Cac Bai Toan PT - HPT Thi HSG 2010 - 2011 PDF

TUYN CHN CC BI TON
PHNG TRNH, H PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH

TRONG THI HC SINH GII CC TNH, THNH PH
NM HC 2010 - 2011
(L Phc L - tng hp v gii thiu)
Bi 1.
1/ Gii phng trnh
x 2 x 1 x 3 4 x 1 1 .
2/ Gii phng trnh vi n s thc 1 x 6 x 5 2 x

( thi HSG tnh Vnh Long)
5
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh x x x 11x 25 x 14 0

( thi HSG tnh ng Nai)
2 x 2 y 4
Bi 3. Gii h phng trnh
2 x 5 2 y 5 6
( HSG B Ra Vng Tu)
1
x x y 3 3
y
Bi 4. Gii h phng trnh sau

2 x y 1 8
( thi HSG Hi Phng, bng A)
4 x 2 y 4 4 xy 3 1
Bi 5. Gii h phng trnh 2
2
4 x 2 y 4 xy 2
( thi HSG tnh Lm ng)
4
x 5 y 6
Bi 6. Gii h phng trnh trn tp s thc 2 2
x y 5 x 6
( thi chn i tuyn ng Nai)

1
3
2y
x2 y 2 1 x 1

x2 y2 2x 4
y
( thi HSG H Tnh)
Bi 8. Gii phng trnh
x 6 x2 7 x 1
( thi chn i tuyn Lm ng)
x x y 1 1
2
2
y x 2 y x y x 0
( thi HSG tnh Qung Bnh)
Bi 10.
1/ Gii bt phng trnh ( x 2 4 x) 2 x 2 3 x 2 0 .
xy y 2 x 7 y
2/ Gii h phng trnh sau x 2

y x 12
( thi HSG in Bin)
x 6 y 8 z10 1
Bi 11. Gii h bt phng trnh 2007
.
2009
2011
x y z 1
( thi chn i tuyn Bnh nh)
Bi 12.
1/ Gii phng trnh
x 1
1
x
2
x 1 3 x
x 2 x 2 y
2/ Gii h phng trnh 2
y y 2 x
( thi HSG tnh Bn Tre)
2
Bi 13.
1/ Gii phng trnh x 2 4 x 3 x 5 .
2/ Gii phng trnh x 3 x 2 3x 1 2 x 2 trn [2, 2]
( thi HSG tnh Long An)
1
y 2 x

2
y
Bi 14. Gii h phng trnh sau x x
2
2
y ( x 1 1) 3 x 3
( chn i tuyn trng Chuyn L Qu n, Bnh nh).
2 x 2 y 3 xy 4 x 2 9 y
2
7 y 6 2 x 9 x
( thi chn i tuyn Nha Trang, Khnh Ha)
Bi 16.
1/ Gii phng trnh x 2 7 x 2 x 1 x 2 8 x 7 1
2 2 x y 3 2 x y
2/ Gii h phng trnh
3
x 6 1 y 4
( thi HSG tnh Vnh Phc)

Bi 17. Gii phng trnh sau x 4 2 x 3 2 x 2 2 x 1 ( x 3 x)
1 x2
x
( thi HSG tnh H Tnh)
Bi 18. Gii phng trnh 2 sin 2 x 3 2 sin x 2 cos x 5 0 .

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT chuyn L Khit, Qung Ngi)
Bi 19.
1/ Gii phng trnh x 4 x 2 2 x 4 x 2 .
3
2
2
2 y ( x y ) 3x
2
x( x y ) 10 y
( thi chn i tuyn THPT Chuyn Lam Sn, Thanh Ha)

Bi 20. Gii phng trnh
x 6 x2 7 x 1 .
5( x y )
6( x z )
x y 6 xy x z 5 xz 4
6( z y )
4( x y )
5
z y 4 zy x y 6 xy
4( x z )
5( y z )
x z 5 xz y z 4 yz
( chn i tuyn trng PTNK, TPHCM)
Bi 22.
1/ Gii phng trnh
x 2 y 1 3 z 2
1
( x y z 11)
2
x
2
121
2
27
x 2x
2/ Gii h phng trnh
9
x 2 y 2 xy 3x 4 y 4 0
( thi HSG tnh Qung Nam)

Bi 23.
1/ Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a, b phng trnh
x 2 2ax b
m c hai nghim phn bit vi
bx 2 2ax 1
mi tham s m.
y xy 2 6 x 2
2/ Gii h phng trnh
3 3
3
1 x y 19 x
( thi HSG vng tnh Bnh Phc)
Bi 24.
4
2
2
2
2
x y z 2010
3
3
3
x y z 2010
2/ Gii phng trnh 32 x
x2
3x
2x
x3 3x 2 0
( thi chn i tuyn Ninh Bnh)
Bi 25.
2 x y x 1 2( x 1) 2(2 x y ) 2
1/ Gii bt phng trnh sau
2
y 4 x x 1 17 0
2/ Vi n l s nguyn dng, gii phng trnh
1
1
1
1
...
0.
sin 2 x sin 4 x sin 8 x
sin 2 n x
( thi HSG tnh Khnh Ha)

Bi 26.
1/ Gii phng trnh sau
2/ Gii phng trnh log 3
3 sin 2 x cos 2 x 5sin x (2 3) cos x 3 3

1.
2 cos x 3
2x 1
3x2 8x 5
2
( x 1)
( thi HSG tnh Thi Bnh)
Bi 27.
x 2 1 y 2 xy y
1/ Gii h phng trnh

y
x y 2 1 x2
2/ Gii phng trnh lng gic
2 2
2 2 sin 2 x
tan x cot 2 x
( thi HSG tnh Ph Th)
Bi 28. Gii phng trnh 24 x 2 60 x 36
1
1
0
5x 7
x 1
( thi HSG tnh Qung Ninh)
5
3 x 3 2 x 2 2 3 x 3 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 2
( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Chuyn HSP H Ni)
2
2
(2 x 3 x 4)(2 y 3 y 4) 18
2
x y xy 7 x 6 y 14 0

2(2 x 1)3 2 x 1 (2 y 3) y 2
4 x 2 2 y 4 6
( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT chuyn Lng Th Vinh, ng Nai)

4
3
3
2 2
x x y 9 y y x x y 9 x
Bi 32. Gii h phng trnh 3 3
x( y x ) 7
( thi chn HSG tnh Hng Yn)

2 y 3 2 x 1 x 3 1 x y
2
y 2 x 1 2 xy 1 x
( thi chn i tuyn chuyn Nguyn Du, k Lk)
x 3 y 3 35
2
2 x 3 y 4 x 9 y
( thi HSG tnh Yn Bi)
Bi 35. Gii phng trnh 2 3 2 x 1 27 x 3 27 x 2 13x 2
( thi HSG Hi Phng, bng A1)
1 1
2
2
x 2 y 2( x y )

1 1 y2 x2
x 2 y
( thi chn i tuyn Qung Ninh)
6
x 3 3 x 12 y 50
Bi 37. Gii h phng trnh y 3 12 y 3 z 2

z 3 27 x 27 z
( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Phan Chu Trinh, Nng)
x9 9 x 2 1
2x 1
3
( thi chn i tuyn Ph Yn)
Bi 39.
1/ Gii phng trnh sau x 1 x 1 2 x x 2 2
y 3 y x 3 3x 2 4 x 2
2/ Gii h phng trnh sau
2
1 x y 2 y 1
( thi HSG tnh Ngh An)

Bi 40.
3
3
2
x 8 y 4 xy 1
4
2 x 8 y 2 x y 0
2/ Chng minh phng trnh sau c ng mt nghim ( x 1) 2011 2( x 1) 3 x 3 3 x 2 3 x 2 .

( d b thi HSG tnh Ngh An)
x 3 y x 3 12
Bi 41. Gii h phng trnh sau y 4 z y 3 6
3
9 z 2 x z 32
( thi chn i tuyn KHTN, vng 1)
y 2 x2 x 2 1
2
e
y 1
3 log ( x 2 y 6) 2 log ( x y 2) 1
2
2
7
( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Cao Lnh, ng Thp)

Bi 43. Gii phng trnh sau
x2 x 2
2
x2 x
2
x2 1
1 x x 2 1 x x 4
( thi HSG tnh Bnh Phc)
Bi 44.
1/ Gii phng trnh
3x 4 x3 3x 2 x 2
2/ Tm s nghim ca phng trnh

(4022 x 2011 4018 x 2009 2 x) 4 2(4022 x 2011 4018 x 2009 2 x) 2 cos 2 2 x 0
( thi chn i tuyn Chuyn Nguyn Du)
(2 x)(1 2 x )(2 y )(1 2 y ) 4 10 z 1

Bi 45. Gii h phng trnh sau 2
2
2
2 2
x y z 2 xz 2 yz x y 1 0
( thi chn i tuyn H Tnh)
Bi 46.
1/ Gii phng trnh sau 2010 x ( x 2 1 x) 1 .
y 4 4 x 2 xy 2 x 4 5
2/ Gii h phng trnh x
3
3
y
2 x y 2
( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT So Nam, tnh Qung Nam)
x11 xy10 y 22 y12
4
4
2
2
7 y 13x 8 2 y 3 x(3x 3 y 1)
( thi chn i tuyn TP.HCM)

2009 x 2010 y ( x y ) 2
Bi 48. Gii h phng trnh 2010 y 2011z ( y z ) 2
2
2011z 2009 x ( z x )
( thi chn i tuyn chuyn Quang Trung, Bnh Phc)

8
1
2
2
x y 5
4 x 2 3 x 57 y (3 x 1)
25
( thi chn i tuyn Ngh An)
Bi 50. Cho cc tham s dng a, b, c . Tm nghim dng ca h phng trnh sau :
x y z a b c
2
2
2
4 xyz a x b y c z abc
( kim tra i tuyn Ninh Bnh)
3x y
x x2 y 2 3
Bi 51. Gii h phng trnh sau trn tp hp s thc

y x 3y 0
x2 y 2
( thi chn i tuyn Chuyn Vnh Phc, tnh Vnh Phc)
4
4
x 2 x y y
2 3
( x y ) 3
( kim tra i d tuyn trng THPT Chuyn HSP H Ni)

Bi 53. Gii phng trnh 2 x 2 .sin x x.cos x 3 2 x 1 x 3 x 5 x 1
( thi chn i tuyn H Ni)
( x 2)2 ( y 3) 2 ( y 3)( x z 2)
Bi 54. Gii h phng trnh x 2 5 x 9 z 7 y 15 3 yz

2
2
8 x 18 y 18 xy 18 yz 84 x 72 y 24 z 176
( thi chn i tuyn HSP H Ni, ngy 2)
Bi 55.
2 z ( x y ) 1 x 2 y 2
Tm x, y, z tha mn h y 2 z 2 1 2 xy 2 zx 2 yz
2
2
y (3x 1) 2 x ( x 1)
( thi chn i tuyn trng H KHTN H Ni, vng 3)
LI GII CHI TIT V NHN XT

Bi 1.
1/ Gii phng trnh
x 2 x 1 x 3 4 x 1 1 .
2/ Gii phng trnh vi n s thc 1 x 6 x 5 2 x

( thi HSG tnh Vnh Long)
Li gii.
1/iu kin x 1 . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
( x 1 1)2 ( x 1 2) 2 1
-Nu
x 1 1
x 1 2 1 (*)
x 1 1 th (*) ( x 1 1) ( x 1 2) 1 3 2 x 1 1 x 1 1 , loi.
-Nu 1 x 1 2 2 x 5 th (*) ( x 1 1) ( x 1 2) 1 1 1 , lun ng.

