scriptum write (wo. 454) Sometimes the final consonant, especially d or t, is dropped before s is added. c&d6 - c&dere - cessi -cessum go, recede (NO. 75) claudé (chido) - claudere clausi - clausum cle (No. 85) mitt6 - mitcere - misi- missum send (0. 304)34 ATYPICAL VERBS * A verb takes its perfect stem from a perfect-stem formation that is common in another conjugation. déled - délere « délevi - délétum destroy (No. 136) vetd « vetare - vetui - vetitum forbid (No. 542) For some verbs, the present stem undergoes considerable change if v is added to form the perfect stem. cerné - cernere erévi- crétum sift, discern (No. 78) nosed - noscere - ndvi - notum get to know (No. 333) A few third-conjugation verbs add iv to the present stem. arcess6 (accers6) - arcessere - arcessivi (-it) - arcessitum invite (No. 44) petd - petere - petivi (ii) - petitum seek (No. 376) * The first syllable of the present stem is repeated, sometimes with other changes. cand - canere « cecini - [cantum] sing (No. 69) curré « currere » cucurri- cursum run (No. 127) pended - pendére - pependi -—— hang (wo. 368) reperid - reperire - repperi - repertum discover (No. 429) stO- stare - steti- starum stand (wo. 484) tango - tangere - tetigi- tactum touch (No. 503) * Many third-, fourth-, and mixed-conjugation verbs add u to the present stem. aperid aperire - aperui - apertum open (No. 37) cold - colere - colut cultum cultivate (xo. 92) rapid - rapere - rapul - raptum seize (NO. 420) A few first-conjugation verbs also add u to the present stem. crep - crepare - creput- — make a sharp loud noise (N0. 120) * Some verbs have alternative forms of the perfect stem. morded - mordére - momordi (memordi) - morsum bite (No. 309) salid - salire - salut (salt) - saltum jump (No. 444) vell6 - vellere - velli (vulsi, volsi) - vulsum (volsum) pull (No. 534) Most, but not all, verbs whose third principal part ends in -ivi have an alternative end- ing in -ii, cupid - cupere - cupivi (-il)- cupitum wish for (No. 125) ined - inire - A) - initum enter (No. 243) Supine stems are more difficult to classify by pattern. Verbs with regular principal parts have a supine stem in t (am: tors. -, monit-, audit-), but the stem of others may end in either cado - cadere - cecidi - casum fall (No. 65) cold - colere « colui - cultum cultivate (wo. 92) * The final consonant of the present stem is sometimes lost. fund6 - fundere - faidi - fisum pour (No. 208) moved - movére movi - motum move (No. 312) + The combinations ¢ + s and g + s become x. ig ‘* Many Latin verbs have alternative forms for the supine or perfect participle. figere - fixi- fixum (fictum) drive in (wo. 188) fried - fricare - fricui - fricitum (frictum) rub (No. 201) métior -métiri - mensus (inétitus) sum measure (No. 295) ‘or - nancisci - nactus (nanctus) sum obtain (No. 317)Impersonal Verbs 35 Verbs That Lack One or More Principal Parts * Three Latin verbs have no present tense forms and are conjugated only in the perfect tenses. coepi : coepisse - coeptum have begun (xo. 87) memini - meminisse -— remember (No. 290) di Gdisse - Gsum hate (No. 345) ‘The latter two verbs, though perfect in form, are present in meaning. * Some verbs have present and perfect systems from two different stems. fer’ -ferre - tuli -latum carry (wo. 185) tollé - tollere - sustuli - sublatum lift (vo. 513) The passive of facio do, make is supplied by £16, fiert. * A few Latin verbs have no perfect indicative active form; examples follow. impendes - impendére - —~- impensum be suspended (No. 230) pandd - pandere -— - passum (pansum) spread (No. 356) plicd - plicare - plicatum fold (wo. 384) quatid - quatere - —+quassum shake (No. 415) verré - verrere -—- versum sweep (No. 539) These verbs lack the perfect tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods, as well as the perfect infinitive (which is formed from the perfect stem). * Some verbs have no supine; many of these have a perfect stem ending in u; examples follow. arceé - arcére - arcul -— — ward off (xo. 43) lingua - linquere - liqui - — leave (wo. 277) resistd - resistere - restitt stop (No. 434) Some verbs that lack the supine have a future participle, and thus also have future in- finitives; examples follow. absum - abesse «ful -afuciirus be absent (No. 5) fugid - fugere - fagi - fugitarus flee (No. 203) For these verbs, the future participle is given in place of the missing supine in the list of principal parts, * Some verbs have neither a perfect indicative active nor a supine; examples follow. attoll6 - atollere - —- — raise (wo. 56) immined - imminére - — - —— project (wo. 228) maered « maerére -— - — be sad (xo. 284) scandd - scandere -— — climb (x0. 450) Impersonal Verbs Latin often uses impersonal constructions, in which the verb has no definite person or thing as its subject. * Some verbs are always, or almost always, used impersonally. Some denote operations of weather (e.g,, ningit it is snowing (No. 327)), others denote feeling (e.g., paenitet it causes to regret (No. 355)), and others denote suitability, necessity, etc. (e.g., oportet it is right (No. 448)). These verbs generally occur only in third-person singular and infinitival forms; when used personally, they occur in the third-person singular or plu- ral form. * Some verbs are occasionally used impersonally (e.g., iuvat it is pleasing (No. 261)). * Other verbs are used impersonally in the third-person singular of the passive tenses (see the next section).36 ATYPICAL VERBS Verbs That Lack Some or All Passive Forms + A large number of Latin verbs have no passive forms at all; see, for example, the con- jugations of caled be bot (xo. 68), ingrud threaten (No. 245), and studed devore oneself (to) (No. 489). These verbs are intransitive, that is, they do not take a direct object, although some may take objects in a case other than the accusative (studed may have a dative object, for instance). These verbs have no passive tenses, no passive infinitives, no perfect passive participle (with a few exceptions), no gerundive, and no supine in a. If a verb of this type has a perfect participle, the participle is active in meaning (c.g., adultus grown up < ado- lescd become mature (No. 19)). * Some transitive or transitive/intransitive verbs have no passive forms in the first or second person—sense precludes it. Examples are aedifico build (wo. 21) and texd ‘weave (NO. 510). These verbs have only third-person singular and plural forms in the passive tenses. They have no second-person passive imperative forms, and some, like caved guard against (No. 74) and cdgitd think (No. 89), have no passive imperative forms at all If a verb of this type has no supine, it also lacks the perfect tenses in the passive voice and the nonfinite forms that are formed from the stem of the supine: the future infini- tives and participle, the perfect passive infinitive, and the perfect passive participle. + Some transitive or transitive/intransitive verbs have only third-person singular forms in passive tenses; these are generally used impersonally. An example from nescié not know (No. 326) follows. Utrum consistere uspiam velit an mare It is unknown whether be wants to make a stand transire nescitur, (Cicero Att. 7.12.2) somewhere or crass the sea Other verbs of this type are contendo stretch (wo. 113), dubitd doubt (No. 157), and obed meet with (No. 335). * Some intransitive verbs are used only in the third-person singular of passive tenses in an impersonal sense. An example from dormié s/eep (No. 156) follows. Habec jurgia lectus in qué nupta iacet; The couch on which the bride lies ix quarrelsome; minimum dormitur in illo. very little sleeping is done on it. (Juvenat 6.260f.) Other verbs of this type are noceo injure (No. 331), pergo proceed (No. 375), and venio come (NO. 537). Verbs of the last two types may be used in the third-person singular of all passive tenses, with the composite-tense participle ending in -um (since it is neuter). They have no passive imperative forms, but verbs like nesci6 have all the nonfinite verb forms, including the gerundive when used transitively, while verbs like dormio have all the nonfinite verb forms except the future passive infinitive and the gerundive. If a verb of one of these types has no supine, there are no perfect tense forms in the passive voice, nor are there any nonfinite forms that are derived from the stem of the supine: the future infinitives and participle, the perfect passive infinitive, and the perfect passive participle. Verbs with Alternative Forms Many Latin verbs have alternative forms because of different spellings in the stem of more than one principal part. claudd/clido - claudere/cladere - clausi/clisi - clausunv/clisum dose (No. 85) libet/lubet - libére/lubére - libuit/lubuit (libitum est/lubitum est) it is pleasing (No. 274) ung(u)d - ung(a)ere - unxi- unctum smear with oil (No. 527)Defective Verbs 37 If an alternative form is given for only the first item in a list of principal parts, it may be assumed that the alternating element applies to all principal parts with the same basic root. Ina few verbs, virtually all forms based on the present stem exist in each of two conjuga- tions: ferves, fervére/ferva, fervere be hot (No. 186) (second and third conjugations) and lavo, lavare/lavé, lavere wash (No. 271) (first and third conjugations).. Defective Verbs A smnall number of common Latin verbs do not occur in every form that is theoretically possible. This information is sometimes supplied by a Roman grammarian; for example, soled be accustomed (No. 470) was not used in the future and future perfect tenses. Not every form of every verb occurs in surviving texts, which represent only a small part of what once existed in Latin literature. Nevertheless, it is surprising that some forms of some very common verbs are not to be found, and so the conclusion is that these forms were not used (and are therefore not included in the conjugation tables in this book). * Some verbs that relate to speaking have very few forms: ai6 say (No. 27), for speak (wo. 197), and inquam say (No. 247). ‘Iwo other verbs with few extant forms are queé be able (No. 416) and nequed be unable (No. 325). * Some verbs lack whole tenses or several nonfinite forms. * The deponent verb reor think (wo. 428) has no present participle, no future partici- ple or infinitive, and no gerund, gerundive, or supine. The greeting verbs salvé and