Owing to the twist, all or some of the fibers take up the required helical disposition.

The number of fibers affected by the twist, and the

degree of winding, are strongly dependent upon the spinning process. In ring-spun yarns, twisting takes place from the outside inwards.
At the periphery (the outer sheath A, Fig. 52), owing to the greater degree of winding, the fibers have a lesser inclination, ( = angle
between the fibers and the axis of the yarn) than in the interior of the yarn (the core B). Since the fibers become steadily less tightly
wound towards the core, ring-spun yarn may be said to have sheath-twist. Under loading, the outer layers will tend to take the radial
forces and the inner layers will tend to take the axial forces. However, by increasing pressure inwards, the radial forces reinforce axial
resistance to sliding apart of the fibers.
Accordingly, fully twisted yarns with sheath-twist have high tensile strength but are not so resistant to abrasion. Under abrasion the
outer, highly tensioned fibers are destroyed. Since these fibers hold the yarn together, the strand loses its cohesion. Hairiness on the
yarn surface is mainly caused by protruding shorter fibers.

In contrast to ring spinning, twisting during rotor spinning takes place from the inside outwards. The rotating, brush-like open yarn end
(C, Fig. 53) first catches fibers in the core and then with further rotation gradually takes up fibers towards the periphery. In the interior,
where the fibers cannot avoid the twist, the strand becomes more compact but also somewhat harder. On the other hand, towards the
exterior, compactness and hardness fall off to an increasing degree, since here the fibers are able partially to avoid twisting-in.
Typical characteristics of this so-called core-twist are therefore a harder handle accompanied by a lower strength than is obtained with
sheath-twist, since the outer layers have relatively little twist and can thus contribute little to strength. However, abrasion-resistance is
often better. Removal of outer fibers due to abrasion has little effect, since these fibers did not create much strength anyhow. In rotorspun yarns, this outer layer exhibits other peculiarities. One of these is the presence of wrap fibers. These are fibers which fly directly
onto the fully created yarn as the rotor passes under the feed passage. By the further rotation of the yarn in the rotor they are wrapped
around the already spun yarn like the band on a cigar. This is a typical characteristic of rotor-spun yarn.
Another peculiarity is a thin outer layer of fibers with hardly any twist, or even with twist in the reverse sense. This arises from the false
twist between the navel (Fig. 54, T) and the binding-in zone (A). In the latter, during each rotation of the rotor, new fibers join on to the
already well twisted fiber strand. These latecomers receive only a fraction of the desired twist level. If this low twist is less than the
false-twist effect, the fibers are twisted in the reverse sense during cancellation of the false twist (reverse twisting) at the navel, and are
thus wrapped around the other fibers with reverse twist.
A further disadvantage of the loose outer layers is their sensitivity to axial rubbing. Since these open layers are not firmly secured in the
core, they tend to accumulate in small knots during passage of the yarn over edges, guide elements, etc. As far as possible, open-end
spun yarns should not be rewound.

Wrap yarns consist for the most part of fibers arranged in parallel without any twist (Fig. 55). These form the very thick core. Synthetic
filament or staple fiber of the same kind as the core material is wrapped around this core but forms a small proportion of the fiber
material. If the thread is wrapped with filament, it will have high strength, since the fibers themselves are stretched out and arranged
parallel and are pressed closely together. The filament also contributes some of the strength. Accordingly, for a given yarn strength,
fewer fibers are required in the cross-section.