-Nu
x 1 2 th (*) ( x 1 1) ( x 1 2) 1 2 x 1 3 1 x 1 2 , loi.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l mi x thuc 2;5 .

2/ iu kin x
5
. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
1 x 5 2 x 6 x
(1 x ) (5 2 x ) 2 (1 x)(5 2 x ) 6 x
(1 x )(5 2 x ) x 5 (1 x)(5 2 x) x 2 10 x 25
x 2 7 x 30 0 x 3 x 10
Th li, ta thy ch c x 3 l tha mn.
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x 3 .

Nhn xt. Cc dng ton phng trnh v t ny kh c bn v quen thuc, chng hon ton c
th gii bng cch bnh phng kh cn m khng cn lo ngi v tnh gii c ca phng
trnh hay khng. n gin trong vic xt iu kin, ta c th gii xong ri th li cng c.
10
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh x 5 x 4 x 3 11x 2 25 x 14 0

( thi HSG tnh ng Nai)
Li gii.
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
( x 5 2 x 4 ) ( x 4 2 x3 ) ( x3 2 x 2 ) ( 9 x 2 18 x) (7 x 14) 0
( x 2)( x 4 x 3 x 2 9 x 7) 0
x 2
4
3
2
x x x 9x 7 0
Phng trnh th hai trn c th vit li l
( x 4 x3 x 2 9 x 6) 1 0 ( x 4 x 3 2 x 3 2 x 2 3x 2 3 x 6 x 6) 1 0
( x 1)2 ( x 2 3 x 6) 1 0
Do ( x 1)2 ( x 2 3 x 6) 1 0, x nn phng trnh ny v nghim.

Nhn xt. y l mt phng trnh a thc thng thng, c nghim l x 2 nn vic phn tch
thnh nhn t kh n gin; ci kh l bit nh gi phng trnh cn li v c nn tip tc tm
cch gii n hay khng hay tm cch chng minh n v nghim. Trng hp bi cho phn
tch thnh cc a thc khng c nghim n gin, bi ton tr nn kh khn hn rt nhiu; thm
ch l ngay c vi nhng a thc bc bn. Chng hn nh khi gii phng trnh
2 x 4 3x 3 10 x 2 16 x 3 0 , nu tnh ton trn giy th khng phi d dng m c c phn
tch (2 x 2 5 x 1)( x 2 x 3) 0 gii tng phng trnh tch.
2 x 2 y 4
2 x 5 2 y 5 6
( HSG B Ra Vng Tu)

Li gii.
iu kin: x, y 0 . Cng tng v hai phng trnh ca h, ta c:
( 2 x 5 2 x ) ( 2 y 5 2 y ) 10
Tr phng trnh th hai cho phng trnh th nht, v theo v, ta c:

11
( 2x 5 2x ) ( 2 y 5 2 y ) 2
5
2
2
2x 5 2x
2y 5 2y
t a 2 x 5 2 x 0, b 2 y 5 2 y 0 . Ta c h sau:
a b 10
b 10 a
b 10 a
a 5
5 5
5
2
b 5
50 20a 2a
a b 2
a 10 a 2
Xt phng trnh
2 x 5 2 x 5 2 x 5 (5 2 x ) 2 2 x 5 25 2 x 10 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 .
Tng t, ta cng c y 2 .
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l ( x, y ) (2, 2) .
Nhn xt. Ngoi cch gii tn dng tnh cht ca cc cn thc, ta cng c th t n ph ri bin
i; trong phng trnh th hai, cc s hng t do c th khc nhau m li gii vn c tin
hnh tng t. Chng hn, gii h phng trnh sau
2 x 2 y 6
2 x 5 2 y 9 8
1
x x y 3 3
y
2 x y 1 8
( thi HSG Hi Phng, bng A)

Li gii.
iu kin y 0, x
1
0, x y 3 .
y
1
t a x , b x y 3, a, b 0 . H cho vit li l
y
a b 3
a 2, b 1
2
2
a 1, b 2
a b 5
-Vi a 2, b 1 , ta c
12
x
4
1
1
x 2, x y 3 1 x 4, x y 4
4 x
y
y
y 4 x
1
x 2 8 x 15 0, x 4
x
4
x 3, y 1
4 x
x 5, y 1
y 4 x
y 4 x
-Vi a 1, b 2 , ta c
x
1
1
1
x 1, x y 3 2 x 1, x y 7
7 x
y
y
y 7 x
x 4 10, y 3 10
x 2 8 x 6 0, x 7
y 7 x
x 4 10, y 3 10
Th li, ta thy tt c u tha.
Vy h phng trnh cho c 4 nghim l
( x, y ) (3,1), (5, 1), (4 10, 3 10), (4 10,3 10) .
Nhn xt. Dng h phng trnh gii bng cch t n ph ny thng gp nhiu k thi, t
H-C n thi HSG cp tnh v khu vc. Chng ta s cn thy n xut hin nhiu cc thi
ca cc tnh c nu di y.
4 x 2 y 4 4 xy 3 1
2
4 x 2 y 4 xy 2
Li gii.
Ly phng trnh th nht tr phng trnh th hai, v theo v, ta c:
y 4 2 y 2 4 xy 3 4 xy 1 0 ( y 2 1) 2 4 xy ( y 2 1) 0 ( y 2 1)( y 2 1 4 xy ) 0
y 1 y 1 y 2 1 4 xy 0
-Nu y 1 , thay vo phng trnh u tin, ta c:

4 x 2 1 4 x 1 x( x 1) 0 x 0 x 1 .
Th li, ta thy c hai nghim u tha mn.
13
-Nu y 1 , thay vo phng trnh u tin, ta c:

4 x 2 1 4 x 1 x ( x 1) 0 x 0 x 1 .
Th li, ta thy c hai nghim u tha mn.
-Nu y 2 1 4 xy 0 x
1 y2
(d thy trong trng hp ny y 0 ), thay vo phng trnh
4y
u tin, ta c:
2
1 y2
1 y2 3
4
2 2
4
2
2
2
4
y 4
y 1 (1 y ) 4 y 4(1 y ) 4 ( y 1)(5 y 7) 0 .
4y
4y
Suy ra y 1, x 0 v hai nghim ny nu trn.
Vy h phng trnh cho c 4 nghim phn bit l ( x, y ) (1,1), (0,1), (1, 1), (0, 1) .
Nhn xt. y l mt dng h phng trnh a thc kh kh, r rng nu phng trnh th hai,
ngi ta chia hai v cho 2 th kh c th t nhn bit gi tr ny m nhn vo ri tr tng v nh
trn. Vic pht hin ra gi tr 2 nhn vo c th dng cch t tham s ph ri la chn.
4
x 5 y 6
Bi 6. Gii h phng trnh trn tp s thc 2 2
x y 5 x 6
( thi chn i tuyn ng Nai)

Li gii.
Tr tng v hai phng trnh ca h, ta c
x 4 x 2 y 2 5( y x) 0 ( x y ) x 2 ( x y ) 5 0 x y x 2 ( x y ) 5
-Nu x y , t phng trnh th nht ta c
x 4 5 x 6 0 ( x 2 x 3)( x 2)( x 1) 0 x 2 x 1 , tng ng vi y 2 y 1 .
Th li thy tha, ta c hai nghim ( x, y ) (2, 2), (1,1) .
-Nu x 2 ( x y ) 5 y
5
x , thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c
x2
x 4 5 2 x 6 x 6 5 x 3 6 x 2 25 0
x
14
ng thi, t h cho ta cng c 5 x 6 x 2 y 2 6 x

3
6
.
5
216 96 312
6
6
Do 5 x 4 x 5. 4.
25 x 6 5 x 3 6 x 2 25 0 .
5
5
25
25

3
Suy ra trong trng hp ny, h v nghim.

Vy h cho c hai nghim l ( x, y ) (2, 2), (1,1) .
3
2y
2
2
x y 1 x 1

x2 y2 2x 4
y
( thi HSG H Tnh)
Li gii.
iu kin: xy 0, x 2 y 2 1 . t a x 2 y 2 1, b
x
, ab 0 .
y
2
3 2
3
1 b 2b 3 0
b 1, a 1
1
H cho tr thnh a b
2b 3 b
b 3, a 9
a 2b 3
a 2b 3 a 2b 3
-Vi a 1, b 1 , ta c x 2 y 2 2, x y , ta tm c hai nghim l ( x, y ) (1, 1), (1,1) .
-Vi a 9, b 3 , ta c x 2 y 2 10, x 3 y , ta tm c hai nghim l ( x, y ) (3,1), (3, 1) .
Th li, ta u thy tha mn.
Vy h cho c 4 nghim phn bit l ( x, y ) (1, 1), (1,1), (3,1), (3, 1) .
Bi 8. Gii phng trnh
x 6 x2 7 x 1
( thi chn i tuyn Lm ng)
Li gii.
iu kin x 1 .
15
Ta c
( 3 x 6 2) ( x 2 4) ( x 1 1) 0
x2
x2
( x 2)( x 2)
0
2
3
x 1 1
( x 6) 2 3 x 6 4
1
1
( x 2)
x2
0
x 1 1
3 ( x 6) 2 2 3 x 6 4
x 2
1
1
x2
0
3 ( x 6)2 2 3 x 6 4
x 1 1
D thy phng trnh th hai v nghim v v tri lun dng nn phng trnh cho c
nghim duy nht l x 2 .
Nhn xt. Cch n gin hn dnh cho bi ny l chng minh hm ng bin, tuy nhin, cn
ch xt x 1 trc khi o hm.
x x y 1 1
2
2
y x 2 y x y x 0
( thi HSG tnh Qung Bnh)
Li gii.
iu kin x, x y 1 0 .
Phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng vi
x x y 1 1 x x y 1 2 x y 1 1 y 2 x y 1
y 2 4( x y 1) ( y 2)2 4 x y 2 2 x
Phng trnh th hai ca h tng ng vi
y 2 x 2 y x y 2 x 0 ( y x )2 xy 2 y x y x
y 1
x 1
y 2 2 x
y 2 2 x
y 2 2 x
Ta c h mi l
2

4
y2
2 y ( y 2) y ( y 2)
y y 2 0
y x y x

x 4
16
So snh vi iu kin ban u, ta thy c hai nghim trn u tha mn.