avé (see No. 445) exist only in the imperative and the present infinitive. he verb vend6 sell (xo. 535) has no future indicative passive or perfect indicative or subjunctive tenses in the passive. Its finite passive forms were supplied by véned in the Golden Age of Latin literature. The verb véned be sold (No. 536) has no true passive forms; note that its meaning is passive in English.The Declension of Latin Nouns, Adjectives, and Pronouns, and the Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES First- and Second-Declension Nouns puclla gi] _-miruswall —_bellumwar agerfield _puer boy feminine) (masculine) __(neuter) Grmatculine) __{maseuline) Singular Nominative puella mirus bellum ager puer Vocative puella mire bellum ager puer Accusative puellam = marum bellum agrum puerum Genitive puellae mari bellt agri puert ative puellae miro bells agro puerd Ablatve puella moro bella agro puerd Plural Nominativervocative _puellae muri bella agri puert Accusative puellas murds bella agros puerds Genitive pucllirum = marorum —bellorum = agrdrum —_puerorum Dative puellis mar bellis agris pueris Ablative puellis mauris bellis agris pueris * Most first-declension nouns are feminine; a few nouns, mostly referring to male oc- cupations (e.g., nauta sailor), are masculine but are declined in the same way. Filia daughter and dea goddess normally have irregular dative and ablative plurals: filiabus, deabus. * Second-declension nouns ending in -us are almost all masculine; those ending in -um are all neuter. Those ending in -ius have a vocative and genitive singular in =i (Fili—from filius—can mean either O son or of the son). A few masculine nouns end in -er in the nominative and vocative singular, but drop the e elsewhere; an exception is puer (vir man ends in ir but is declined like puer). * In both declensions, the locative is the same as the genitive in the singular and the ablative in the plural. First- and Second-Declension Adjectives bonus good pulcher beautiful Masculine Feminine Neuter ‘Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative bonus bona bonum —pulcher-_-—pulchra.—_pulchrum Vocative bone bona ~~ bonum —pulcher_-—pulehra._—_ppulchrum. Accusative bonum — bonam — bonum ——pulchrum ——pulchram_—_pulchrum Genitive boni bonae ——_boni pulehri pulchrae —_pulchri Dative bond bonae_— bond ~—pulchré.~—ppulchrae—_pulchro Ablative bond —_bona_—_—bond—_pulchro. —_pulchra._—_pulchra 38Third-Declension Nouns (Consonant Stems) 39 ‘Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine ‘Feminine Neuter Plural NominativeNocative oni —bonae_—_-bona pulchei pulchrae _pulchra accusative bonds bonds. bona pulchrés —pulchras—_pulchra Genitive bondrum bonarum bondrum pulchrorum —pulchrarum — pulchrorum Dative bonis bonis bonis._—pulchris-_—_pulchri pulchris Ablatve bonis bonis bonis___pulchris__pulchris__pulchris * Regular first- and second-declension adjectives are declined like bonus good. Those ending in -er in the masculine nominative singular are declined like pulcher beautifiu, except for a few, which retain the e throughout their declension; the commonest of these are liber free, miser miserable, prosper prosperous, asper rough, and tener tender. Third-Declension Nouns (Consonant Stems) Stems that add s in the nominative singular to masculine and feminine nouns, but not to neuters © 9 (palatal) td (dental) ‘neuter dentals) _p.b labial) rex king és foot caput head princeps chief (masculine) (masculine) (neuter) masculine) Stem reg ped- capit- princip- Singular NominativeNVocative rex(g +s >x) — pés(ped +s) caput princeps Accusative régem pedem caput principem Genitive regis pedis capitis principis Dative regi pedi capiti principi Ablative rege pede capite principe Plural Nominativenvocative _régés pedés capita principés Accusative réges pedés capita principes Genitive régum pedum capitum principum Dative régibus pedibus capitibus principibus Ablative régibus pedibus capitibus principibus * The ending for the locative of all third-declension nouns is the same as for the abla- tive. In the singular, -i sometimes occurs (e.g., Carthagini/Carthagine at Carthage). Stems without s in the nominative singular (any gender) liquids) 1 (nasals) ‘consul consul ‘amor love 1e6 lion ‘nomen name (masculine) (masculine) (masculine) (neuter) consul- amor- leon- nomin- Nominative/Vocative consul amor lea, ndmen Accusative consulem amérem leénem, némen Genitive consulis amiris. lenis nominis Dative consuli amori leéni nomini Ablative consule amore leone ndmine Plural NominativeVocative _consulés amorés leanés némina Accusative consulés amérés leonés nomina Genitive consulum amérum Je6num nominum Dative consulibus amoribus Jenibus ndminibus Ablative consulibus améribus le6nibus néminibus40 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES * Pater, patris (masc.) father; mater, matris (fem.) mother; and frater, fratris (masc.) brother have e before the final r of the stem only in the nominative and vocative singular. 1-Stems where the nominative singular ends in s in all genders, but most nouns are neuter {las flower opus work tempus time (masculine) (neuter) (neuter) stem flor oper- tempor- Singular NominativeNocative los opus tempus Accusative florem opus tempus Genitive floris operis __temporis Dative flari operi tempori Ablative fire opere tempore Plural Nominativenvocative _florés opera tempora ‘Accusative flores opera ‘tempora Genitive forum ——operum —_temporum Dative floribus operibus__temporibus Ablative floribus __operibus __temporibus Third-Declension Nouns (Masculine and Feminine i-Stems) Nouns ending in -is or -s in the nominative singular Monosyllabic nouns ending in two consonants in the nominative singular ivi citizen nabés cloud ‘mons mountain (masculineHeminine) (masculine) (masculine) Singular Nominative/Vocative civis nabés mons: Accusative em nubem montem Genitive avis nabis montis Dative i nabr monti Ablative Give nabe monte Plural NominativeNocative es nabes montés Accusative civés, civis nubés, nibis montés, montis Geritive civium nabium montium Dative civibus nabibus montibus Abiative aivibus nabibus montibus * Some nouns in -is also have an accusative singular in -im and an ablative singular in -i (e.g., turris tower (usually -im) and navis ship (usually em). Some may have either -€ or -Tin the ablative (e.g., avis bird and ignis fire). * Vis (fem.) is irregular. In the singular it means force, violence, and in classical Latin it occurs only in the nominative vis, accusative vim, and ablative vi. In the plural it means strength: nominative virés, accusative virés and viris, genitive virium, dative and ablative viribus.Third-Declension Adjectives (i-Stems) 41 Third-Declension Nouns (Neuter i-Stems) animal ving sedile seat being, animal exemplar pattern (neuter) (neuter (weuter) Singular NominativeNocative _sedile animal exemplar Accusative animal exemplar Genitive animalis exemplars Dative cxempliri Ablative exemplari Plural Nominativenvocative _sedilia exemplaria Accusative sedilia exemplaria Genitive sedilium — animalium —_exemplarium Dative sedilibus animilibus __exemplaribus ablative sedilibus __animalibus __exemplaribus * Neuter i-stems end in -e, -al, or -ar in the nominative singular. Third-Declension Adjectives (Consonant Stems) Singular Plural Masculine/Feminine Neuter MasculineyFeminine Neuter Nominativeocative vetus old vetus veterés vetera Accusative veterem vetus veterés vetera Genitive veteris veteris _veterum veterum Dative veteri veteri veteribus veteribus Ablative vetere vetere veteribus veteribus * Frequently occurring nouns in this very small class are eaelebs, caelibis unmarried; pauper, pauperis poor; inops, inopis poor; and memor, memoris *indful (the last two normally have -i in the ablative singular). These adjectives almost always apply only to persons and therefore have no neuter nominative or accusative plural forms * Dives, divitis rich also has a contracted form dis, ditis, which is declined like a one- termination i-stem and which is the more common form in the plural. Third-Declension Adjectives (i-Stems) i-Stem adjectives are divided into three classes according to the number of terminations (endings) used in the nominative singular to indicate gender. One-termination i-stems Singular Plural Masculine/Feminine Neuter Masculine/Feminine Neuter Nominativenvocative ingens huge ingens ingentés ingentia accusative ingentem ingens ingentés, ingentis _ ingentia Genitive gentis ingentis _ingentium ingentium Dative ingenti ingenti —_ingentibus. ingentibus Ablative ingenti ingenti__ingentibus ingentibus * The present participle of all verbs is included in this class. When used as nouns, par- ticiples have -e in the ablative singular. = Among the few words in this class not ending in -ns in the nominative singular are audax, audicis bold, felix, felicis happy, lucky, and other adjectives ending in -x; and par, paris like, equal.42 NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES Two-termination i-stems Singul Plural Masculine/Feminine Neuter Masculine/Feminine Neuter NominativenVocative _tristis sad triste tristés cristia Accusative ristem triste tristés, tristis tristia Genitive wistis tristis tristium tristium Dative tristi tristi tristibus tristibus Ablative tristi tristi tristibus tristibus, Three-termination i-stems singular Masculine Feminine Neuter Neuter Nominativevocative cer sharp Acris cre acrés icria Accusative Jerem acrem acre Serés, acris cria Genitive feris ficris cris Acrium acrium bative Beri eri eri Acribus Ablative ert eri ac Scribus * Celer swift keeps € before the final r of the stem throughout its declension: masc. celer, fem. celeris, neut. celere (irregular genitive phural celerum). Fourth-Declension Nouns ‘exercitus army cord horn domus house (masculine) (neuten (feminine) Singular NominativeNVocative _exercitus corn domus Accusative exercitum ——cornit domum Genitive exercitiis cornis domis Dative exercitul corn domui (domo) Ablative exercitit corn domé (domii) Plural Nominative/Vocative exercitis cornua domas Accusative exercitiis cornua domiis, domas cenitive exercicuum — cornuum ——_ domuum, domérum Dative exercitibus —cornibus_——_ domibus Ablative exercitibus —_cornibus __domibus * Almost all fourth-declension nouns in -us are masculine; all those with a stem in ~a are neuter. A few common nouns are feminine: acus needle; manus hand; ida (plural only) ides; and domus howe (locative domi and otherwise irregular). * Some fourth-declension nouns have -ubus in the dative and ablative plural (e.g., acus needle and tribus tribe); some have both -ibus and -ubus there (¢.g., portus harbor, lacus lake, genii knee, and specus cave). * There are no adjectives in the fourth declension.Personal and Reflexive Pronouns 43 Fifth-Declension Nouns dias day 15 thing (masculineffeminine) (feminine) Singular Nominativenvocative dis rés Accusative diem rem Genitive diet rel Dative digi Ablative Plural Nominativervocative res Accusative res Genitive rérum Dative rébus Ablative rebus * Fifth-declension nouns are feminine, except for diés day and its compound meridiés midday, which are generally masculine. Diés is always masculine in the plural; it is usually feminine when it refers to a specific date. * There are no adjectives in the fifth declension. PRONOUNS Personal and Refle: /e Pronouns First person Second person -person reflexive Singular Nominative ego T Wii you (also Vocative). — Accusative me ra 88, sé56 himself/hervelf/itself Genitive met a sui Dative bi sibi Ablative me te s€, s@sé Plural Nominative nds we 10S You (also Vocative). = — Accusative nds vos sé, sés@ themselves Genitive nostrum, nostri vestrum, vestrT sul Dative nobis vobis sibi Abiative nobis vobis sé, sésé * Nostrum and vestrum are partitive genitives, denoting the whole of which its noun is a part (e.g., ném@ nostrum not one of us); nostri and vestri are objective genitives, denoting the object of the action of its noun (e.g., memoria nostri tua your remem- brance of 1). Old Latin before Terence used méd, téd, and séd in the ablative and sometimes in the accusative. The suffix -met may be added to most of these forms for emphasis. The possessive adjectives are as follows. meus (-a,-um) my noster, nostra, nostrum our tuus (-a, -um) your (singular) vester, vestra, vestrum your (plural) suus (-a,-um) his/her/its/their (own)44 PRONOUNS * Meus, tuus, and suus are declined like bonus except for the masculine vocative sin- gular (mi); noster and vester are declined like pulcher (see pp. 38-39). These pos- sessive adjectives can also be used predicatively with the meaning mine, ours; yours, and bis/bers/its/theirs. * The genitive of is, ea, id (see below) is used as the third-person nonreflexive posses- sive: eius his/her/its; eOrum, edrum, edrum their, Demonstrative Pronouns ‘Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative is he ca she id it Accusative eum, eam id Genitive eius cius cius Dative a ea a Ablative eo ea eo Plurat Nominative if, e1,7 cae ea Accusative eds eas ea Genitive e6rum earum Dative eis, iis (is) is (is) Ablative is, ils (Is) is (is) Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative hie this (man) —haec this (woman) hoc this (thing) Accusative une hanc hoe Genitive huius huius Dative huic huie Ablative hac hoe Plural Nominative hi hae hace Accusative hos has haee Genitive horum harum horum Dative his his his Abiative his his his Masculine Neuter Singular Nominative ille that (man) lla that (woman) —_illud that (thing) Accusative illum illam illud Genitive illius illius Dative ill ili ablative illo illa Plural Nominative illt illae illa Accusative ills illas illa Genitive illéram illarum illoram Dative illis illis illis Ablative illis ills illis * These pronouns can also function as adjectives. * Iste that (man) near you is declined like ille.Other Pronouns idem the same Other Pronouns 45 Neuter idem idem cinsdem eidem eddem eadem eadem edrundem isdem, eisdem Masculine Feminine Singular Nominative idem eadem Accusative eundem eandem Genitive ciusdem ciusdem Dative eidem eidem Ablative eddem Plural Nominative idem, eidem ——_eaedem Accusative edsdem easdem: Genitive e6rundem earundem Dative isdem, eisdem Ablative isdem, eisdem —_isdem, eisdem isdem, eisdem * The masculine nominative plural of idem may also be iidem, and its dative and abla- tive plurals may also be iisdem. * This pronoun can also function as an adjective. ipse self ~ Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative ipse ipsum Accusative ipsum ipsum Genitive —_ipsius ipsius Dative ipsi Ablative ipsé Plural Nominative ipsa Accusative ipsa Genitive ipsorum Dative ipsis Ablatve ips * This pronoun can also function as an adjective. alius other Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative alius alia aliud Accusative lium aliam aliud Genitive alius alfus Dative ali ali al ablative ald alia ali Plural Nominative allt aline alia Accusative alids alia Genitive alidrum —aliarum = aligrum, Dative alits alis alits ablative alli aliis46 PRONOUNS alter other of two Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Masculine alter alterum alterius alteri alter alteri alterds alterorum, alteri alteris Feminine altera alteram alterius alteri altera alterae alteras alterarum alteris alteris Neuter alterum alterum alterius altert alter altera altera alterorum, alteris alteris * Other pronouns declined like alter (except that they do not elsewhere keep the e of the masculine nominative singular) are uter, utra, utrum which of rwo? and its com- pound uterque, utraque, utrumque each of two, either (the indeclinable ~que is sim- ply added to each form), and neuter (two syllables), neutra, neutrum neither of two. sélus alone Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative sdlus sola solum Accusative slum solam solum Genitive solius solius solius Dative sol Ablative solo sola Plural Nominative soll solae sola Accusative sélés solas sola Genitive sélérum solorum Dative solis Ablative solis * Other pronouns declined like sdlus are ttus all, ius one, ullus any, and nullus none. qui who (relative pronoun/adjective) Singular Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Plural Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative Ablative Masculine qui quem cuius cui quo qui quos quorum quibus quibus Feminine quae quam cuius cui qua quae quas quarum quibus quibus Neuter quod quod cuius cui quo quae quae quorum quibus quibusCOMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 47 ‘The interrogative pronoun has the same forms as the relative pronoun qui except for the masculine and feminine nominative singular (quis) and the neuter nominative and accusative singular (quid). * ‘The interrogative adjective is declined exactly like the relative pronoun qui, * The indefinite pronoun quis, qua, quid anyone, anything follows the relative pronoun in its declension in the same way as the interrogative pronoun except that the femi- nine nominative singular is qua or quae and the neuter nominative and accusative plural is quae or qua. * The indefinite adjective qui, quae, quod any also follows the relative pronoun in its declension in the same way as the interrogative adjective except that the neuter nomi- native and accusative plural is quae or qua. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Positive Stem Comparative Superlative darus hard di darior harder darissimus hardest fortis brave fort- fortior braver fortissimus bravest amans loving amant-_— amantior more loving amantissimus mast loving félix fortunate _félic~ jor more fortunate _félicissimus most fortunate + Comparative adjectives are declined like consonantal-stem third-declension adjectives except that there is a separate form for the neuter nominative singular. gular Plural Masculine/Feminine Neuter ‘MasculineFeminine Neuter NominativeNVocative datrior darius dariorés diridra Accusative dariorem darius daridres diriora Genitive darioris darioris diriorum dariorum Dative dirior dariort dirioribus duridribus Ablative daridre daridre daridribus daridribus Superlative adjectives are declined like first- and second-declension adjectives. * Adjectives in -er, whether of the first and second declension (e.g., pulcher and tener) or of the third (e.g., acer), form their superlatives in -errimus. In the comparative they are regular. pulcher beautiful pulchrior —_pulcherrimus tener tender tenerior tenerrimus Acer sharp, fierce acrior acerrimus. * Six third-declension adjectives ending in -ilis form their superlative in -illimus. In the comparative they are regular. facilis easy facilior facillimus difficilis difficult difficilior difficillimus similis similar similior simillimus dissimilis dissimilar dissimilior _dissimillimus gracilis slender gracilior __gracillimus humilis low, lowly humilior humillimus * Adjectives ending in -eus and -ius are compared by the addition of the adverbs magis more and maximé most (c.g., idoneus suitable, magis idoneus more suitable, maximé idoneus most suitable). Other adjectives are sometimes compared in this way.48 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES * The most important irregular adjectives are the following. bonus good melior better optimus best malus bad peior worse pessimus worst multus much pliis more plarimus most magnus great maior greater maximus greatest parvus small minor smaller minimus smallest superus upper superior upper suprémus, summus highest inferus lower inferior lower infimus, imus lowest iuvenis young itanior younger (nati minimus) youngest senex old senior older (nata maximus) oldest novus new (recentior) newer, fresher novissimus newest vetus old vetustior (rarely veterior) older _veterrimus oldest propinquus near —_propior nearer proximus nearest, mext Plas, pliirés more, which functions as a neuter noun in the singular and as an adjective in the plural, is declined as follows. Plural adjective Singular noun __Masculineeminine Neuter Nominativenocative plas plares plira Accusative plas plarés, pliris plara Genitive plaris plarium plirium Dative — plaribus plaribus Ablative plare plaribus pliribus COMPARISON OF ADVERBS An adverb is typically formed from its corresponding adjective: tardé < tardus; fortiter < fortis; facile < facilis. A comparative adverb is the same as the neuter nominative singular of the corresponding comparative adjective, and a superlative adverb is formed by adding -€ to the stem of the superlative adjective. Adjective ‘Advero Comparative adverb Superlative adverd tardus slow tarde slowly tardius more slowly tardissimé most slowly fortis brave fortiter bravely fortius more bravely fortissimé most bravely facilis easy facile easily facilius more easily facillimé mast easily bonus good bene well melius better optime best parvus smal! paulum little minus /ess minimé least multus much multum much plis more plirimum most magnus great __magnopere greatly _magis more maximé most © Pliis can function as a comparative adverb or a neuter noun. * Irregularities in the comparison of an adjective are retained in that of its correspond- ing adverb (see, for example, bonus, bene, etc. in the table above). * A few adverbs have no corresponding adjective (e.g., diti long, diditius longer, dititis- simé longest and saepe often, saepius more often, saepissimé most often).555 Fully Conjugated Verbs Verb Conjugation Tables ‘The conjugation tables give all known forms for each of the 555 verbs, as well as all forms that can be reasonably supposed to have existed; on the reasons for missing forms, see pp. 35-37. Parentheses are used to indicate (1) alternative forms and endings, (2) the other genders of gerundives and participles (future and perfect), (3) the genitive singular of cer- tain present participles, and (4) the supine in -W. Forms in square brackets occur rarely, and for this reason all future passive infinitives are so treated. Examples The meaning of each verb is illustrated by sentences from carly and classical Latin litera ture, along with several proverbs collected by Erasmus in his Adagia. About 20 sentences are given for the Top 4o verbs, and five are typically given for the others. Each sentence is accompanied by a reference to the source from which it is taken. For abbreviations used for the works of Latin authors, see “Authors and Works” below. In many cases, words have been omitted from the original text of a Latin sentence for the sake of brevity. A word that does not occur in the original text but is essential for understanding a sentence when quoted by itself is enclosed in square brackets. Standard editions (Oxford Classical Texts, Bibliotheca Teubneriana, and the Loeb Classical Library) have been consulted to select sentences, and the spelling of the edition used for each author has been retained. Consequently, a few words occur with slightly different spellings, for example, vester/voster. Authors and Works Accius Carunwws (see Remains. vol. 2) - Carmina Practest. Fabulae practextae Ceisus Ting, Tragoedine = de Medicina Adagia Cicero (a collection of proverbs from ancient authors Me ‘Academica compiled by Erasmus) ad Brut, Epistulae ad Bratum Aputetus Ag de Lege Agraria Apol. Apologia ‘Amic. de Amicitia Fl Florida ‘rat. Arati Phaenomena Mer. Metamorphoses Arch, pro Archia Brute: Ar. Epistulae ad Atticum ‘Ot Oratones fais, —_proBalbo . Brut. Brutus Carcnsvs Gace. pro Caecina (Gee Remains, vol. 1) Cael. 0 Caelio Com. Comoediae Gorm. Carmina Catsar Caril. in Catil BC de Bello Ci Cl pro Cluentio BG de Bello Gallico deOrat. de Oratore [Carsar] Di de Divinatione Bef de Bello Aftico Div.Cace. Divinatio in Q. Caecilium B.Alex. de Bello Alexandrino Dom. de Domo sua B.Hisp. de Bello Hispaniensi Fam. Epistulae ad Familiares Far. de Fato (Caupursius Fin de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum Fal, Felogae Plc. pro Flacco Caro Font. pro Fonteio Agr de Agei Culeura Har. de Haruspicum Responso Orig. Origines In. de Inventione *Remains of Old Latin, ed. E, H, Warmington (Loeb), 4950 555 FULLY CONJUGATED VERBS Cicero (cont'd) Leg. de Legibus Lig. pro Ligario Lue Lucullas Man. pro Lege Manilia Mil. pro Milone Mur. pro Murena ND. de Natura Deorum Of. de Offciis Ora. Orator Parad. Patadoxa Stoicoram Part Partitiones Oratoriae Phil Philippicae Pic in Pisonem Planc. pro Plancio Prov. de Provinciis Consularibus Of Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem Q.Rosc. pro Quinto Roscio Quinct. pro Quinctio Rab.Post. pro Rabirio Postumo Red.Pop. post Reditum ad Populum Red.Sen, post Reditum in Senatu Rep. de Republica S.Rose. pro Sexto Roscio Amerino Sen. de Senectute Ses. pro Sestio Sul pro Sulla TD. ‘Tasculanae Disputationes Tim. ‘Timacus Top. “Topica Tul. pro Tullio Ver in Verrem [Cicero] Rbet. Her. Rhetorica ad Herennium CouMeELLa - de Re Rustica Corris ~ Historiae Alexandri Magni Ennis, (see Remains,* vol. 1) Ann, Annales Trag. ——Tragoediae Erasmus Adag. —Adagia Frorus Fie Epitome bellorum omnium annorum DCC Fronrinus Ag de Aquis Urbis Romae Getuius Noctes Atticae Germanicus PLM. Poeti Latini Minores,t vol. 1 (Arati Phaenomena) Horace ars ‘Ars Poetica Carm. Carmina (Odes) Ep Epistulae Epod. —Epodi S. Sermones Saee Carmen Saeculare *Remains of Old Latin, ed. E. 1. Warmington (Loeb), Hyainus, - Fabulac Isc. Patt. - Fabulae palliatae poetaram Juvena. - Saturae Livy - ab Urbe Condita Lucan - Bellum Civile Lucretws de Rerum Natura Manns - Astronomica Maria - Epigrammata Meta - de Chorographia Naevius (sce Remains,* vol. 2) Com. Comoediae Incert.—_Incertae fabulae ‘Trag. —‘Tragocdiae Neros Ale Alcibiades Ca Cato Cha. Chabrias Gim. Cimon Ep Epaminondas Evm, — Eumenes Han, Hannibal bys. Lysander Them. ‘Themistocles Thr Thrasybulus Timol. —‘Timmoleon Timoth, —Timotheus Ocravianus PLM. — Poeti Latini Minores,t vol. 4 Own Am. Amores Ars Ars Amatoria Fast. Fasti Her Heroides I, This Med. Medicamina Faciei Femineae Met. Metamorphoses Pont. Epistulae ex Ponto Rem. Remedia Amoris Te ‘Tristia Pacuvius (ee Remains,* vol. 2) Trag. —Tragoediae Persius = Saturae Perrontus — Satiricon Prrarpeus — Fabulae +}Poeti Latini Minores, ed. A. Bachrens. +$Fabulae palliatae were comedies written in Latin but with a Greek setting.Prautus Am. Amphitruo As Asinaria Au Anlularia Bac Bacchides Capt. Captivi Cas. Casina Cir Cistellaria Cur Curculio Enid. Epidicus Men Menaechmi Mer Mereator Mil. Miles Gloriosus Mos. Mostellari Per. Persa Poen. Poenulus P. Pseudolus, Rud. Rudens Si Stichus ‘Tm Trinummus Truc. Truculentus Vid. Vidularia Puiny (the Elder) Nat. Naturalis Historia Pury (the Younger) Ep. Epistulae Pan Panegyricus Prorertivs — Elegiae Pustitaus (Syrus) — Sententiae QuinTILiAN Dee. Declamationes = Insticutio Oratoria [QuivritiaN] Decl, Declamationes Maiores Sattust, Cat. Catilina Hist Historiae Jug Tugurtha SENECA (the Elder) Con Controversiae Suas, —— Suasoriae Seneca (the Younger) Ag ‘Agameninon Apoc. __Apocolocyntoxis Ben de Beneticiis cL de Clementia Dial. Dialog Ep. Epistulac Heck Hercules Furens Med. Medea Nat Naturales Quaestiones ed. Oedipus PLM, — Poeti Latini Minores,t vol. 4 Phaed. Phaedra Phoen, — Phoenissae Thy. Thyestes Tro. ‘Troales [Seweca] (the Younger) HerO. Hercules Octaeus Oat Octavia Authors and Works 51 Situs (Irauieus) = Punica Souwus Collectanea Rerum Memorabilium Starts Ach, Achilleid Site, Theb. Sueronis Aug, Augustus Cal G: cL Dam. Domitianus Gal. Galba Gram, de Grarnmaticis ju. Tulius ‘Nero Nero Oiko Otho Tib. Tiberius Tit Titus Vex Vespasiamus Vir. Vitellius Tacitus Ag Agricola Ann Annales Ger Genmania Hist Historiae ‘TerENcE Ad, Adelphi An, Andria Ex, Eunuchus Hau. Heauton Timorumenos Hee. Hecyra Ph. Phormio Tisuitus = Elegiae [Taurus] - Elegiae ‘Vaterius Fraccus = Argonautica ‘Vacerius Maximus - Facta et Dicta Memorabilia ‘Varo L de Lingua Latina PRom. Vita Populi Romani R Res Rusticae in Getuaus fragment preserved in Gellius Vatetus (Paterculus) — Historia Romana Veraut Aen. Aeneis Ed. Eclogae G. Georgica [Veron] Cat. Catalepton Cin Giris Copa Copa Culex Culex Lyd. Lydia Virauvivs - de Architectura52 555 FULLY CONJUGATED VERBS Top 40 Verbs The following 4o Latin verbs have been selected for their high frequency and extensive range of meanings. An outline of meanings and a full page of example sentences accom- pany the conjugation table of each of these verbs. The list below gives the basic English meaning(s) for each verb and the verb’s number in this book. ago set in motion, drive 26 cado fall 65 capid take 71 c&dd go; recede 75 col6 cultivate 92 confera carry; bring together 102 conficid accomplish; put together 103 consistd stop, stay 109 do give; put, place 152 died sead; pull, draw 158 &dd put forth 159 facid make, create; do, act 180 fall mislead 181 ferd carry, bring; remove; lead; endure 185 fingd mold, shape 190 gerd carry, bear 214. habeo have, hold 217 iaced be in a recumbent position 222 inferd carry into 244 mittd send 304 moveo set in motion 312 ‘offers put in someone’ way 346 petd seek 376 pond put, place 389 praest6 stand in front; excel 397 premé press 403 rapid seize, carry off 420 recipio take back; accept; allow 421 reddo give back 422 refera bring back 423 solv6 Joosen, undo 472 statud put in a standing position 482 sto be in a standing position 484 subed go under 492 : siimé take 497 tened hold 506 toll6 lift, raise 513 traho draw, drag, pull 518 vert turn; change 540 video see 543hide, conceal; cover abdO | third conjugation; trans. active INDICATIVE PRESENT abdo abdimus abdis abditis abdit abdunt Impenrecr abdébam ——abdebamus abdébas abdébatis abdébat abdebant Future abdam abdémus abdas abdetis abdent eneect abdidimos abdidistis, abdidérunt (-ére) pwsensect ——abdideram ——_abdiderimus abdideris —_abdideratis abdiderat_ —_abdiderant rurureeerrect abdiderd ——_abdiderimus abdideris —_abdideritis abdiderit. ——_abdiderine SuBJUNCTIVE Present abdam abdimus abdis abdatis abdat abdant socnrecr abderem abderémus abderés abderatis abderet abderent eneect abdiderim —_abdiderimus abdideris _abdideritis abdiderit —_abdiderint puresrect ——abdidissem ——_abdidissémus abdidissés _absdidissétis abdidisset abdidissent erative abde abdite abditd abditate, abdunto ineinrives pnesent abdere Furure abditar-us (-a,-um) esse envect abdidisse PARTIOPLES Present abdens rurure abditar-us (-a,-um) eneect — GeRUND abdendum GeRUNDWvE supine abdit-um (-0) Examples Natam frondasis montibus abdit. (Veron. Aen. 7.387) In huius silvae media fermé spatié cohors Romana abditur. (Livy 25.39.1) Senex ris abdidit sé. (Terence Hee. 175) Jam pater Hesperio fagrantem gurgite currum abdiderat Titan. (Starius Theb. 12.2288.) Caput abdiderat cristata casside pennis. (Ovo Met. 8.25) ado - abdere - abdidi- abditum | PASSIVE abdor abdimur abderis (-ere) abdimint abditur abduncur abdbar abdébamur abdébacis (ire) abdabamini abdebatur abdebancur abdar abdém abderis (-ére) abdémint abdetur abdentur abdit-us (-a,-um) sum abdit-us (-a,-um) es abdit-us (-a,-um) est abdit-us (-a,-um) eram abdit-us (-a,-um) eras .