1
Vy h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( x, y ) ( , 1), (2, 4) .
4
Bi 10.
1/ Gii bt phng trnh ( x 2 4 x) 2 x 2 3 x 2 0 .
xy y 2 x 7 y
2/ Gii h phng trnh sau x 2

y x 12
( thi HSG in Bin)

Li gii.
1/ iu kin 2 x 2 3x 2 0 x
1
x 2 . Ta c
2
x 4 x 0
x2 4x 0
( x 4 x) 2 x 3 x 2 0 2
1
x x 2
2 x 3x 2 0
2
2
Kt hp cc iu kin trn, ta c x 2 x
1
x 4.
2
Vy bt phng trnh trn c nghim l x (,
1
] {2} [4, ) .
2
x y y 7
2/ iu kin y 0 . H cho tng ng vi

( x y ) x 12
y
t u x y, v
x
, ta c h
y
u v 7
u 3, v 4
uv 12
u 4, v 3
-Vi u 3, v 4 , ta c x y 4,
x
3 x 3, y 1 , tha iu kin.
y
17
-Vi u 4, v 3 , ta c x y 3,
x
12
3
4 x , y , tha iu kin.
y
5
5
12 3
Vy h cho c hai nghim l ( x, y ) (3,1), ( , ) .
5 5
x 6 y 8 z10 1
Bi 11. Gii h bt phng trnh 2007
.
2009
2011
x y z 1
( thi chn i tuyn Bnh nh)
Li gii.
T bt phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c 1 x, y, z 1 .
T hai bt phng trnh ca h, ta c
x 2007 y 2009 z 2011 x 6 y 8 z10 x 6 (1 x 2001 ) y 8 (1 y 2001 ) z10 (1 z 2001 ) 0
T iu kin 1 x, y, z 1 , ta d dng thy rng x 6 (1 x 2001 ), y 8 (1 y 2001 ), z10 (1 z 2001 ) 0 .
Do , phi c ng thc xy ra, tc l
x 6 (1 x 2001 ) y 8 (1 y 2001 ) z10 (1 z 2001 ) 0 x, y , z 1 x, y , z 0 .
Kt hp vi iu kin x 6 y 8 z10 1 , ta thy h bt phng trnh cho c cc nghim l
( x, y , z ) (1, 0, 0), (0,1, 0), (0, 0,1) .

Bi 12.
1/ Gii phng trnh
x 1
1
x
2
x 1 3 x
x 2 x 2 y
y y 2 x
( thi HSG tnh Bn Tre)
Li gii.
1/ iu kin x 1,3 x 0, x 1 3 x 1 x 3, x 1 .
18

2 x 1
1 ( x 1) (3 x)
x 1 3 x
x 1 3 x
( x 1 3 x )( x 1 3 x )
x 1 3 x
x 1 3 x 0
( x 1 3 x ) 2 1
D thy phng trnh th nht v nghim nn ta ch xt
( x 1 3 x ) 2 1 ( x 1) (3 x ) 2 ( x 1)(3 x) 1 3 2 ( x 1)(3 x)
9 4( x 1)(3 x ) 4 x 2 8 x 3 0 x
2 7
2
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x
2 7
.
2
2/ iu kin x, y 0 . D thy nu x 0 th y 0 v ngc li nn h c nghim ( x, y ) (0, 0) .
t2 t
1
0, t 0 nn y l
Ta xt x, y 0 . Xt hm s f (t )
, t 0 , ta thy f (t ) t
2
4 t
hm ng bin.
x f ( y)
H cho c vit li l
. Suy ra x y , thay vo h cho, ta c
y f ( x)
x 1
x x 2 x x x 1 2 x ( x 1)( x x 1) 0
x 3 5
2
2
y 1
Tng ng vi hai gi tr ny, ta cng c
y 3 5
2
Vy h cho c ba nghim l ( x, y ) (0, 0), (1,1), (
3 5 3 5
,
).
2
2
Nhn xt. Bi phng trnh th nht nu khng c bin i ph hp m t n ph th li gii s

kh di dng v rc ri, chng ta cn ch tn dng nhng tnh cht ca cn thc, lng lin
hp khai thc c im ring ca bi ton.
19
Bi 13.
1/ Gii phng trnh x 2 4 x 3 x 5 .
2/ Gii phng trnh x 3 x 2 3x 1 2 x 2 trn [2, 2]
( thi HSG tnh Long An)
Li gii.
1/ iu kin x 5 .
x 4
( x 2 4 x 3)2 x 5 ( x 4)( x 3 4 x 2 6 x 1) 0 3
2
x 4x 6x 1 0
Ta xt phng trnh x 3 4 x 2 6 x 1 0 (*)

Hm s f ( x) x 3 4 x 2 6 x 1 c f ( x) 3 x 2 8 x 6 0 nn l ng bin; hn na,
f (0). f (1) (1).2 0 nn phng trnh f ( x ) 0 c ng mt nghim thuc (0,1) .

Ta s gii phng trnh (*) bng phng php Cardano.
4
2
61
t x y , ta c (*) y 3 y
0 . t y u v , ta c
3
3
27
(u 3 v3
61
2
) (3uv )(u v) 0 .
27
3
61
3 3
u v 27
Chn u v v sao cho
.
2
uv
9
Gii h phng trnh ny, ta chn nghim u
1
2
(61 3 417), v
.
54
9u
T , ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh (*) l
x x0
1
(61 3 417)
54
2
93
1
(61 3 417)
54
4
0.189464
3
20
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x 4, x x0 .

2/ iu kin x 2 .
( x 3 x 2 3x 1)2 4( x 2) ( x 1)( x5 x 4 6 x3 2 x 2 9 x 7) 0
x 1
5
4
3
2
x x 6x 2 x 9x 7 0
Phng trnh x 5 x 4 6 x 3 2 x 2 9 x 7 0 c ng mt nghim thuc [2, 2] v n c gi tr
gn ng l x x0 1.916086228 .
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit l x 1, x x0 .
Nhn xt. R rng phng trnh bc ba trn phi gii trc tip bng cng thc tng qut, iu
ny t khi xut hin cc k thi HSG. i vi phng trnh th hai, vic xt x [2, 2] nu trong
bi c th gi dng lng gic; tuy nhin, cch t x 2 cos cha c kt qu, mong cc
bn tm hiu thm. Mt bi tng t xut hin trong k thi HSG BSCL nh sau
Gii phng trnh 32 x 5 32 x 4 16 x3 16 x 2 2 x 1 0 .
Phng trnh ny c gii bng cch t n ph y 2 x ri bnh phng ln, nhn vo hai v
cho y 2 a v phng trnh quen thuc y 3 3 y
y2.
Bi ton nh th ny kh nh v phc tp!

1
y 2 x

2
y
Bi 14. Gii h phng trnh sau x x
2
2
y ( x 1 1) 3 x 3
( chn i tuyn trng Chuyn L Qu n, Bnh nh).

Li gii.
iu kin xc nh: x 0, y 0 .
1
x
y 2 x
2 y x y 2 2 x x 2 xy y 2 y( x 2 x) 2 x x 0
x
y
21
Xem y l phng trnh bc hai theo bin y, ta c
x ( x 2 x)2 8 x x x 4 x x 4 x 2 ( x 2 x )2 0 .
Do , phng trnh ny c hai nghim l
y1
(2 x x ) ( x 2 x )
(2 x x ) ( x 2 x)
x , y2
2 x, .
2
2
Xt hai trng hp
-Nu y x , thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c:
x ( x 2 1 1) 3 x 2 3 .
D thy: x ( x 2 1 1) 0 3 x 2 3 nn phng trnh ny v nghim.
-Nu y 2 x , thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c:
2 x( x 2 1 1) 3 x 2 3 x 2 1.(2 x 3 ) 2 x
2x
x2 1
(*)
2x 3
3
3
khng tha mn ng thc nn ch xt x
v php bin i trn l ph
2
2
2x
hp). Xt hai hm s: f ( x ) x 2 1, x 0 v g ( x )
,x 0.
2x 3
(d thy x
Ta c: f ( x )
0 nn l hm ng bin, g ( x )
x2 1
Suy ra phng trnh (*) c khng qu mt nghim.
2 3
(2 x 3 )2
0 nn l hm nghch bin.
Nhm thy x 3 tha mn (*) nn y cng chnh l nghim duy nht ca (*).
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l ( x, y ) ( 3 , 2 3 ) .
Nhn xt. Quan h ca x v y c che giu ngay trong phng trnh u tin, nu nhn thy
iu th cc bc tip theo s rt d nhn bit. Bi ny tnh ton tuy rm r nhng hng
gii rt r rng nn khng qu kh.
22
2
2
2 x y 3 xy 4 x 9 y
2
7 y 6 2 x 9 x
( thi chn i tuyn Nha Trang, Khnh Ha)

Li gii.
4x2
2 x2 9 x 6
T phng trnh th nht, ta c y 2
, t phng trnh th hai, ta c y
.
2 x 3x 9
7
Suy ra
4 x2
2x2 9x 6
28 x 2 (2 x 2 9 x 6)(2 x 2 3 x 9)
2
2 x 3x 9
7
( x 2)(2 x 1)(2 x 2 9 x 27) 0 x 2 x
-Nu x 2 , ta c y
-Nu x
1
9 3 33
x
2
4
2 x 2 9 x 6 16
2 x 2 9 x 6 1
1
; nu x , ta c y
.
7
7
2
7
7
9 3 33
2x2 9x 6
vi 2 x 2 9 x 27 th y
3.
4
7
Vy h phng trnh cho c bn nghim l ( x, y ) (2,
16 1 1 9 3 33
), ( , ), (
,3) .
7
2 7
4
Nhn xt. Bi ny c th cn nhiu bin i n gin hn nhng r rng cch rt y ra ri thay

vo mt phng trnh nh trn l t nhin hn c.
Bi 16.
1/ Gii phng trnh x 2 7 x 2 x 1 x 2 8 x 7 1
2 2 x y 3 2 x y
2/ Gii h phng trnh
3
x 6 1 y 4
( thi HSG tnh Vnh Phc)

Li gii.
1/ iu kin 1 x 7 . t a 7 x , b x 1, a, b 0 ab x 2 8 x 7 .
23
Phng trnh cho tr thnh b 2 2a 2b ab (a b)(b 2) 0 a b b 2 .

-Nu a b th
7 x x 1 7 x x 1 x 3 , tha iu kin bi.
-Nu b 2 th
x 1 2 x 3 .

2/ iu kin 2 x y 0, y 1 . Phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng vi
(2 x y ) 2 2 x y 3 0 2 x y 1 2 x y 3 2 x y 1 y 1 2 x .
Thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c
x 6 2x 4 .
D thy v tri tng theo bin x nn phng trnh trn c khng qu mt nghim. Ta thy x 2
tha mn, suy ra x 2, y 3 .
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l ( x, y ) (2, 3) .
Bi 17. Gii phng trnh sau x 4 2 x 3 2 x 2 2 x 1 ( x 3 x)
1 x2
x
( thi HSG tnh H Tnh)
Li gii.
iu kin x (, 1] (0,1] .
Nu x 1 th x 4 2 x 3 2 x 2 2 x 1 ( x 2 x) 2 ( x 1) 2 0, x 3 x x( x 2 1) 0 nn phng
trnh trn khng c nghim tha x 1 .
ng thi x 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn ta ch xt x (0,1) .
2
( x 1) 2 x(1 x ) ( x 1) x (1 x )
t t
x2 1
x (1 x 2 )
2 x(1 x 2 )
1
x2 1
x (1 x 2 )
x2 1
0 , phng trnh trn tr thnh t
2
1 t 2 t 2 0 t 2 (do t 0 ).
t
Khi
24
x2 1
2
2 ( x 2 1)2 4 x (1 x 2 ) x 4 2 x 2 1 4 x 4 x3 0
x(1 x )
( x 2 2 x 1)2 0 x 2 2 x 1 0 x 1 2
So snh vi iu kin nu, ta thy phng trnh trn c nghim duy nht l x 1 2 .
Bi 18. Gii phng trnh 2 sin 2 x 3 2 sin x 2 cos x 5 0 .

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT chuyn L Khit, Qung Ngi)
Li gii.
t a sin x, b cos x 1 a, b 1 . T phng trnh cho, ta c h sau:
4ab 3 2a 2b 5 0
2
2
a b 1
Ta c:
4ab 3 2a 2b 5 0 4ab 3 2a 2b 5 0
(4ab 2 2a 2 2b 3) ( 2a 2b 2) 0
2(a b)2 2 2 (a b) 1 2 (a b 2 ) 0
( 2a 2b 1)2 2 (a b 2 ) 0
Mt khc: a 2 b 2 1 nn a b 2(a 2 b 2 ) 2 a b 2 0 .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a b
2
.
2
2a 2b 1 0
( 2a 2b 1)2 0
Do , t (*), suy ra:
2
2
(
a
2
)
0
a b
2
D thy h ny v nghim.
Vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
25
Nhn xt. y l dng phng trnh lng gic gii bng cch nh gi quen thuc. Ngoi cch
t n ph a v i s hon ton nh trn, ta c th bin i trc tip trn phng trnh ban
u, tuy nhin iu d lm chng ta lc sang cc hng thun ty lng gic hn v vic gii
bi ton ny gp nhiu kh khn hn.
Bi ny chnh l thi Olympic 30-4 nm 2000, lp 10 do trng L Hng Phong TP.HCM
ngh. Li gii chnh thc cng ging nh trn nhng nguyn a sin x, b cos x .
Bi 19.
1/ Gii phng trnh x 4 x 2 2 x 4 x 2 .
2
2
2 y ( x y ) 3x
2
x( x y ) 10 y
( thi chn i tuyn THPT Chuyn Lam Sn, Thanh Ha)

Li gii.
1/ iu kin 2 x 2 . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
( x 2) ( x 1) 4 x 2 ( x 2) 2 ( x 1) 2 (4 x 2 ) x( x 2)( x 2 2) 0
x 0 x 2 x 2
Th li ta thy tha.
Vy phng trnh cho c 4 nghim l x 0, x 2, x 2 .
2/ Ta thy nu x 0 th y 0 v ngc li nn h phng trnh cho c nghim ( x, y ) (0, 0) .
Xt trng hp xy 0 .
Chia tng v phng trnh th nht cho phng trnh th hai, ta c
2 y( x 2 y 2 ) 3x
20 y 2 ( x 2 y 2 ) 3 x 2 ( x 2 y 2 ) 3 x 4 17 x 2 y 2 20 y 4 0
x( x 2 y 2 ) 10 y
5
( x 2 4 y 2 )(3 x 2 5 y 2 ) 0 x 2 4 y 2 , x 2 y 2
3
2 y.3 y 2 3 x
2 y 3 x
2 y 3 x
x 2
-Nu x 2 4 y 2 , h cho tr thnh
2
4
y
1
xy
2
2
y
2
x.5 y 10 y
26
-Nu x 2
5 2
y , h cho tr thnh
3
15
2 2
x 4
2
y
.
y
3
x
3
3
4 y 9 x
2 135
3
4 y 9 x
4
4
8
4
xy
15
16
y
135
2
135
x. y 10 y
y
3
2
Vy h cho c 5 nghim l ( x, y ) (0, 0),(2,1), ( 2, 1), (
Bi 20. Gii phng trnh:
4
4
15
135
15
135
,
),
(
).
4
4
2
2
2 135
2 135
x 6 x2 7 x 1 .
Li gii.
iu kin x 1 .
D thy x 1 khng l nghim ca phng trnh nn ta ch xt x 1 .
Ta c
x 6 x 2 7 x 1 3 x 6 x 2 x 1 7 (*)
Xt hm s f (t ) 3 t 6 t 2 t 1, t 1 f (t )
1
3 2 (t 6)2
2t
1
0, t 1 . Do
2 t 1
hm ny ng bin. T suy ra phng trnh (*) trn c khng qu mt nghim; mt khc

f (2) 7 nn phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x 2 .
5( x y )
6( x z )
x y 6 xy x z 5 xz 4
6( z y )
4( x y )
5
z y 4 zy x y 6 xy
4( x z )
5( y z )
x z 5 xz y z 4 yz
( chn i tuyn trng PTNK, TPHCM)
Li gii.
t a
x y
yz
zx
,b
,c
. H cho tr thnh
x y 6 xy
y z 4 yz
z x 5 zx
27
4 5a
a
5a 6c 4
b
6b 4a 5 4a 6b 5
4
4c 5b 6
4 5a
9
5b 4
6
c 16
6
1
x y
1 1 6
1 33
14
x y 6 xy 8
x y 7
x 14
x 33
7( x y ) 6 xy
3
14
yz
1 1
1 45
Do
y z 12 yz 12
y
45
y z 4 yz 4
7( z x) 45 zx
y z
y 14
14
zx
1 1 45
1 123

z 124
z 14
z x 5 zx 16
z x 7
14 14 14
, ,
).
33 45 123
Nhn xt. Bi ny c hnh thc kh phc tp v cc h s xem ra rt khc nhau; tuy nhin, nu
quan st k, chng ta s d dng tm ra cc n ph cn thit lm n gin ha bi ton.
Vy h cho c nghim l ( x, y , z ) (
Bi 22.
1/ Gii phng trnh
x 2 y 1 3 z 2
1
( x y z 11)
2
x
2
121
2
x
2
x
27
2/ Gii h phng trnh

9
x 2 y 2 xy 3x 4 y 4 0
( thi HSG tnh Qung Nam)

Li gii.
1/ iu kin x 0, y 1, z 2 . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 x 4 y 1 6 z 2 x y z 11
( x 1) ( y 1 2) 2 ( z 2 3) 2 0
x 1
y 1 2 z 2 3 0 x 1, y 5, z 11
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l ( x, y , z ) (1,5,11) .
28
2/ Phng trnh th hai ca h tng ng vi y 2 ( x 4) y x 2 3x 4 0 .

y l phng trnh bc hai theo bin y nn cn c iu kin
4
( x 4) 2 4( x 2 3x 4) 3 x 2 4 x 0 0 x .
3
x
2
4
4
16 24
121
Do x 2 2 x 27 2 ( )2 2. 27 3
9
3
3
9 9
9
T bt ng thc trn v phng trnh th nht ca h, ta suy ra x
4
.
3
4
4
4
8
16
4
4
Do y 2 ( 4) y ( ) 2 3.( ) 4 0 y 2 y 0 ( y ) 2 0 y
3
3
3
3
9
3
3
Vy h cho c nghim l x y
4
.
3
Bi 23.
x 2 2ax b
1/ Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a, b phng trnh 2
m c hai nghim phn bit vi
bx 2ax 1
mi tham s m.
2
2
y xy 6 x
2/ Gii h phng trnh
3 3
3
1 x y 19 x
( thi HSG vng tnh Bnh Phc)

Li gii.
1/Trc ht, ta s tm nghim chung, nu c, ca hai phng trnh bc hai sau:
x 2 2ax b 0 v bx 2 2ax 1 0 . Gi s x0 l nghim chung , ta c:

x02 2ax0 b 0 v bx02 2ax0 1 0 . Tr tng v hai phng trnh ny, ta c:
(1 b)( x02 1) 0 b 1 x0 1 .
x 2 2ax 1
m 1 m, x 2 2ax 1 0 . D thy
x 2 2ax 1
nu m 1 th phng trnh ny v nghim, nu m 1 th phng trnh ny c v s nghim,
khng tha mn bi.
-Nu b 1 th phng trnh cho tr thnh
29
-Nu b 1 th x0 1 , tng ng vi 1 2a b 0 hoc 1 2a b 0 .

Do , khi 1 2a b 0 hoc 1 2a b 0 th tng ng hai phng trnh cho c nghim
chung l x0 1 v x0 1 .
Phng trnh ban u tng ng vi
x 2 2ax b
x 2 2ax b m(bx 2 2ax 1)
0
bx 2 2ax 1
bx 2 2ax 1
hay (1 bm) x 2 2(a am) x b m 0 (*) v bx 2 2ax 1 0 .

Ta thy rng phng trnh (*) c khng qu hai nghim nn mun phng trnh cho c hai
nghim phn bit vi mi m th hai phng trnh x 2 2ax b 0 v bx 2 2ax 1 0 khng c
nghim chung, ng thi phng trnh (*) phi c ng hai nghim phn bit, tc l
1 2a b 0,1 2a b 0
1 bm 0, m
(a am)2 (1 bm)(b m) 0, m
T iu kin th hai, ta thy b 0 , khi , h iu kin trn tr thnh
1
1
1 2a 0,1 2a 0
a
a
2
2
2
(a am) m 0, m
a 2 m 2 (2a 2 1)m a 2 0, m
(2a 2 1)2 4a 4 0, a 0
1
1
a , a 0
a a
2
2
2
4 a 2 1 0
Vy cc gi tr a, b tha mn bi l a
1
1
a v b 0 .
2
2
y xy 2 6 x 2
2/ Gii h phng trnh
3 3
3
1 x y 19 x
Ta thy y 0 khng l nghim ca h phng trnh nn ta ch xt y 0 , ta c bin i sau
x 2
x 2
1
1
y x 6( y )
y x 6( y )
1 x3 19( x )3
( x 1 )3 3 x ( x 1 ) 19( x )3
3
y
y
y
y
y
y
30
1
x
x 6( )2 vo phng trnh th hai, ta c
y
y
x
x
x
x
x
x
x 1
216( )6 18( )3 19( )3 216( )6 ( )3 0 .
y
y
y
y
y
y
y 6
Thay
-Nu
x
0 x 0 , thay vo h cho, ta thy khng tha mn.
y
-Nu y 6 x , thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c

1
1
6 x 36 x3 6 x 2 6 x3 x 2 x 0 x(3x 1)(2 x 1) 0 x x .
3
2
1
1
Vi x , ta c y 6 x 2 ; vi x , ta c y 6 x 3 .
3
2
Th li u thy tha.
1
1
Vy h cho c hai nghim phn bit l ( x, y ) ( , 2), ( ,3) .
3
2
Nhn xt. bi 1, bc tm nghim chung ca hai phng trnh lm n gin ha vic xt

iu kin ca nghim xem c tha mn phng trnh hay khng, v r rng
f ( x) mg ( x) 0
f ( x)
f ( x ) mg ( x)
nn nu x l nghim ca phng trnh
m
0
g ( x)
g ( x)
g ( x) 0
cho m li khng tha mn iu kin xc nh ca mu th n l nghim chung ca f ( x ), g ( x ) (
y l xt vi mi m nn c c nhng gi tr m khc 0). Bi 2 xut hin kh nhiu trong cc ti
liu luyn thi H v vic tm ra cch chia nh th cng kh l m mn, chng ta c th rt y t
phng trnh di thay ln ri nh gi phng trnh mt n x thu c.
Bi 24.
x 2 y 2 z 2 2010 2
1/ Gii h phng trnh: 3
3
3
3
x y z 2010
2/ Gii phng trnh: 32 x
x2
3x
2x
x3 3x 2 0
( thi chn i tuyn Ninh Bnh)
Li gii.
1/ T phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c x , y , z 2010 .
31
Suy ra x 3 y 3 z 3 x 3 y 3 z 3 2010( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 20103 .