-a) sumus -ae,-a) estis 7 (-ae,~a) sunt -ae,-a) eramus 4 (-ae,-a) eratis abdit-us (-a,-um) erat -ae,-a) erant abdit-us (-a,-um) ero -ae,-a) erimus abdit-us (-a,-um) eris -ae,-a) eritis abdit-us (-a,-um) erit -ae,-a) runt abdar abdarnur abdaris (-are) abdamini abdatur abdantur abderer abderém abderéris (-ére) abderémini abderétur abderentur abdit-us (-a,-um) sim abdit-us (-a,-um) sis tus (a,-um) sit it-us (-a,-um) essem us (-a,-um) esses cus (-a,-um) esset ‘ae,-a) essémus ae,-a) essatis, ae,~a) essent abdere abdimint abditor abduntor abdi [abditum ir} abdit-us (-a,-um) esse abdit-us (-a,-um) abdend-us (-a,-um) She bides her daughter in the leafy mountains. In about the middle ofthis woods the Roman cobort is concealed. The old mun bas hidden bimself in the country. Already Father Titan bad hidden bis blazing chariot in western waters. He had covered his head with a helmet topped with feathers? abeG | go away; change; come to an end abeé - abire - abii (-ivi) - abitum Active Inpicanive PRESENT abimus. abitis abeunt IMPERFECT abibamus abibatis abibant Furure abibimus abibitis abibunt eneect abiimus abistis abigrunt (-ére) PLUPERFECT abieram abieramus abieras abieratis, abierat abierant Future PerrecT —abiero abierimus abieris abieritis abierit abierint supsunctive PRESENT abeam abeamus abeas abeatis abeat abeant imecnrect abirem abirémus abirés abirétis, abiret abirent PeREECT abierim abierimus abieris abieritis abierit abierint puuereect ——abissem abissémus abisses abissétis abisset abissent mperative abi abite abit6 abitéte, abeuntd sneiurives, PRESENT abire FUTURE abitdir-us (-a,-um) esse ensect abisse PARTICLES PRESENT. ab-iens (-euntis) FUTURE abitir-us (-a,-um) enFEct - ‘GERUND abeundum GERUNDIVE suPINe abit-um (8) irregular; intrans. abitur abibatur abibitur abitum est abirum erat abitum erit abeatur abirétur abitum sit abitum eset abi abitum esse abitum Note The contracted form of the perfect infinitive active, abisse, which is also the stem of the pluperfect subjunctive active, is more common than the uncontracted form, abiisse Examples Né abeis longius. (Terence Ad. 882) Quo feror? unde abii? (VerGi Aen. 10.670) Abeunt studia in morés. (Ovip Her. 15.83) Abi domum ac suspende t@. (PLavTus Poen. 309) Jam abiit pestilentia, (Cicero Fam. 14.1.3) Don't go very far away. Whither am I being taken? Whence bave I come? One's pursuits pass (lit., change) into one’s character. Go bome and hang yourself! ‘Now the plague bas come t0 an end.throw away; abandon abicio | 3 -abicere -abiéci -abiectum | mixed conjugation; trans. (for pronunciation of abici6, see p.1) active Passive inpicanive PRESENT abicis abicimus abicimur abicis abicitis abiceris (-ere) abicimint abicit abiciunt abicitur abiciuncur IMPERFECT abicigbam —_abicigbamus abicigbar abiciebamur abiciebas _abiciebatis abiciébaris (-are) abicigbamini abicigbat ——_abicigbant, abicigbitur abieigbantur ruTure abiciam abiciémus abiciar abiciemur abiciés abicietis abiciéris (-ére) abiciémint abiciet abicient abiciétur abicientur eneect abigct abiécimus abiect-us ( abiect-i (-ae,-a) sumus abigcisti abigcistis abiect-us (-a,-um) es (ae,-a) estis abigcit abiécérunt (-ére) —__abiect-us (-a,-um) est (ae,-a) sunt ewurenrecr ——abigceram ——_abiceraimus abiect-us (-a,-um) eram (-ae,-a) eramus abigceras __abiceratis abiect-us (-a,-um) eras (-ae,-a) eratis abigcerat ——_abigcerant abiect-us (-a,-um) erat (-ae,-a) erant ruvure rereect abigcerd abigcerimus abiect-us (-a,-um) erd (-ae,-a) erimus abigceris —_abiceritis abiect-us (-a,-um) eris ae,-a) eritis abigcerit abigcerint abiect-us (-a,-um) erit (-ae)-a) erunt SUBJUNCTIVE Present abiciam abiciamus abiciar abiciamur abicias abiciatis abiciaris (-are) abiciamint abiciat abiciant abiciatur abiciantur impenrect abicerem —__abicerémus abicerer abicerémur abicerés abicerétis, abiceréris (-ére) abicerémi abiceret abicerent abicerétur abicerentur enesct abiécerim —_abiécerimus abiect-us (-a,-um) sim abigceris —_—_abigceritis abiect-us (-a,-um) sis abigcerit, abigcerint abiect-us (-a,-um) sit abiect-i (-ae,-a) sint puurenrect ——abicissem ——_abicissémus abiect-us (-a,-um) essem —abiect-i (-ae,-a) essémus abigcissés __abiécissétis abiect-us (-a,-um) essés _abiect-i (-ae,-a) essétis abigcisset _abiécissent abiect-us (-a,-um) esset (-aey-a) essent imperative abice abicite abicere abicimint abicito abicitéte, abiciunts —abicitor abiciuntor ‘eirives PRESENT abicere abi FuTuRE abiector-us (-a,-um) esse {abiectum iri) PeReEcT abiécisse abiect-us (-a,-um) esse PARTICIPLES PRESENT abiciens - ruTuRe abiectir-us (-2,-um) = eneect — abiect-us (-a,-um) ‘ceRUND abiciendum (GERUNDIVE abiciend-us (-a,-um) ‘SUPINE abiect-um (-i) Examples Elephas milite abiect sé recépit. (|Carsan] B.Afi: 84.4) After throwing down the soldier, the elephant withdrew. Dé industria sé abiécit terramque osculatus est. He deliberately threw himself down and kissed the (Vavertus Maximus 7.3.2) ‘ground. Uxor illius ad istius pedés abiécie sése His wife threw herself at the feet of that fellow. ({Ciceno] Rhet. Her. 4.65) Errat et abiecta Cerberus ipse sera. (PRoreRtius 4.7.90) And Cerberus himself casts off bis chains and wanders. Hostas abiectis armis terga vertérunt. The enemy threw down their arms and fled (Caesar B.G. 4.37.4) (lit, turned their backs).aboleé - abolére - abolévi - abolitum | aboled destroy, abolish £ 4 INDICATIVE PRESENT impeReect FUTURE PenFect PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT wpeRFecT PERFECT PLUPERFECT IMPERATIVE ININITIVES PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT PARTICIPLES. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT GERUND GERUNDIVE SUPINE Examples ACTIVE aboled abolémus abolés abolétis abolet abolent abolébam ——_abolébamus abolebas abolebatis| abolébat abolébant abolebo abolébimus abolébis abolebitis abolebit abolébunt abolévi aboléviinus abolévisti —_abolévistis, abolévit abolévérunt (-ére) aboléveram —_aboléverimus aboléveris _aboléveritis aboléverat_ —_aboléverant aboléverd ——_aboléverimus aboléveris __aboléveritis aboléverit —_aboléverint aboleam aboleamus aboleas aboleatis abolear aboleant abolérem abolérémus abolérés aboleretis aboléret abolérent aboléverim —_aboléverimus aboléveris —_aboléveritis aboléverit —_aboléverint abolévissem —_abolévissémus abolévissés _abolevissétis, abolévisset abolévissent abolé aboléte abolétd aboletote, abolents abolére abolitar-us (-a,-um) esse abolévisse abolens abolicar-us (-a,-1 abolendum| abolit-um (-i) Corpus nén igni abolitum, ut Romanus mds. (Tacrrus Ann, 16.6.2) Luctiis abolére vatés iubet. (Sratius Theb. 6.221ff.) Druidarum réligios Décretum Vespasianus abolevi Di, pater, hoc nostris aboléri dédecus armis. (Vert Aen, 11.789) mn abolévit. (Suetomus CI. 25.5) (Sveroxtus Gal. 23.1) PASSIVE aboleor aboléris (-ére) abolétur abolebar abolébaris (are) abolébacur abolébor aboleberis (-ere) abolébitur abolit-us (-a,-um) sum abolit-us (-a,-um) es abolit-us (-a,-umn) est abolit-us (-a,-um) eram abolit-us (-a,-umn) eras abolit-us (-a,-um) erat abolit-us (-a,-um) eré abolit-us (-a,-um) eris abolit-us (-a,-um) erit abolear abolearis (-are) aboleitur abolérer aboléréris (-ére) abolérétur -um) sim ) sis abolit-us (-a,-um) sit abolit-us (-a,-um) esse m abolit-us (-a,-um) essés abolit-us (-a,-um) esset abolére abolétor abolé: [abolicum iri] abolit-us (-a,-um) esse abolit-us abolend-us (-a, second conjugation; trans. abolemur abolémint abolentur abolébamur abolebamint abolébantur abolebimur abolebimini abolébuntur abolit-i (-ae,~a) sumus abolit-i (-ae,-a) estis| abolit-t (-ae,-a) sunt abolit-i (-ae,-a) eramus abolit-1 (-ae,-2) eritis abolit-1 (-ae,-a) erant (ae,-a) erimus (ae,-a) eritis (ae,-a) erunt aboleimur aboleamint aboleantur abolérémur aboléremini abolérentur i -ae,-a) simus Cae, s (-ae,-a) sint (-ae,-a) essemus (-ae,-a) essetis abolit-i (-ae,-a) essent abolémini abolentor The body was not destroyed by fire (i.e, eremated), as is the Roman customs. The prophet orders [them] 10 dispel (i.e. stop) their grieving He did axvay with the religion of the Druids Vespasian rescinded the decree. Grant, father, that this disgrace be effaced by our arms.be absent; be away from be distant ADSUM | irregular; intrans INDICATIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. PRESENT IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT IMPERATIVE INFINITIVES PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT PARTICIPLES. PRESENT FuTure PERFECT GERUND (GERUNDIVE SUPINE Examples absum abes abest aberam aberas aberat aberé aberis aberit afur afuist afuir afueram, afuer’s: afuerat, afuerd afueris afuerit absim absis absit abessem, abessés abesset afuerim afueris afuerit afuissem afuissés Afuisset abes abesto. abesse absum - abesse absumus abestis absunt aberamus aberatis, aberant aberimus aberitis aberunt afuimus afuistis afuerunt (-8re) afueramus afueratis afuerant afuerimus afueritis afuerint absimus absitis absint abessémus abessétis abessent afuerimus afuerttis afuerint afuissémus afuissétis: Afuissent abeste Afurir-us (-a,-um) esse (afore) afuisse absens afutiir-us (-a, Belgae a cued atque hamanitate provinciae longissimé absunt, (Caesar B.G. 1.1.3) Absit Omen! (TRADITIONAL SAVING) Ab his castris oppidum Rémorum, némine Bibrax, aberat milia passuum octd. (Carsar B.G. 2.6.1) ‘Nec mihi itis ci (Ov Tr: 5.2.56) Asperitas frigorum abest. (Tacrrus Ag. 12.3) is nec mihi nomen abest. ful - afutirus (fut. participle) | ‘The Belgians are furthest away from the civilization and refinement of the province. May the omen be invalid (lit. be absent)! From this camp a city of the Remi, Bibrax by name, ‘was eight males distant, Nor do I lack the right and name of citizen The harshness of cold weather is absent. 5ye | acc€d6 approac ; assent; resort (to); be added (to) | accédé + accédere « accessi - accessum INDICATIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT ‘SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT IpeRrect eRFEcT PLUPERFECT IMPERATIVE IneinrTives: PRESENT FuTURE PERFECT PARTICIPLES. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT GERUND GERUNDIVE SUPINE Examples Caesar tripliei instrueta acié usque ad castra hostium active accéda accédimus accédis accéditis accédit accédunt accédébam —_aceédabamus accedebas —_accédebatis accédebat_ —_accédebant aceédam —_accédémus accedes accedetis accédet aceédent accessi accessimus accessis accessistis accessit accessérunt (-ére) accesseram —_accesseramus accesseras _accesseratis accesserat_ _accesserant accesserd ——_accesserimus accesseris _accesseritis accesserit —_accesserint accédam ——_aceéctamus accedas accédatis accedat accédant accéderem —_accéderémus accéderés _accéderetis accederet. —_accéderent accesserim —_accesserimus accesseris _accesseritis, accesserit _accesserint accessissem —_accessissémus accessissés accessissétis accessisset _accessissent accede accédite accédits accéd-it6te, -unto accédere accessiir-us (-a,-um) esse accessisse accédens accessir-us (-a,-um) accédendum access-um (-t) accessit. (Carsar B.G. 1.51.1) Homings enim ad deos nulla ré propius accédunt quam sahitem hominibus dands. (Cicero Lig. 38) Accedis huic fabulae? (Aputeivs Met. 1.20) Super omnia accessit difficultas mari Romam dévehendi. (Puixy Nat. 36.69) Qui ad illud scelus audéret accedere? (Cicero Phil. 2.64) Who would dave to resort to that erime? third conjugation; intrans., trans. PASSIVE aceéditur accédébatur accédétur accessum est accessum erat accessum erit accédatur accessum sit accessum eset accedT [aceessum iri] accessum esse accessum, aceedend-us (-a,-umn) Caesar; after drawing up a triple line of battle, advanced right up to the enemy's camp. For in no way do humans come closer to the gods than in providing safety for [other] humans. Do you agree with this tale? Above all was added the difficulty of sailing to Rome by sea.fall down; happen, befall; strike (the senses) ACCIUO | third conjugation; intrans., trans. INDICATIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT SUBIUNCTIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT IMPERATIVE INFINITIVES PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT PARTICIPLES. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT GERUND GERUNDIVE SUPINE Examples accido accidimus accidis acciditis accidit accidunt accidébam —_accidebamus accidébis __accidbatis accidébat ——_aceidbant aceidam aceidémus accides accidatis, accidet accident acid accidimus accidistt accidistis accidit accidérunt (-ére) accideram —_accideramus, accideris —_accideratis acciderat_ ——_acciderant acciderd acciderimus accideris accideritis acciderit acciderint accidam accidamus accidas accidatis, accidant acciderem —_acciderémus acciderés _acciderétis accideret. ——_acciderent acciderim —_acciderimus accideris §——_acci accideric acciderine accidissem —_accidissémus accidissés _accidissétis accidissent acide accidite acciditd acciditote, acciduntd accidere accidisse accidens accidendum ‘Téla ab omni parte accidébant. (Lavy 2.50.7) Ad genua accido supplex, Ulixé. (Seneca Tro. 6916) ‘Mihi paternae vocis sonitus auris accidit. (Puavrus St. 88) Insperita accidunt magis sepe quam spérés. (Piautus Mos. 197) Neque turpis mors forti vird potest accidere, (Cicero Catil. 4.3) accid6 - accidere - accidi-— | Weapons were falling from all directions fall as a suppliant at your knees, Ulyses The sound of my father’s voice strikes my ears. The unexpected happens more often than one might expect Nor can a disgraceful death befall a brave man. 78 | accipid receive, acquire; accept; learn | accipié - accipere - accépi - acceptum INDICATIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT IMPERATIVE. INFINITIVES: PRESENT FUTURE PerFecr PARTICIPLES. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT GERUND GERUNDIVE SUPINE Examples Hune ta olin caelo spoliis Orientis onustum accipiés. ACTIVE accipio accipis accipit accipiébam aceipiebis accipiébat accipiam accipiés accipiet accépi accepisti accépit accéperam accéperis accéperat accéperd acceperis accéperit accipiam accipias accipiat acciperem acciperés acciperet accéperim accéperis acceperit accépissem accépissés accepisset accipe accipito accipere accipimus accipitis aecipiunt accipigbamus accipiebatis accipiebant accipiémus accipiétis accipient accépimus accépistis accépérunt (-Ere) accéperamus accéperatis accéperant accéperimus accéperitis accéperint accipiamus aceipiatis aceipiant acciperémus acciperétis acciperent aceéperimus accéperitis accéperint accépissémus accépissétis accépissent accipite accip-itdte, -iuntd acceptii-us (-a,-um) esse accépisse accipiens acceptir-us (-a,-um) accipiendum accept-um (-8) (Veron Aen. 1.2896.) Navita sed tristis nunc has nunc accipit illos. (Veron. Aen. 6.315) Necessitis dat légem, ndn ipsa accipit. (Pumuitivs N23) [Virnis] sola neque datur dnd neque accipicur. (Sautusr Jug. 85.38) ‘Nunc primum hoe aurés tuae crimen accipiunt? (Cicero Ver: 2.2.24) PASSIVE accipior acciperis (-ere) accipitur accipigbar accipiebaris (-are) accipiebatur accipiar accipigris (ere) accipiétur accept-us (-a,-um) sum accept-us (-a,-um) es accept-us (-a,-um) est accept-us (-a,-um) eram accept-us (-a,-um) eras accept-us (-a,-um) erat accept-us (-a,-um) erd accept-us (-a,-um) eris accept-us (-a,-um) erit accipiar accipiaris (-are) accipiatur acciperer acciperéris ( acciperétur accept-us (-a,-um) sim accept-us (-a,-um) sis accept-us (-a,-um) sit accept-us (-2,-um) essem. accept-us (-a,-um) essés accept-us (-a,-um) esse re) accipere accipitor accipt [accepeum ii} accept-us (-a,-um) esse accept-us (-a,-um) accipiend-us (-a,-um) mixed conjugation; trans. accipimur accipimini accipiuntur accipiébamur accipiébamini accipigbantur accipiémur aceipiémini accipientur (-ae,-a) sumus (-ae,-a) estis accept-i (-ae,-a) eramus accept-i (-ae,-a) eratis (-ae,-a) erant (ae,-a) erimus (ae,-a) eritis (-ae\-a) erunt accipiamur accipiamint accipiantur acciperémur acciperémini acciperentur accept-i (-ae,-a) simus (ae,-a) sitis| (-ae,~a) sint 3 (-ae,-a) essérmus accept-i (-a¢,-a) essétis (ae,-a) essent accipimint accipiuntor Ata future time you will receive this man in beaven, laden with the spoils of the East. Bus the sullen sailor takes now these, now those. Necessity lays dowom the la [but] does not submit tit Virtue alone is neither given as a gift nor received as one, Do your ears learn of this charge now for the first time?third conjugation; intrans. INDICATIVE PRESENT IpeRFECT FUTURE PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT InapenrecT PERFECT PLUPERFECT IMPERATIVE INFINITIVES PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT PARTICIPLES PRESENT ruTure erect GERUND GERUNDIVE SUPINE Examples Negivie aris esse Graecorum ut in convivid virorum recline at table; ie down accumbo | 9 accumbé - accumbere - accubui - accubitum | accumbo aceumbinus accumbis accumbitis accumbit accumbunt. accumbébam —_ accumbébamus aecumbébas _aceumbebatis accumbébat —_accumbébant accumbam ———_aceambémus accumbés accumbétis accumbet accumbent accubul aceubuimus accubuistis accubuerunt (ére) accubueram —_accubuerdmus accubuer’s _accubueratis accubuerat_ —_accubuerant accubuero accubuerimus aceubueris accubueritis aceubuerit accubuerint accumbam ——_accumbamus accumbis, accumbatis accumbat, accumbant accumberem —_ accumberémus accumberés _ accumberétis accumberet —_accumberent accubuerim —_accubuerimus accubueris __accubueritis accubuerit accubuerint accubuissem accubuissémus accubuissés _accubuissétis accubuisset _accubuissent accumbe accumbite accumbitd accumbitdte, accumbuntd accumbere accubitr-us (-a,-um) esse aceubuisse accumbens accubitir-us (-a,-um) accumbendum accubit-um (-2) accumberent mulierés. (Cicero Ver: 2.1.66) Ta dis epu purpureds florés, quos insuper accumbébat. ({Veret] Lyd. 170) Locus hic tuos est, hic accumbe. (Puautus Per. 792) Eodem lecté Scipié arque Hasdrubal accubuérunt. (Livy 2818.5) accumbere divum, (Verout Aen. 1.79) He said it was not the Greek custom that women should have a place (lit. lie down) at a men's banquet. You permit [me] to recline at the feasts of the gods. the purple flawers on which she was lying: This is your place; recline here. Scipio and Hasdrubal reclined on the same couch.ACQUIFO acquire, obtain 10 | active inpicarive Present acquiré acquirimus acquiris acqui acquirit acquirunt IpeRrect acquirébam —_acquirébamus acquirébas —_acquirébatis acquirébat —_acquirébant ruTure acquiram ——_acquirémus acquires acquirétis| acquiret pervect acquisivi acquisivisti _acquisivistis, acquisivit iverunt (-ére) puurerrect —_acquisiveram acquisiveras acquisiverat FUTURE PERFECT. acquisiverd acquisiveris acquisiverit _acquisiverint SUBJUNCTIVE resent acquiram ——acquirimus, acquira acquiratis acquirat acquirant impenrect acquirerem —_acquirerémus acquirerés acquirerétis, acquirerent eneect acquisiveritis acquisiverint puurentect acquisivissémus acquisivissétis acquisivisset _acquisivissent mperamive acquire acquirite ‘weinmnves PRESENT ruTure PeREECT acquisivisse PARTICPLES PRESENT acquirens FuTuReE acquisitir-us (-a,-um) Peneect — GeRUND acquirendum GERUNDIVE SUPINE acquisit-um (-8) Examples Fama virés acquis «++ utl veterés amicds miineribus expleant, di novos acquirant. (SautusT Jug. 13.6) Iners videtur sidore acquirere quod possés sanguine parire. (Tacrrus Ger. 14.4) Acquirit fidem simulati fronte doléris. (Lucan 9.1063) reundd. (Verart Aen. 4.175) ‘inde Ante tamen bellé virés acquitit amicas. (Ov Met. 7.459) acquiré + acquirere - acquisivi (-ii) - acquisitum third conjugation; trans. PASSIVE acquiror acquirimur acquireris (-ere) acquirimini acquiritur acquiruncur acquirébar acquirébamur acquirébaris (-are) acquirébamint acquirebatur acquirébantur acquirar acquirémur acquiréris (-ére) acquirémini acquirétur acquirentur acquisit-us (-a,-um) sum (-ae,-a) sums acquisit-i (ae,-a) estis acquisit-i(-ae,-a) sunt (-ae,-2) erimus (-ae,-a) eratis acquisit-us (-2,-um) es acquisit-us (-2,-um) est acquisit-us (-a,-urm) eram ais (-ay-um) eras acquisit-us (-a,-um) erat acquisit-us (-a,-um) erd sus (-a,-um) eris acquisit-us (-a,-um) erit acquisit-i -ae,-a) eritis acquisit-i(-ae,-a) erunt acquirar acquirimur acquiramint acquirantur acquirerémur acquireréris (-ére) acquirerémini rerétur acquirerentur acquisit-us (-a,-um) sim acquisit-us (-a,-um) sis acquisit-us (-a,-um) sit acquisit-us (-a,-um) essem acquisit-us (-a,-um) essés acquisit-us (-a,-um) esset acquisit-i(-ae,-a) simus acquisit-i (-ae,~a) sitis acquisit-i C-ae,-a) sine (-ae,-a) essémus (-ae,-a) essetis acquisit-T (-ae,-a) essent acquirere acquirimint acquititor acquiruntor sequiet lacquisieum acquisit-us (-3,-um) esse acquisit-us (-a,-um) acquirend-us (-a,-um) Rumor gains strength as it goes. so that they may satisfy old friends with gifi, [and] then acquire new ones, Itseems lazy to obtain by sweat what one can procure by blood. He won their trust by the feigned grief of his brow it, by bis brozo of feigned grief). Before, however, be procures friendly forces for the warthird conjugation; trans. acre INDICATIVE resent acu6 acuimus acuis acuitis acuit acuunt ee ee acuébis acuébatis acuébat acuébant rurune acuam acuémus acués acuétis acuet acuent pensect ac acuimus acuisti acuistis acuit acuérunt (-ére) eewecr —acueram == acuerimmus acueras acueratis acuerat acuerant rurune penréct acueré acverimus acueris acueritis acuerit acuerine susuncrive patsent acvam acuimus acuis acuatis acuat acuant iweenrect acuerem =—_acuerdmus acuerés acueratis acueret acuerent veneer acuerim ——_acuerimus acueris acueritis acuerit acuerint wurenrecr ——acuissem ——_acuissémmus acuissés acuissétis acuisset acuissent IMPERATIVE acue acuite acuito acuitéte, acuuntd INFINmTiVes resent acuere FUTURE acitir-us (-a,-um) esse penrect acuisse parnicnurs eset acuens FUTURE acutir-us (-a,-um) enrect = cGeruno acuendum ‘cenunoive ‘SUPINE aciit-um (-i) Examples En acui sceleratds cernitis ensés? (Ovi Met. 15.776) Longa digs acuit mortalia corda. (Mantutvs 1.79) Lupés acuune balatibus agai. (Vereit G. 4.435) Gloria vos acuat. (Ovi Pont. 1.5.57) Ciram acuébat quod adversus Latinos bellandum erat. (Livy 8.6.15) sharpen; incite; stimulate acué | 1 acué - acuere - acui - aciitum | PASSIVE acuor acuimur acueris (-ere) acuimint acuitur acuuntur acuébar acuébamur acuébaris (-are) acuebamint acuébatur acuébantur acuar acuémur acuéris (-ére) acuémint acuetur acuentur aciit-us (-a,-um) sum acti (-ae,-a) sumus acit-us (-a,-um) es aciit-i (-ae,-a) estis acit-us (-a,-um) est -ae,-a) sunt aciit-us (-a,-um) eram aciit-i (-ae,-a) eramus acit-us (-a,-um) ers acat-i (-ae,-a) eritis acit-us (-a,-um) erat aciit-i (-ae,-a) erant acit-us (-a,-um) erd acit-T (-ae,-a) erimus acit-us (-a,-um) eris acit-I (-ae,-a) eritis acit-us (-a,-um) erit ati (-ae,-a) erunt acuar acuamur acuaris (-are) acuamini acuatur acuantur acuerer acuerémur acueréris (-ére) acuerémini acuerécur acuerentur acdt-us (-a,-um) sim acit-i (-ae,-a) simus acdt-us (-a,-um) sis acit-I (-ae,-a) sitis acit-us (-a,-um) sit acit-i (-ae,-a) sint aciit-us (-a,-um) essem -ae,-a) essémus actit-us (-a,-um) esses acat-i (-ae,-a) essétis aciit-us (a,-um) esset acit-i (-ae,-a) essent acuere acuimini acuitor acuuntor acui (acdtum iri] actit-us (-a,-um) esse aciit-us (-a,-um) acuend-us (-a,-um) Look! Do you see the wicked swords being sharpened? Long ages have sharpened human wits. Lambs stir wolves up with their bleating. ‘May [the prospect of ] glory fire you. The fact that [they] bad to fight against the Latins intensified their concern.add6 . attach to; add: assign 12 | adda « addere - addidi - additum third conjugation; trans acre Passive Inpicanive PRESENT addimus addor addimur additis adderis (-ere) addimint addunt additur adduncar seneect addbamus addébar addébamur addabatis addabitis (-ire) addébamini addebant addebacur addébantur ruTure addémus addar addémur addatis adders (-ére) addemint addet addent addevor addentur ensect addidi addidimus addit-us (-2,-um) sum ae,-a) sumus addidists addidistis, addit-us (-2,-um) es ae,-a) estis addidit addiderunt (ere) addit-us (-a,-um) est ae,-a) sunt pwrenrect —addideram —_addideramus addit-us (-a,-um) eram ac,-a) erdmus addideras—_addideratis, addit-us (-a,-um) eras (-ae,-a) eritis addiderat —_addiderane addit-us (-a,-um) erat ae,-a) erant ruture rerrect addidero addiderimus addit-us (-a,-um) ero ae,-a) erimus addideris —_addideritis addit-us (-a,-um) eris ae,-a) eritis addiderit _addiderint addit-us (-a,-um) erit addit-1 Cae,-a) erunt susuncrive PRESENT addam addimus addar addimur addas addatis addaris (-are) addimini addat addant addatur addantur IMPERFECT adderem adderémus adderer adderémur adderés adderetis adderéris (-ére) adderémini adderet adderent adderétur adderentur PERFECT addiderim —_addiderimus additus (-a,-um) sim (-ae,-a) simus addideris _—_addideritis addit-us (-2,-um) sis (-ae,-a) sitis addiderit ——_addiderint addit-us (-a,-um) sit (Cae,-a) sine puurenrect —_addidissem addit-us (-2,-um) essem i (-ae,-a) essémus addidisses addit-us (-2,-um) essés (-ae,-a) essatis addidisset —_addidissent addit-us (-a,-um) esse (-ae,-a) essent imperarive —adde addite addere addimini addio addit6te, adduntd—_additor adduntor INFiNTives. PRESENT addere addr FuTuRE additar-us (-a,-um) esse [additum iri] PERFECT. addidisse addit-us (-a,-um) esse PARTICIPLES PRESENT addens - FUTURE additir-us (-a,-um) — PERFECT = addit-us (-a,-um) GERUND addendum Gerunove addend-us (-a,-um) SUPINE addit-um (-a) Examples Adde quod non horam técum esse potés. Adda {the fact] that you cannot [bear t0] be with (Horace S. 2.7.111f) yourself for an hour. ‘Tenerd soleam deme vel adde pedi. (Ovi Ars 2.212) Take the sandal from [ber] delicate foot, or put it om. Natiras apibus quas Iuppiter ipse addidit expediam. Twill explain the characteristics that Jupiter himself (Verai G. 4.1491.) sas assigned to bees. Tuber quinque mé addere minas. (Pays Mer 43qf.) He orders me to add five mina. Flagitio addicis damnum. (Horace Carm. 3.5.26) You are adding loss to disgrace.approach; appeal to; engage in aded — 13 irregular; intrans,, trans. ade6 - adire - ad(i)i - aditum | active Passive InpIcaTive enesenT aded adimus adis aditis adit adeunt scree adibam adibamus adibamur adibas a adibamini adibat a adibancur Future adibo a adibis a adiberis (re) adibimini adibit a adibitur adibuntur eneect adi adiimus adit-us (-a,-um) sum adit-i (-ae,-a) sumus adist adit-us (-a,-um) es s¢,-a) estis adiic adigrunt (-ére) adit-us (-a,-um) est ae,-a) sunt puurerrect ——_adieram adieramus adit-us (-a,-um) eram e,-a) erimus adieras adieratis adit-us (-a,-um) eras ae,-a) eritis adierat adierant adit-us (-a,-um) erat adit-i (-ae,-a) erant ruvurerersect adierd adierimus adit-us (-a,-um) er ae,-a) erimus aulieris adieritis adit-us (-a,-um) eris adit-i (-ae,-a) eritis adierit adierine adit-us (-a,-um) erit adit-i (-ae,-a) erunt suBjuNctive PRESENT adeam adeamus adear adeamur adeas adeatis adearis (-are) adeamini adeat adeant adeatur adeancur iPeReCT adirem adiremus adirer adirémur adirés adiretis adiréris (-ére) adirémini adiret adirent adirétur adirentur veneer adierim adierimus adie-us (-a,-um) sim -ae,-a) simus adieris adieritis adit-us (-a,-um) -aey-a) sitis adierit adierint adit-us (-a,-um) sit adit-i (-ae,-a) sint puuperrecr ——_adissem adissémus adit-us (-a,-um) essem (-ae,-a) essémus adissés adissétis adit-us (-a,-um) essés (ae,-a) essetis adisset adissent adit-us (-a,-um) esset imperative adi adite adire adito aditote, adeunto——_aditor adeuntor ineinmives PRESENT adire adit ruTure aditdir-us (-a,-um) esse fadieum iri) veneer adisse adit-us (-a,-um) esse PARTICLES PRESENT ad-iens (-euntis) - FUTURE aditir-us (-a,-um) — peneecr — adit-us (-a,-um) GeRUND adeundum GeRUNDIvE adeund-us (-2,-um) suPINe adic-um (-0) Nore The contracted form of the perfect infinitive active, adisse, which is also the stem of the pluperfect subjunctive active, is more common than the uncontracted form, adiisse. Examples Num feror incestus séd@s adiisse dedrum? Surely Lam not said to bave approached the seats Cipuus 1.2.81) of the gods [wen] unclean Adiimus ad Caesarem, verba f&cimus pro Buthrotiis. We appealed to Caesar and spoke on bebalf of the (Cicero Att. 16.16a.5) Buthrotians. ‘Ad causas et privatas et publicas adtre coepimus, We began to undertake both private and public cases. (Cicero Brut. 311) Ad divs adeunté casté. (Cicero Leg. 2.19) Let them approach the gods in innocenceadhibeo - adhibére - adhibui - adhibitum second conjugation; trans. 4 4 | adhibeo hold out, extend; bring in (as witness, etc,); employ; provide INDICATIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT FuTuRE PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT PERFECT PLUPERFECT IMPERATIVE INFINTIVES, PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT PARTICIPLES: PRESENT FUTURE Penrect GERUND GERUNDIVE SUPINE Examples ACTIVE adhibeo adhibémus adhibes adhibetis adhiber adhibent adhibébam —_adhibebamus adhibebas —_adhibebatis. adhibébat ——_adhibébant adhibebo adhibebimus adhibebis adhibebitis adhibebit adhibebune adhibut adhibuimus adhibuisti adhibuistis adhibuit adhibuérunt (-ére) adhibueram — adhibueramus adhibueras _adhibueritis adhibuerat —_adhibuerant adhibueré——adhibuerimus adhibucris _adhibueritis adhibuerit ——_adhibuerint adhibeam| adhibeamus adhibeas adhibeatis adbibeat adhibeant adhibérem —_adhibérémus adhiberes adhiberétis adhibéret adhibérent adhibuerim —_adhibuerimus adhibueris _adhibueritis adhibuerit —_adhibuerint adhibuissem — adhibuissémus adhibuissés —_adhibuissetis adhibuisset —_adhibuissent adhibe adhibate adhibero adhib-2tore, -ent6 adhibére adhibitar-vs (-a,-um) esse adhibuisse Adhibenda est in iocand6 moderato. (Cicero de Orat. 2.238) Adhibé ta vincula captis. (Ovip Fast. 3.293) Muliebris adhibenda mihi malitia nunc est. (Puavtus Epid. 546) Dumnorigem ad sé vocat, fratrem adhibet. (Carsak B.G. 1.20.6) ibd ipsis quas in novissimam voluptatem adhibuerat epulis exeruciatus ... (Tacrrus Ann. 2.33.1) PASSIVE adhibeor adhibéris (-ére) adhibetur adhi adhibebaris (-are) adhibébatur adhibebor adhibéberis (ere) adhibabitur adhibit-us (-2,-um) sum adhibit-us (-a,-um) es adhibit-us (-a,-um) est adhibit-us (-a,-um) eram adhibit-us (-a,-um) eras adhibit-us (-a)-um) erat adhibit-us (-a,-um) ero adhibit-us (-a,-um) eris, adhibit-us (-a,-um) erit adhibear adhibearis (ire) adhibedtur adhibérer adhiberéris (-ére) adhiberécur adhibit-us (-a,-um) sim adhibit-us (-a,-um) sis adhibit-us (-a,-um) sit adhibit-us (-a,-um) essem adhibit-us (-a,-um) esses adhibit-us (-a,-um) esset adhibere adhibétor adhibert [adhibicum iri] adhibit-us (-a,-um) esse adhibit-us (a,-um) adhibend-us (-a,-um) adhibemur adhibémint adhibencur adhihebimur adhibebamint adhibebantur adhibgbimur adhibebimini adhibébuntur adhibit-i (-ae,-a) sumus adhibit-i (-ae,-a) estis adhibit-i Cae, a) sunt adhibit-i (-ae,-a) eramus adhibie-i (-ae,-a) eratis adhibic-i -ae)-a) erane adhibit-i (-ae,-a) erimus adhibit-7 (-ae,-a) eritis adhibit-i(-2e,-a) erunt adhibeamur adhibeamint adhibeantur adhiberemur adhiberemini adhibérencur (-ae,-a) simus (ae,-a) st (-ae,-a) sint ae,-a) essemus (-ae,-a) esse (-ae,-a) essent ini adhibentor Moderation must be applied in jesting. Apply shackles to them when {tbey are] caught. Tmust nore emplay female guile. He summons Dummorix [and] brings his brother as witness, Libo, in agony at the very feast that be bad provided casa last [act of] pleasuremixed conjugation; trans. (for pronunciation of adicio, see p. 1) INDICATIVE PRESENT PERFECT ruTuRe PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT Impenrect PERFECT PLUPERFECT IMPERATIVE weiives: PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT PARTICIPLES