T phng trnh th hai suy ra ng thc phi xy ra, tc l
x 2 (2010 x) 0
x 0 x 2010
2
y (2010 y ) 0 y 0 y 2010
2
z 0 z 2010
z (2010 z ) 0
Kt hp vi phng trnh th nht, ta thy h cho c ba nghim phn bit l
( x, y , z ) (2010, 0, 0), (0, 2010, 0), (0, 0, 2010) .
2/ Phng trnh cho tng ng vi

32 x
x2
2 x3 x 2 3 x
2x
x3 2 x
Xt hm s f (t ) 3t t , t , ta c f (t ) 3t .ln 3 1 0, t nn y l hm ng bin.
Phng trnh trn chnh l
f (2 x 3 x 2) f ( x 3 2 x) 2 x 3 x 2 x3 2 x
x3 3x 2 0 ( x 2)( x 1) 2 0 x 2 x 1
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x 2, x 1 .

Bi 25.
2 x y x 1 2( x 1) 2(2 x y ) 2
1/ Gii bt phng trnh sau
2
y 4 x x 1 17 0
2/ Vi n l s nguyn dng, gii phng trnh
1
1
1
1
...
0.
sin 2 n x
( thi HSG tnh Khnh Ha)

Li gii.
1/ iu kin x 1 . Bnh phng hai v ca bt phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c
(2 x y )2 x 1 2(2 x y ) x 1 2( x 1) 2(2 x y ) 2
(2 x y )2 x 1 2(2 x y ) x 1 0 (2 x y x 1) 2 0
2 x y x 1 0 y 2 x x 1
32
(2 x x 1)2 4 x x 1 17 0 4 x ( x 1) 4 x x 1 4 x x 1 17 0
9
4 x 2 x 18 0 x 2 x
4
Ta thy ch c x 2 l tha mn, khi , tng ng ta c y 3 .
Vy h bt phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l ( x, y ) (2,3) .
2/ iu kin 2i x k 2 , i 1, 2,3,..., n; k x k
, i 0,1, 2,..., n 1 .
2i
Trc tin, ta s rt gn v tri ca phng trnh cho.

Ta c bin i sau cot a cot 2a
cos a cos 2a 2cos2 a cos 2a

1
.
sin a sin 2a
sin 2a
sin 2a
Do
1
1
1
1
...
0
sin 2n x
n
n
1
(cot 2i 1 x cot 2i x) 0 cot 2n x cot x
i
i 1 sin 2 x
i 1
k
2 n x x k x n , k
2 1
D thy nghim ny tha mn iu kin ban u.

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l x
k
,k .
2n 1
Bi 26.
1/ Gii phng trnh sau
2/ Gii phng trnh log 3
3 sin 2 x cos 2 x 5sin x (2 3) cos x 3 3

1.
2 cos x 3
2x 1
3x2 8x 5
( x 1) 2
( thi HSG tnh Thi Bnh)
33
Li gii.
1/ iu kin cos x
3
5
x
k 2 .
2
6
3 sin 2 x cos 2 x 5sin x (2 3) cos x 3 3 2 cos x 3

3 sin 2 x cos 2 x 5sin x 3 cos x 3 0
2 3 sin x.cos x 1 2sin 2 x 5sin x 3 cos x 3 0
2sin 2 x sin x(2 3 cos x 5) 3 cos x 2 0
t t sin x, t 1 . Ta c 2t 2 t (2 3 cos x 5) 3 cos x 2 0 (*)
y l phng trnh bc hai bin t c
(2 3 cos x 5) 2 8( 3 cos x 2) 12 cos 2 x 12 3 cos x 9 (2 3 cos x 3) 2
Do , phng trnh (*) c hai nghim l
(2 3 cos x 5) (2 3 cos x 3) 1
(2 3 cos x 5) (2 3 cos x 3)
t
3 cos x 2
4
2
4
-Nu t
1
1
7
sin x x k 2 x
k 2 , k (tha mn).
2
2
6
6
-Nu t 3 cos x 2 sin x 3 cos x 2 sin( x ) 1 x k 2 , k (tha mn).

3
6
Vy phng trnh cho c ba h nghim l x
k 2 , x
k 2 , x k 2 , k .
6
6
6
1
2/ iu kin 2 x 1 0, x 1 0 x , x 1 .
2

2 x 1
log 3
3 x 2 8 x 4 log 3 (2 x 1) log 3 3( x 1) 2 3( x 1) 2 (2 x 1)
2
3( x 1)
log 3 (2 x 1) (2 x 1) log3 3( x 1) 2 3( x 1) 2
34
Xt hm s f (t ) log 3 t t , t 0 , ta c f (t )
1
1 0, t 0 nn y l hm ng bin.
t ln 3

f (2 x 1) f (3( x 1)2 ) 2 x 1 3( x 1) 2 3 x 2 8 x 4 0 x
2
x2.
3
2
Ta thy hai nghim ny u tha mn nn phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x , x 2 .
3
Nhn xt. bi phng trnh lng gic, n lc rt gn c thnh mt phng trnh ch cha
sin x, cos x ; ta thng dng cch t n ph nh trn i s ha vic gii bi ton, khng phi
d dng c th tm ra cch phn tch nhn t nh trn, nht l nhng bi ton di dng hn.
Nu t t sin x khng thnh cng, ta hon ton c th chuyn sang t cos x th v chng
hn, nh bi ton trn, nu t t cos x th li gii s khng cn d dng na.
Trong thi H khi B nm 2010 cng c mt bi tng t, gii phng trnh sau
sin 2 x cos 2 x 3sin x cos x 1 0 . Bng vic p dng cng thc nhn i a phng
trnh v dng f (sin x, cos x ) 0 , ta tin hnh t n ph t sin x phn tch thnh nhn t, li
gii kh r rng v t nhin.
Cc bn th gii thm bi ton sau

4sin 3 x sin x.cos x(7 sin x 3cos x ) (sin 2 x cos 2 x) 5(sin x cos x) 2 cos 2 x 0 .
Bi 27.
x 2 1 y 2 xy y
1/ Gii h phng trnh

.
y
x
1 x2
2/ Gii phng trnh lng gic
2 2
2 2 sin 2 x
tan x cot 2 x
( thi HSG tnh Ph Th)
Li gii.
1/ Ta thy h phng trnh ny khng c nghim tha y 0 nn ta ch xt y 0 , khi ,
x2 1
phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng vi
x y 1.
y
35
x2 1
t u
, v x y . Ta c h
y
a b 4
b 4 a
b 4 a
b 4 a
b 3
1
1
2
2
a 1
2a a 1 (a 1) 0
b 2 a
2 a a
x 1
x2 1
1 x2 1 3 x
x2 x 2 0
y 2
Ta c y
x 2
y 3 x
y 3 x
x y 3
y 5
Vy h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( x, y ) (1, 2), (2,5) .
2/ iu kin
cos x 0,sin 2 x 0, tan x cot 2 x 0 sin x.cos x 0,
sin x cos 2 x
0
cos x sin 2 x
2 sin 2 x 1 2 sin 2 x
sin x.cos x 0,
0 sin x cos x 0
sin 2 x
x (k 2 , k 2 ) ( k 2 , k 2 ), k
2
2
Ta bin i phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2 1
1 2 sin 2 x ( 2 1) sin 2 x 1 2 sin 2 x
1
sin 2 x
t t sin 2 x , 0 t 1 . Phng trnh trn chnh l
( 2 1)t 1 2t 2 (t 1)( 2t 1) 0 t 1 t
-Nu t 1 sin 2 x 1 x
-Nu t
1
(tha iu kin).
2
k , k .
4
1
1
5
sin 2 x x k
k , k .
2
12
12
2
So snh vi iu kin ban u, ta thy phng trnh cho c ba h nghim l

36
5
k 2 , x k 2 , x
k 2 , k .
4
12
12
Bi 28. Gii phng trnh: 24 x 2 60 x 36
1
1
0
5x 7
x 1
( thi HSG tnh Qung Ninh)
Li gii.
iu kin: x
f (t ) 2t
1
7
, t 1 . Ta c:
. Xt hm s f (t ) t 2
5
t 1
1
0, t 1 nn hm ny ng bin.
2(t 1) t 1
7
7
1 v 5 x 6 5. 6 1 nn phng trnh cho tng ng vi
5
5
1
1
3
(5 x 6)2
x2
f (5 x 6) f ( x) 5 x 6 x x .
2
5x 7
x 1
Do x
Th li ta thy tha iu kin bi.

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x
3
.
2
3 x 3 2 x 2 2 3 x 3 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 2
Li gii.
3
2
3 x 2 x 2 0
iu kin xc nh
3
2
3x x 2 x 1 0
Theo bt ng thc AM GM th
3 x 3 2 x 2 2 1. 3 x 3 2 x 2 2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
1 (3 x3 2 x 2 2) 3x 3 2 x 2 3
2
2
3 x 3 2 x 2 2 1 x 1 .
37
1 (3 x3 x 2 2 x 1) 3 x3 x 2 2 x
3 x x 2 x 1 1. 3 x x 2 x 1
2
2
3
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
3x 3 x 2 2 x 1 1 x 1 .
3 x 3 2 x 2 3 3 x 3 x 2 2 x 3 x 2 2 x 3
3 x 2 x 2 3 x x 2 x 1
2
2
2
3
3x 2 2 x 3 (3x 2 2 x 3) ( x 1)2
2x2 2 x 2
2
2
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi ( x 1)2 0 x 1 .
Do , ta lun c
3 x 3 2 x 2 2 3 x 3 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 2 2 x 2 .
ng thc phi xy ra, tc l x 1 . Th li thy tha.

Nhn xt. Bi ny khng qu kh v ch p dng cc nh gi rt quen thuc ca BT. Tuy

nhin, xc nh c hng i ny cng khng phi n gin; thng thng sau khi nhm ra
c nghim l x 1 v ng trc mt phng trnh v t c cha cn th ny, ta hay dng
cch nhn lng lin hp; th nhng, cch ri cng s i vo b tc cng nhng tnh ton
phc tp.
(2 x 2 3 x 4)(2 y 2 3 y 4) 18
2
x y xy 7 x 6 y 14 0
Li gii.
Xt ng thc x 2 y 2 xy 7 x 6 y 14 0 (*)
Ta xem (*) l phng trnh bc hai theo bin x, vit li l x 2 x( y 7) y 2 6 y 14 0 .
38
Phng trnh ny c nghim khi
y ( y 7)2 4( y 2 6 y 14) 0 3 y 2 10 y 7 0 1 y
7
.
3
Hon ton tng t, xem (*) l phng trnh bc hai theo bin y, vit li l
y 2 y ( x 6) ( x 2 7 x 14) 0 .
Phng trnh ny c nghim khi
x ( x 6)2 4( x 2 7 x 14) 0 3 x 2 16 x 20 0 2 x
Ta xt hm s f (t ) 2t 2 3t 4, t f (t ) 4t 3 0 t
10
.
3
3
1.
4
Suy ra, trn [1, ) , hm s ny ng bin. Ta c
f ( x ) f (2) 6, f ( y ) f (1) 3 f ( x). f ( y ) 3.6 18 .

T phng trnh th nht ca h th ta thy ng thc phi xy ra, tc l x 2, y 1 .
Thay hai gi tr ny vo (*), ta thy khng tha.
Vy h phng trnh cho v nghim.
Nhn xt. tng gii ca bi ny khng kh v cng kh quen thuc khi ch cn tm min xc
nh ca bin thng qua vic tnh Delta ca mt phng trnh bc hai; tuy trong li gii trn c
kho st hm s nhng thc ra cc kt qu c th chng minh bng bt ng thc i s thun
ty nn cng c gii chnh ca bi ny l i s. V do vic hai biu thc ca x v y phng
trnh u ca h ging nhau c th dn n nh gi sai hng m dng gii tch, xt hm s
khai thc phng trnh u tin trong khi iu khng em li kt qu g. Cc h s c chn
ra s rt p chnh l u im ni bt ca bi ton ny.
2(2 x 1)3 2 x 1 (2 y 3) y 2
4 x 2 2 y 4 6
( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT chuyn Lng Th Vinh, ng Nai)
Li gii.
39
iu kin xc nh: x
1
, y 2.
2
Xt hm s: f (t ) 2t 3 t , t (0; ) .
Suy ra: f (t ) 6t 2 1 0 nn y l hm ng bin.
T phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c: f (2 x 1) f ( y 2 ) 2 x 1 y 2 .
Thay vo phng trnh th hai, ta c:
4
4 y 8 2 y 4 6 (*)
Ta thy hm s: g ( y ) 4 4 y 8 2 y 4 6, y (2, ) c o hm l:
g ( y )
4
(4 y 8)3
0, y (2, ) nn ng bin.
2y 4
Hn na: g (6) 4 4.6 8 2.6 4 6 0 nn (*) c ng mt nghim l y 6 .

Vi y 6 , ta c x
1
.
2
1
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l ( x, y ) ( , 6) .
2
Nhn xt. Dng ton ng dng trc tip tnh n iu vo bi ton n gin ha biu thc rt
thng gp. Hng gii ny c th d dng pht hin ra t phng trnh th nht ca h, x v y
nm v mi v ca phng trnh v quan st k hn s thy s tng ng ca cc biu thc v
dn n xt mt hm s nh nu trn. tng bi ny hon ton ging vi bi 5 thi H
mn ton khi A nm 2010.
(4 x 2 1) x ( y 3) 5 2 y 0
Gii h phng trnh
.
2
2
4 x y 2 3 4 x 7
x 4 x 3 y 9 y y 3 x x 2 y 2 9 x
Bi 32. Gii h phng trnh 3 3
x( y x ) 7
40
( thi chn HSG tnh Hng Yn)

Li gii.
Ta c
x 4 x 3 y 9 y y 3 x x 2 y 2 9 x ( x 4 xy 3 ) ( x 3 y x 2 y 2 ) 9( x y ) 0
( x y ) x( x 2 xy y 2 ) x 2 y 9 0 ( x y ) x( x y )2 9 0
T phng trnh th hai ca h, ta thy x y nn t bin i trn, suy ra:
x( x y )2 9 0 x( x y )2 9 (*)
Ta c: x( y 3 x 3 ) 7 y 3 x 3
7
7
y 3 x3 .
x
x
7
Thay vo (*), ta c: x( x 3 x 3 )2 9 .
x
Ta s chng minh rng v tri l mt hm ng bin theo bin x. Tht vy:
2
7 2
7 3 3 7
2
3
3
x( x x ) x x 2 x x x
x
x
x
7
7
x 2 x . x x 3 x3 x3 2 x 3 x6 7 x2 3 x x 4 7
x
x
2 3
T (*) suy ra x 0 v trong biu thc trn, cc s m ca bin x u dng nn y l hm

ng bin; suy ra n c khng qu mt nghim.
Thay trc tip x 1 vo biu thc, ta thy tha.
Vy h cho c ng mt nghim l: ( x, y ) (1, 2) .
Nhn xt. im c bit ca bi ny l x l c h phng trnh mi sau khi bin i, nu nh
ta dng cch i s trc tip, phn tch ra c mt nghim x = 1 th phng trnh bc cao cn
li kh m gii c. Cch lp lun theo tnh n iu ca hm s th ny va trnh c iu
va lm cho li gii nh nhng hn.
2 y 3 2 x 1 x 3 1 x y
2
y 2 x 1 2 xy 1 x
41
( thi chn i tuyn chuyn Nguyn Du, k Lk)

Li gii.
iu kin 1 x 1 . t a 1 x 0 x 1 a 2 .
2 y 3 2(1 a 2 )a 3a y 2 y 3 y 2a 3 a
D thy hm s f (t ) 2t 3 t , t c f (t ) 6t 2 1 0, t nn ng thc trn c vit li
l f ( y ) f (a ) y a y 1 x .
1 x 2 x2 1 2 x 1 x2
t x cos t , t 0, , phng trnh trn tr thnh
1 cos t 2 cos 2 t 1 2cos t 1 cos 2 t

t
t
cos 2t sin 2t 2 sin 2 sin(2t )

2
2
4
4
t
t k
2t k .2
6
3
4 2
sin sin(2t )
,k
,k
2
4
2t t k .2
t 3 k 4
4
2
5
10
2sin 2
Do t 0, nn t hai h phng trnh trn, ta ch nhn gi tr t
Khi x cos
3
.
10
3
3
3
, y 1 cos
2 sin
.
10
10
20
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l ( x, y ) (cos
3
3
, 2 sin ) .
10
20
3
3
x y 35
Bi 34. Gii h phng trnh: 2
2
2 x 3 y 4 x 9 y
( thi HSG tnh Yn Bi)

42
Li gii.
Phng trnh th hai ca h tng ng vi (6 x 2 12 x 8) (9 y 2 12 y 27) 35
Thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c:
x 3 y 3 (6 x 2 12 x 8) (9 y 2 12 y 27) ( x 2) 3 ( y 3) 3 x y 5
Li thay vo phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c:
2( y 5)2 3 y 2 4( y 5) 9 y 5 y 2 25 y 30 0 ( y 2)( y 3) 0 y 2 y 3 .
Vi y 2 , ta c x 3 , vi y 3 , ta c x 2 .
Th li ta thy tha.
Vy h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( x, y ) (2, 3), (3, 2) .
Nhn xt. Dng ton da trn hng ng thc ny xut hin kh nhiu, chng hn trong thi
VMO 2010 va qua; nu chng ta thy cc biu thc ca x v y trong h phng trnh cha y
cc bc th kh nng gii theo cch dng hng ng thc l rt cao.
3
3
x y 9
Mt bi ton tng t, gii h phng trnh sau 2
.
2
x 2 y x 4 y
Bi 35. Gii phng trnh 2 3 2 x 1 27 x 3 27 x 2 13x 2

( thi HSG Hi Phng, bng A1)
Li gii.
Phng trnh cho tng ng vi (3 x 1)3 2(3 x 1) (2 x 1) 2 3 2 x 1 .
Xt hm s f (t ) t 3 2t , t . Ta thy f (t ) 6t 2 1 0, t nn y l hm ng bin.
f (3 x 1) f ( 3 2 x 1) 3 x 1 3 2 x 1 (3x 1)3 2 x 1
27 x 3 27 x 2 7 x 0 x (27 x 2 27 x 7) 0 x 0

43
1 1
2
2
x 2 y 2( x y )

1 1 y2 x2
x 2 y
( thi chn i tuyn Qung Ninh)
Li gii.
iu kin x, y 0 . Cng tng v ca hai phng trnh, ta c
2
x 2 3 y 2 2 x 3 3xy 2
x
Ly phng trnh th nht tr phng trnh th hai, v theo v, ta c

1
3x 2 y 2 1 3x 2 y y 3
y
Do
3
3 1
x
2 x 3 3xy 2
3 x3 3 xy 2 y 3 3 x 2 y
3 ( x y )3
x y 3 3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
1 y 3 x y
1 x 3 xy y 3 x y
1 ( x y )
x y 1
y 3 1
Th li, ta thy nghim ny tha.

3
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim l x
3
3 1
3 1
,y
.
2
2
Nhn xt. Dng ton ny cng xut pht t vic khai trin cc hng ng thc, nhng y l
da trn tnh i xng tm ra s bt i xng nhm sng to ton th v. Cch gii bi ny
theo hng trn l quen thuc v tt hn c, mt bi tng t trong thi HSG ca TPHCM l
1 1
4
4
x 2 y 2( y x )
Gii h phng trnh

1 1 (3x 2 y 2 )( x 2 3 y 2 )
x 2 y
Bi ny to ra t khai trin nh thc Newton bc nm, nu ta xt khai trin bc by th bi ton
thu c s rt n tng.

44
x 3 3 x 12 y 50
3
y 12 y 3 z 2
z 3 27 x 27 z
( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Phan Chu Trinh, Nng)

Li gii.
Ta c
x 3 3 x 12 y 50 48 12 y x3 3x 2 12(4 y ) ( x 2)( x 1)2
(1)
y 3 12 y 3 z 2 3z 18 y 3 12 y 16 3( z 6) ( y 4)( y 2)2
(2)
z 3 27 x 27 z 27 x 54 z 3 27 z 54 27( x 2) ( z 6)( z 3)2
(3)
-Nu x 1 th ( x 2)( x 1)2 0 , t (1) suy ra y 4 hay ( y 4)( y 2)2 0 , t (2) suy ra
z 6 hay ( z 6)( z 3)2 0 , t (3) suy ra x 2 , mu thun.
Do , x 1 khng tha mn h, ta ch xt x 1 ( x 1)2 0 .

Chng minh hon ton tng t, ta cng c: ( y 2)2 0,( z 3)2 0 .
T (2) suy ra y 4, z 6 cng du.
T (3) suy ra x 2, z 6 cng du.
T , ta c: x 2, y 4 cng du.
Hn na, t (1), ta thy x 2, ( y 4) cng du, tc l: 0 ( x 2)( y 4) 0 .
Do : x 2 hoc y 4 .
T cc phng trnh (1), (2), (3), d thy c hai trng hp trn u cho ta kt qu l:
x 2, y 4, z 6 .
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l ( x, y, z ) (2, 4, 6) .
Nhn xt. Mu cht ca bi ton l phi c c cc phn tch (1), (2), (3) trn. iu ny ch
c th thc hin c khi on c nghim ca bi ton l x 2, y 4, z 6 v c th tc
45
gi bi ton cng xut pht t cc ng thc bin i c nh trn. Dng ny cng

tng xut hin trong thi HSG ca TPHCM nm 2006 2007 vi cch gii tng t.
x3 y 3x 4
Gii h phng trnh 2 y 3 z 6 y 6

3 z 3 x 9 z 8
x9 9 x 2 1
2x 1
3
( thi chn i tuyn Ph Yn)
Li gii.
x 9 9 x 2 1 3(2 x 1)3 x 9 9 x 2 1 24 x 3 36 x 2 18 x 3
x 9 3x 3 (27 x 3 27 x 2 9 x 1) 9 x 3 x 9 3x 3 (3 x 1)3 3(3x 1)
Xt hm s f (t ) t 3 3t , t , ta c f (t ) 3t 2 3 0, t nn y l hm ng bin.
Phng trnh trn c vit li l f ( x 3 ) f (3x 1) x 3 3x 1 . (*)
Trc ht, ta xt cc nghim tha mn 2 x 2 ca (*). t x 2 cos , [0, ] , khi
(*) 8 cos3 6 cos 1 2 cos 3 1 cos 3 cos
2
x k
.
3
9
3
5
7
,
,
, tng ng, ta c
9
9
9
5
7
cc nghim ca (*) l x 2 cos , x 2 cos , x 2 cos
. R rng ba nghim ny l phn
9
9
9
bit v (*) l phng trnh bc ba, c khng qu ba nghim nn y cng chnh l tt c cc
nghim ca n.
M [0, ] nn ta ch chn 3 nghim ca h trn l
Vy phng trnh cho c cc nghim l x 2 cos
5
7
, x 2 cos , x 2 cos
.
9
9
9
Bi 39.
46
1/ Gii phng trnh sau x 1 x 1 2 x x 2 2

y 3 y x 3 3x 2 4 x 2
2/ Gii h phng trnh sau
2
1 x y 2 y 1
( thi HSG tnh Ngh An)