PRESENT ruTURE PERFECT GERUND GERUNDIVE SUPINE Examples active adicio adicimus adicis aulicitis adicit adiciunt adicigbam —_adicigbamus adicieb’s ——_adiigbatis adicigbat ——_adiciébant adiciam adiciémus. adiciés adicietis adiciet dicient adigcimus adiecistis adiécérunt (-ére) adigceramus adigceras ——_adiéceratis adiecerat. ——_adigcerant adigcera adigcerimus adigceris adigceritis adigcerit adigcerint adiciam adicia adiciat adiciant adicerem adicerémus adicerés adicerétis auliceret adicerent adigcerim ——_adigcerimus adigceris adiéceritis adigcerit adiécerint adigcissein —_adiécissémus adiécissés adiécissetis adigcisset adiécissent adice adicite adicitd adicitote, adiciunts adicere adiectar-us (-a,-umn) esse adiciens adiecrar-us (-a,-um) adiciendum adiect-um (0) Quibus é spatiis cumque ignés mina possunt adicere Adicite ad haee (Livy 23.5.9) (Lucrenwus 5.566.) quod foedus aequum deditis. Promere sententiam et adicere rationés iubet. (Tacitus Ann, 12.1.2) Stipis adice causam. Hic loricam pinnasque adiecit. (Carsar B.G. 7.72.4) (Oviw Fast. 1.189) adicié « adicere - adié throw at; add, attach adiciO 5 adiectum | adiceris (-ere) adicitur adiciébar adici¢baris (-are) adiciebatur adiciar adicieris (-ére) adiciétur adiect-us (-a,-um) sum adiect-us (-a,-um) es adiect-us (-a,-um) est adiect-us (-a,-um) eran adiect-us (-a,-um) eras adiect-us (-a,-um) erat adiect-us (-a,-um) ero adiect-us (-a,-um) eris adiect-us (-a,-um) erit adiciar adiciaris (-are) adiciatur adicerer adiceréris (-ére) adicerétur adiect-us (-a,-um) sim adiect-us (-a,-um) sis adiect-us (-a,-um) sit adiect-us (-a,-um) essem adiect-us (-a,-um) esses adiect-us (-a,-um) esset adicere adicitor a [adiectum Tei] adiect-us (-a,-um) esse adiect-us (-a,-um) adiciend-us (-a,-um) adicimur adicimini adiciuntur adiciébimur adicigbamini adiciébantur adiciémur adiciémint adicientur adiect-i (-ae,-a) sumus adiect-i (-ae,-a) estis adiect-I (-ae,-a) sunt adiect-i (-ae,-a) eramus adiect-i (-ae,-a) eratis i (-ae,-a) erant 4 (-ae,-a) erimus adiect-1 (-ae,-a) eritis adiect-i (-ae,-a) erunt adiciamur adiciamini adiciantur adicerémur adicerémi adicerentur adiect-i (-ae,-a) simus adiect-i (-ae,~a) sitis adicct-t (-ae,-a) sint adiect-i (-ae,-a) essémus adiect-i (-ae,-a) essétis adiect-i (-ae,-a) essent adicimini adiciuntor From whatever distances fires can throw their light... Add to these things [the fact] that you are granting 1a fair treaty. He orders [them] to express their opinion and add their reasons. Tell aswell (lit, attach) the reason for the gift. To this be added a parapet and battlementsadimo remove; steal, deprive of; withhold 16 | adimé - adimere - adémi- ademptum ACTIVE noicarive PRESENT adimo adimimus adimis adimitis adimit adimunt IMPERFECT adimébam —_adimébamus adimebas __adimabatis adimébar adimébant FUTURE adimam adimemus adimes adimétis adimet adiment PERFECT ademi adémimus adémisti ademistis adémit adémérunt (-ére) puupenrect ——adémeram —_adémeramus adémeris —_adémeratis adémerat adémerant Future penrect adémerd ademerimus ademeris adémeritis adémerit ademerint SUBIUNCTIVE PRESENT adimam adimamus adimas adimatis adimat adimant IMPERFECT adimerem adimerémus adimerés adimeratis adimeret adimerent veneer adémerim ——_adémerimus adémeris adémeritis adémerit ademerint puupenrect ——adémissem —_admissémus adémissés _adémissetis adémisset —_adémissent ireranive aime adimite adimito adimitote, adimunts InFiNTivEs. PRESENT adimere FUTURE ademptiir-us (-a,-um) esse PERFECT ademisse PARTICIPLES PRESENT adimens ruTure ademptur-us (-a,-um) Penrect - GERUND adimendum GERUNDIVE SUPINE adempt-um (-3) Examples ‘Cum signifero signum adémisset ... (Livy 25.14.7) Dat somnés adimitque. (Veror. Aen. 4.244) Cum iste a Syracusanis quae ille calamitésus digs reliquerat adémisset ... (Crctno Ver: 2.4.151) Pecus atque agros adimébant. (Lucretius 5.1291) Quid Caecilio Plautoque dabit Romanus ademptum Vergilid Varioque? (Horacr Ars 53ff) third conjugation; trans. PASSIVE adimor adimimur adimeris (-ere) adimimint adimitur adimuntur adimébar adimébamur adimébaris (-are) adimébamini adimébatur adimébantur adimar adimémur adiméris (-ére) adimemi adimétur adimentur adempt-us (-a,-um) sum adempt-us (-a,-um) es adempt-us (-a,-um) est adempt-us (-a,-um) eram adempt-us (-a\-um) eris adempt-us (-a,-um) erat -ae,-a) eratis (-ac,-a) erant (-ae,-a) erimus (-ae,-a) eritis (-ae,-a) erunt adempt-us (-a,-um) erd adempt-us (-a,-um) eris adempt-us (-a,-um) erit adimar adimamur adimaris (-are) adimamini adimatur adimantur adimerer adimerémur adimereris (-ére) adimerémini adimerétur adimerentur adempt-us (-a,-um) sim adempt-us (-a,-um) sis adempt-us (-a,-um) sit adempt-i (-ae,-a) simus adempt-i (-ae,-2) sits adempt-i (-ae,-a) sint adempt-i (-ae,-a) essémus adempt-i (-ae,-a) essétis adempt-i (-ae,-a) essent adempt-us (-a,-um) essem adempt-us (-a,-um) esses adempt-us (-a,-um) esset adimere adimimini adimitor adimuntor adim fademptum iri] adempt-us (-a,-um) esse adempt-us (-a,-um) adimend-us (-a,-um) When be had taken the standard from the standard bearer He gives sleep and takes it away. When this fellow bad stolen from the Syracusans what that disastrous day bad left them ‘They used to seize cattle and fields. What will a Roman give to Caeclius and Plautus but ‘withbold (lit. [that is] withheld) from Vergil and Varius?overtake, reach; acquire adipiscor third conjugation (deponent); trans. INDICATIVE PRESENT adipiscor adipisceris (-ere) adipiscitur IMPERFECT adipiscebar adipiscébaris (-are) adipiscébatur FUTURE adipiscar adipiscéris (-€re) adipiscétur envecr adept-us (-a,-um) sum adept-us (-a,-um) es adept-us (-a,-um) est puureneecr ——_adept-us (-a,-um) eran adept-us (a,-um) eras adept-us (-a,-um) erat 7 adipiscor - adipisci - adeptus sum adipiscimur adipiscimint adipiscuntur adipiscébancur adipiscémur adipiscémini adipiscentur adept -ae,-a) estis (-ae,-a) sunt (-ae,-a) eratis adept-i (-ae,-a) erant suture pervect adept-us (-a,-um) erd adept (-ae,-a) erimus adept-us (-a,-um) eris_adept-i (-ae,-a) eritis adept-us(-a,-um) erit ——adept-t(-a supiunctive Paesent adipiscar adipiscamur adipiscaris (-are) adipiscamini adipiscatur adipiscancur IMPERFECT adipiscerer adipiscerémur adipisceréris (-ére) adipiscermini adipiscerétar adipiscerentur envect adept-us (-a,-um) sim adept-T (-ae,-a) simus adept-us (-a,-um) sis adept-i (-ae,-a) sitis adept-us (-a,-um) sit adepr-i (-ae,-a) sint ruurearecr ——adept-us (-a,-um) essem —_adept-i (-ae,-a) essémus adept-us (-ay-um) essés__adept-1 (-ae,-a) essétis adept-us (-a,-um) esset_ —_adept-i (-ae,-) essent iperanive —_adipiscere adipiscimint adipiscitor adipiscuntor InNTiVEs resent adipisci suTURE adeptiir-us (-a,-um) esse PERFECT adept-us (-a,-um) esse PARTICILES resent adipiscens Furure adeptiir-us (-a,-um) envect adept-us (-2,-um) GERUND adipiscendum eruNove —_adipiscend-us (-a,-um) SUPINE adept-um (-ii) Examples Romani vigentés corporibus facile adepti fesss ... The Romans, with strength unimpaired (lit. thriving (Livy 2.30.14) in their bodies), after easily overtaking the weary enemy] Ait Lepidus eum penetrisse occultandi sul caus an maris adipiscendi. (Cicero Att. 8.14.3) ‘Tibi potestas adipiscendi est gloriam. (Puavrus St. 281) Hane adepti vietoriam ... (Catsar B.G. 5.39.4) Spérat sé posse quod adeptus est per scelus, id per lusuriam effundere. (Cicero S.Rase. 6) Lepidus says be has made bis way to bide bimself or reach the sea You have the power to win glory. They, baving gained this victory ... He hopes that be can squander through extravagance ‘what be bas acquired through crime.adnué - adnuere - adnui - adniatum 18 | adnuo nod; approve, promise INDICATIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE PRESENT IMPERFECT Perrect PLUPERFECT IMPERATIVE. INFINTIVES, PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT PARTICIPLES. PRESENT FUTURE Penrect GERUND GERUNDIVE SUPINE Examples adnud adnuimus adnuis adnuitis adnuit adnuunt adnuébam ——_adnuébamus adnuébas adnuebatis adnuébat adnuébant adnuam adnuémus adnués adnuétis adnuet adnuent adnui adnuimus adnuist adnuistis adnuit adnuérunt (-ére) adnueram adnueramus adnueras adnueratis adnuerat adnuerant adnuet adnuerimus, adnueris adnueritis adnuerit, adnuerint adnuam adnuamus adnuas adnuatis adnuat adnuant adnuerem adnuecrémus adnuerés adnuerétis adnueret adnuerent adnuerim adnuerimus adnueris adnueritis adnuerit adnuerint adnuissem ——_adnuissémus adnuissés adnuissétis adnuisset adnuissent adnue adnuite adnuitd adnuitote, adnuunto adnuere adnitar-us (-a,-um) esse adnuisse adnuens adniiviir-us (-a,- adnuendum, adniit-um (-i) Negue lla ull homing adnuat. (Pautus 4s. 784) ‘Non adversita petenti adnuit Cytheréa. (Veron. Aen. 4.1278.) Amicitiam sé Romandrum accipere adnuit. (Livy 28.178) Nos, tua progeniés, caeli quibus adnuis arcem ... (Veron Aen. 1.250) Audacibus adnue coeptis. (Vera G. 1.40) third conjugation; intrans., trans. Nor would she nod at any man. Without opposing, Venus gave approval to ber request (lit, 10 fher} asking) He agreed to accept the friendship of the Romans (it, approved himself to accept). We, your offipring, to whom you promise the citadel of heaven... Favor my bold undertaking.become mature; grow bigger Adolesc third conjugation; intrans. adolescé - adolescere - adolévi (-ui) - adultum | 19 IoIcarive Paesent adolesca adolescirmus adolescis adolescitis adolescit adolescunt IMPeRtecr adoleseébam —_adolescébamus adolescébas __adoiesca adolescébat —_adolescébant FuruRe adolescam adolescémus adolescés adolescétis adolescet adolescent eneect adolévi adolévimus adolévisti adolevistis, adolévit adolévérunt (ere) muurearect ——adoleveram ——_adoléverarmus adoléveras adoléveratis adoléverat ——_adoleverant rurure penrecr adoléverd adoléverimus adoléveris. adoléveritis adoléverit adoléverint susluncrive PRESENT adolescam adolescamus adolescas adolescatis adolescat adolescant IMPERFECT adolescerem —_adolescerémus adolescerés _adolesceretis, adolesceret_ _adolescerent veneer adoléverim ——_adoléverimus adoleveris adoleve adoléverie adoléverint ruurenrecr ——adolvissem ——_adolévissé mus adolévissés ——_adolévissctis. adolévisset —_adolavissent iperanive —_adolesce adolescite adolescito adolescitdte, adolescuntd iwenrives resent adolescere Future adultdr-us (-a,-um) esse envect adolévisse PARTICIPLES. resent adolescens rurure adultdir-us (-a,-um) envect adule-us (-a,-um) (active in meaning)

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