Li gii.
1/ iu kin 1 x 2 . t t x 1 2 x 0 , ta c
t 2 3 2 x2 x 2 (
t2 3 2
) x2 x 2 .
2

( x 1 2 x ) ( x 2 x 2) 3 2 t (
t2 3 2
) 3 2
2
t 4 6t 2 4t (3 4 2) 0
t 4 (1 2)t 3 (1 2)t 3 (3 2 2)t 2 (2 2 3)t 2 (1 2)t (5 2)t (3 4 2) 0
(t 2 1)[t 3 (1 2)t 2 (2 2 3)t (5 2)] 0
t 2 1
t 3 (1 2)t 2 (2 2 3)t (5 2) 0
D thy phng trnh th hai khng c nghim dng nn ta ch xt t 2 1 . Khi
x 1 2 x 2 1 3 2 x 2 x 2 3 2 2 x 2 x 0 x 0 x 1 , tha.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x 0, x 1 .
2/ iu kin 1 x 1, 0 y 2 .
Phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng vi y 3 y ( x 1)3 ( x 1) .
Xt hm s f (t ) t 3 t , t , ta c f (t ) 3t 2 1 0, t nn y l hm ng bin.
Phng trnh trn c vit li l f ( y ) f ( x 1) y x 1 . Thay vo phng trnh th hai
ca h, ta c 1 x 2 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 2 x 1 1 x 1 (*)
47
t2 2
t t x 1 1 x 0 t 2 2 1 x 1 x
.
2
2
Do (*)
t2 2
t 1 t 2 2t 0 t 2 .
2
Khi x 1 1 x 2 2 2 1 x 2 2 x 2 1 x 1 , tha iu kin. Tng ng vi

mi gi tr x, ta c y 0, y 2 .
Vy h phng trnh cho c hai nghim l ( x, y ) (1, 0), (1, 2) .
Nhn xt. bi 1, cch t n ph v phn tch nh th ch mang tnh cht tham kho v n kh
thiu t nhin. Ta hon ton c th kho st hm s f ( x ) x 1 x 1 2 x x 2 2 trn
[1, 2] , tnh o hm cp 2 chng minh phng trnh f ( x ) 0 c khng qu hai nghim

phn bit ri nhm nghim hoc ta cng c th dng phng php nhn lng lin hp gii
quyt cng kh thun tin.
Bi 40.
x 3 8 y 3 4 xy 2 1
4
2 x 8 y 2 x y 0
( d b thi HSG tnh Ngh An)
Li gii.
x 3 t 3 xt 2 1
t 3 1 x(t 2 x 2 )
1/ t 2y t , h cho tr thnh 4 4
3
3
4 x t 4 x t 0 4 x ( x 1) t (t 1) 0
Thay t 3 1 x (t 2 x 2 ) t phng trnh th nht vo phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c
x 0
4 x( x 3 1) xt (t 2 x 2 ) 0 3
3
2
4( x 1) t tx 0
D thy x 0 khng l nghim ca h nn ta ch xt 4( x 3 1) t 3 tx 2 0 4 x 3 t 3 tx 2 4 .

Phng trnh th nht ca h c vit li l 4 x3 4t 3 4 xt 2 4 . Do
48
4 x3 4t 3 4 xt 2 4 x 3 t 3 tx 2 t 3 tx 2 t 0 t x .
D thy t 0 khng tha mn h cho nn ch xt t x .
x 3 x3 x.x 2 1
x 3 1
-Nu t x , ta c h 4
4
x 1.
4
4 x x 4 x x 0
5 x 5 x 0
Khi t x 1 y
1
1
, h cho c nghim ( x, y ) (1, ) .
2
2
x 3 x 3 x( x )2 1
x3 1
-Nu t x , ta c h 4
4
, h ny v nghim.
4
4 x ( x ) 4 x ( x) 0
5 x 3x 0
1
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l ( x, y ) (1, ) .
2

iu kin x 1 . Phng trnh cho tng ng vi ( x 1) 2011 2( x 1) 3 ( x 1)3 1 .
t t x 1 0 . Ta cn chng minh phng trnh t 2011 2t 3 t 6 1 c ng mt nghim
dng.
Xt hm s f (t ) t 2011 t 6 2t 3 1, t 0 . Ta c f (0) 1, lim f (t ) v f (t ) lin tc trn
x
(0, ) nn phng trnh f (t ) 0 c t nht mt nghim dng.

Ta c t 2011 2t 3 t 6 1 t 2011 (t 3 1)2 0 t 0 , m vi t 0 , ta c
t 2011 (t 3 1)2 1 t 1 .
Khi f (t ) 2011t 2010 6t 5 6t 2 1999t 2010 6(t 2010 t 5 ) 6(t 2010 t 2 ) 0 nn y l hm
ng bin, tc l n c khng qu mt nghim.
Kt hp cc iu ny li, ta thy rng phng trnh t 2011 2t 3 t 6 1 c ng mt nghim dng,
tc l phng trnh cho c ng mt nghim. Ta c pcm.
Nhn xt. Bi 2 tuy hnh thc kh phc tp nhng qua php t n ph a v mt phng
trnh a thc thng thng. tng gii nh trn tng xut hin trong B tuyn sinh ca
B GD T, l bi ton sau
Chng minh phng trnh x 5 x 2 2 x 1 c ng mt nghim.
49
x 3 y x 3 12
Bi 41. Gii h phng trnh sau y 4 z y 3 6
3
9 z 2 x z 32
( thi chn i tuyn H KHTN H Ni, vng 1)

Li gii.
3 y 6 x 3 x 6
3( y 2) ( x 2)( x 2 2 x 3)
H cho tng ng vi 4 z 16 y 3 y 10 4( z 4) ( y 2)( y 2 2 y 5)
3
2
2 x 4 z 9 z 28
2( x 2) ( z 4)( z 4 z 7)
Nhn tng v cc phng trnh ca h, ta c

24( x 2)( y 2)( z 4) ( x 2)( y 2)( z 4) ( x 2 2 x 3)( y 2 2 y 5)( z 2 4 z 7)
( x 2)( y 2)( z 4) 0
2
2
2
( x 2 x 3)( y 2 y 5)( z 4 z 7) 24
-Nu ( x 2)( y 2)( z 4) 0 x 2 y 2 z 4 .

Ta thy rng nu x 2 th theo phng trnh th nht, y 2 ; theo phng trnh th hai,
z 4 v h cho c nghim ( x, y , z ) (2, 2, 4) .
Tng t nu y 2 hoc z 4 .
-Nu ( x 2 2 x 3)( y 2 2 y 5)( z 2 4 z 7) 24 ( x 1)2 2 ( y 1)2 4 ( z 2)2 3 24
Ta thy rng ( x 1)2 2 ( y 1)2 4 ( z 2)2 3 2.3.4 24 nn ng thc phi xy ra, tc
l x 1, y 1, z 2 .
Th li, ta thy b ny khng tha mn h cho.
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l ( x, y , z ) (2, 2, 4) .
Nhn xt. Bi ny cng c dng tng t nh mt bi cp trn v ni chung th dng ny
kh quen thuc; tuy nhin, im mi ca bi ny l khng phi nhn c nghim
( x, y , z ) (2, 2, 4) thng qua cc bt ng thc so snh vi nghim na m l qua vic chng
minh b nghim qua vic chng minh n l duy nht vi vic dng cc tam thc bc hai.
50
y 2 x2 x 2 1
2
e
y 1
3 log ( x 2 y 6) 2 log ( x y 2) 1
2
2
( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Cao Lnh, ng Thp)
Li gii.
x 2 y 6 0
iu kin xc nh
x y 2 0
Xt hm s: f (t ) et (t 1), t [0, ) . Ta c f (t ) et (t 1) et et (t 2) 0 nn y l hm
ng bin. Do
ey
x2
2
2
x2 1
e x ( x 2 1) e y ( y 2 1) f ( x 2 ) f ( y 2 ) x 2 y 2 x y .
2
y 1

3 log 2 ( x 2 y 6) 2 log 2 ( x y 2) 1
log 2 ( x 2 y 6)3 log2 2( x y 2)2 ( x 2 y 6)3 2( x y 2)2 (*)

Xt hai trng hp
-Nu x y th thay vo (*), ta c (3 x 6)3 2(2 x 2)2 .
Theo iu kin ban u th 2 x 2 0 2 x 4 2 x 2 0 .
Hn na: (3 x 6)3 2(2 x 4)2 ( x 2)2 (27 x 46) 0 (3x 6)3 2(2 x 4)2 .
Do : (3 x 6)3 2(2 x 4)2 2(2 x 2)2 nn phng trnh ny v nghim.
-Nu x y , thay vo (*), ta c ( x 6)3 2(2)2 (6 x)3 8 6 x 2 x 4 .
Suy ra: y x 4 . Th li thy tha.
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l ( x, y ) (4, 4) .
Nhn xt. H dng ny rt quen thuc vi tng chnh l dng tnh cht ca hm n iu:
f (a) f (b) a b . bi trn cng ch cc nh gi trong trng hp x = y, bi v khi
phng trnh bc ba thu c phi gii theo cng thc tng qut, iu thng b trnh cc k
51
thi HSG; do , vic tm mt nh gi thch hp chng minh nghim ca n khng tha

bi l mt iu kh t nhin.
x2 x 2
Bi 43. Gii phng trnh sau:
x2 x
2
x2 1
1 x x 2 1 x x 4
( thi HSG tnh Bnh Phc)
Li gii.
iu kin xc nh 0 x 2 x 2 4, 0 x 2 x 4 1 x
1 17
.
2
x2 x 2
2
1 4 ( x x 2)
Xt hm s f (t )
x2 x
2
x2 1
1 4 ( x x)
t
, t 0, 4 , ta c
1 4 t
1 4 t
t
1
f (t ) (
)
0, t 0, 4 nn y l hm ng bin.
2 t
2 4 t (1 4 t ) 2
Phng trnh trn chnh l f ( x 2 x 2) f ( x 2 x) ( x 2 1) 0 (*).

Ta xt hai trng hp
1 17
x 2 x 2 x 2 x f ( x 2 x 2) f ( x 2 x ) , ng thi x 2 1 0 ,
2
khi f ( x 2 x 2) f ( x 2 x) ( x 2 1) 0 .
-Nu 1 x
-Nu 1 x 1 x 2 x 2 x 2 x f ( x 2 x 2) f ( x 2 x) , ng thi x 2 1 0 , khi

f ( x 2 x 2) f ( x 2 x) ( x 2 1) 0 .
Th trc tip thy x 1 tha mn (*)
52
t
, t 0, 4 nh trn khng kh, c th thy
1 4 t
ngay t vic quan st biu thc v t iu kin xc nh; tuy nhin, vic ny cng d khin ta
lm tng n vic xt hm s no m khng ngh ra cch nh gi kiu nh trn.
Nhn xt. Vic pht hin ra hm s f (t )
Mt bi ton c cng cch nh gi nh trn l e x ( x 3 x) ln( x 2 1) e x .

Cc bn th gii thm bi ton sau
x2 x 2
1 x2 x 2
x2 x
1 x2 x 4
x 1.
Bi 44.
1/ Gii phng trnh
3x 4 x3 3x 2 x 2
2/ Tm s nghim ca phng trnh

(4022 x 2011 4018 x 2009 2 x) 4 2(4022 x 2011 4018 x 2009 2 x) 2 cos 2 2 x 0
( thi chn i tuyn Chuyn Nguyn Du)
Li gii.
1/ Phng trnh cho tng ng vi
3x 4 2 x 3 ( x 1) 3
( x 1)3 2 x y 4
t y 1 3x 4 . Ta c h phng trnh
3
( y 1) 3x 4
3
Tr hai phng trnh ca h, v theo v, ta c

( x y ) ( x 1) 2 ( x 1)( y 1) ( y 1) 2 y x
x y 0
xy
2
2
( x 1) ( x 1)( y 1) ( y 1) 1
Suy ra x 1 3 3x 4 ( x 1)3 3 x 4 x 3 3x 2 4 ( x 1)( x 2) 2 0 x 1 x 2 .

Th li ta thy tha.
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit l x 1, x 2 .
2/ t t 4022 x 2011 4018 x 2009 2 x . Ta c
53
t 2 1 sin 2 x
t 2 (sin x cos x ) 2
t 4 2t 2 cos 2 2 x 0 (t 2 1)2 sin 2 2 x 2
2
2
t 1 sin 2 x
t (sin x cos x)
Ta c bn phng trnh sau
t sin x cos x, t (sin x cos x ), t sin x cos x, t sin x cos x .
Ta thy hm s t ( x) 4022 x 2011 4018 x 2009 2 x l l nn ch cn xt cc phng trnh
t ( x) sin x cos x, t ( x ) cos x sin x .

Ta c
t ( x) sin x cos x 4022 x 2011 4018 x 2009 2 x sin x cos x .
Xt hm s g ( x ) 4022 x 2011 4018 x 2009 2 x (sin x cos x) c
g ( x ) 4022.2011x 2010 4018.2009. x 2008 2 (cos x sin x) 0 nn l hm ng bin.
Hn na g (0) 1, g (1) 0 g (0).g (1) 0 , ng thi g ( x) lin tc trn (0,1) nn phng
trnh g ( x) 0 c ng mt nghim thuc (0,1) , tc l phng trnh t ( x) sin x cos x c ng
mt nghim thc.
Tng t, phng trnh t ( x) cos x sin x cng c ng mt nghim thc thuc (0,1) .
Do , mi phng trnh t ( x) cos x sin x v t ( x) cos x sin x cng c mt nghim thc.
Vy phng trnh cho c ng 4 nghim thc.
(2 x)(1 2 x )(2 y )(1 2 y ) 4 10 z 1

Bi 45. Gii h phng trnh sau 2
2
2
2 2
x y z 2 xz 2 yz x y 1 0
( thi chn i tuyn H Tnh)
Li gii.
Ta c x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xz 2 yz x 2 y 2 1 0 ( x y z )2 ( xy 1)2 0 hay
1
1
x y z 0, xy 1 y , z ( x y ) ( x ) .
x
x
Thay vo phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c

54
1
2
1
(2 x)(1 2 x )(2 )(1 ) 4 1 10( x )
x
x
x
1 2x 2 x
1
(2 x)(1 2 x )(
)(
) 4 1 10( x )
x
x
x
(4 x 2 )(1 4 x 2 )
1
1
1
4 1 10( x ) 4( x 2 2 ) 17 4 1 10( x )
2
x
x
x
x
t t x
1
1
t 2 . Ta c t 2 2 x 2 2 , thay vo phng trnh trn, ta c
x
x
4(t 2 2) 17 4 1 10t 4t 2 25 4 1 10t (4t 2 25) 2 16(1 10t ) 0

7
(4t 2 20t 29)(2t 3)(2t 7) 0 t
2
Vi gi tr t ny, ta c x
1
7
7 33
2 x2 7 x 2 0 x
.
x
2
4
-Vi x
7 33
7 33
7
, ta tnh c y
,z .
4
4
2
-Vi x
7 33
7 33
7
, ta tnh c y
,z .
4
4
2
Th li ta thy tha.
Vy h cho c hai nghim phn bit l
( x, y , z ) (
7 33 7 33 7 7 33 7 33 7
,
, ), (
,
, ).
4
4
2
4
4
2
Nhn xt. Vic pht hin ra hng ng thc trn l khng kh nhng vic thay cc gi tr vo
v tm ra cch t n ph thch hp qu l khng n gin, cn c cch bin i chnh xc. Bi
ton c hnh thc v tng cng kh th v.
Bi 46.
1/ Gii phng trnh sau 2010 x ( x 2 1 x) 1 .
y 4 4 x 2 xy 2 x 4 5
3
3
y
2 x y 2
55
( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT So Nam, tnh Qung Nam)

Li gii.
1/ Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2010 x x 2 1 x .
Ta s chng minh phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht l x 0 . Tht vy
Xt hm s f ( x) 2010 x ( x 2 1 x) , ta c f ( x) 2010 x.ln 2010 (
x
2
1)
x 1
1
-Nu x 0 th f ( x) ln 2010 (
1) 0 nn y l hm ng bin, m f (0) 0 nn
1
1 2
x
phng trnh ny c ng mt nghim x 0 vi x 0 .
-Nu x 1 , ta c
f ( x ) 2010 x.(ln 2010) 2
3
1
, f ( x) 2010 x.(ln 2010) 3 .
0.
2
2 ( x 1)5
( x 1)
2
Suy ra f ( x ) l hm ng bin nn f ( x ) f (1)
(ln 2010)2
1
0 nn f ( x ) l hm
2010
2 2
nghch bin, suy ra f ( x) lim f ( x ) lim [2010 x ( x 2 1 x)] 0 nn phng trnh f (0) 0
x
khng c nghim vi x 1 .
1
1
5 1
1
5 1
1
th x 2 1 x ( ) 2 1
, 2010 x
nn trong
2
2
2
2
2
2010
trng hp ny phng trnh v nghim.
-Nu 1 x
1
x
x 0 th f ( x) 2010 x.ln 2010 (
1) 0 nn y l hm ng bin, suy ra
2
2
x 1
f ( x) f (0) 0 .
-Nu
Tm li, phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x 0 .
y 4 4 x 2 xy 2 x 4 5
3
3
y
2 x y 2
T phng trnh th hai ca h v tnh ng bin ca hm s f (t ) 2t t 3 , ta c x y .
56
x4 4x 2x
2x4
5 5 x 4 4 x 2( x 1)
8 x4 4x 3 0
( x 1)2 ( x 2 2 x 3) 0 x 1
Th li, ta thy tha; tng ng vi gi tr x ny, ta c y 1 .
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l ( x, y ) (1,1) .
x11 xy10 y 22 y12

4
4
2
2
7 y 13x 8 2 y 3 x(3x 3 y 1)
( thi chn i tuyn TP.HCM)

Li gii.
Ta thy h ny khng c nghim tha y 0 nn ta ch xt y 0 , khi ta c
x
x
x11 xy10 y 22 y12 ( )11 y11 y .
y
y
Xt hm s f (t ) t11 t , t f (t ) 11t10 1 0, t nn y l hm ng bin.
x
x
ng thc trn chnh l f ( ) f ( y ) y x y 2 .
y
y
7 x 2 13 x 8 2 x 2 3 x(3 x 2 3 x 1)
t t
7 13 8
3 1
2 3 23 3 2 .
x x
x
x x
1
0 . Ta c
x
7t 13t 2 8t 3 2 3 3 3t t 2 (2t 1)3 2(2 x 1) (3 3t t 2 ) 2 3 3 3t t 2

Xt hm s f (a) a3 2a, a 0 f (a) 3a 2 2 0 nn hm ny ng bin. Phng trnh
trn chnh l
f (2t 1) f ( 3 3 3t t 2 ) 2t 1 3 3 3t t 2 (2t 1)3 3 3t t 2 (t 1)(8t 2 5t 2) 0

Do t 0 nn khng c gi tr no tha mn.
Vy h phng trnh cho v nghim.
57
Nhn xt. Do phng trnh thu c sau khi tm ra quan h gia x v y khng c nghim dng
nn ta c th dng bt ng thc nh gi thay v dng hm s nh trn.
2009 x 2010 y ( x y ) 2
Bi 48. Gii h phng trnh: 2010 y 2011z ( y z ) 2
2
2011z 2009 x ( z x )
( thi chn i tuyn chuyn Quang Trung, Bnh Phc)

Li gii.
t 2009 a 0 , ta xt h tng qut hn l
ax (a 1) y ( x y )2
2
(a 1) y (a 2) z ( y z ) (*)
2
(a 2) z ax ( z x)
( x y ) 2 ( z x) 2 ( y z ) 2
Ta tnh c ax
( x y )( x z )
2
Tng t (a 1) y ( y z )( y z ), (a 2) z ( z x )( z y )
2
T y suy ra ax.(a 1) y.(a 2) z ( x y )( y z )( z x ) 0

Mt khc, t (*) ta thy rng tng ca tng cp trong ba gi tr ax, (a 1) y , (a 2) z u khng
m, ta s chng minh rng c ba gi tr ny u khng m.
Tht vy, gi s ax 0 x 0 , t phng trnh th nht v phng trnh th ba ca (*), suy ra
(a 1) y 0, (a 2) z 0 y , z 0 hay x y, x z 0 ax ( x y )( x z ) 0 , mu thun.
Do ax 0 . Tng t, ta cng c (a 1) y , (a 2) z 0 .
Nhng tch ca ba s ny li khng m nn ta phi c ax (a 1) y (a 2) z x y z 0 .
Th li thy tha. Vy h cho c ng mt nghim l x y z 0 .
Nhn xt. R rng cc h s ban u l chn da theo thi quen chn h s trng vi nm cho
nn ta hon ton c th xt bi ton tng qut vic bin i thun tin hn. Bi ton thc
s th v sau khi c ax ( x y )( x z ), (a 1) y ( y z )( y z ), (a 2) z ( z x)( z y ) . Nu
khng dng bt ng thc nh gi m c gng dng cc php th th kh c th thnh cng.
58
1
2
2
x y 5
4 x 2 3 x 57 y (3 x 1)
25
( thi chn i tuyn Ngh An)
Li gii.
10
2
5( x 2 y 2 ) 1
2( x y 2 )
25
H cho tng ng vi 2
57
4 x 3 x 3 xy y 25
2 x 2 2 y 2 3 x 3 xy y 47
25
Ta thy 2 x 2 2 y 2 3 x 3xy y
47
47
(2 x y )( x 2 y ) (2 x y ) ( x 2 y )
25
25
t 2 x y a, 2 x y b , ta c
7
a b 5
12
2
2
2
2
a b 1
(a b) 2ab 1
2ab (a b) 1 ab
25
47
94
144
2
a b 17
ab a b
2ab 2(a b)
(a b 1)
25
25
25

25
ab 132
25

Ta thy h phng trnh th hai v nghim, h th nht c hai nghim l
3 4
4 3
2 1 11 2
(a, b) ( , ), (a, b) ( , ) , tng ng l ( x, y ) ( , ), ( , ) .
5 5
5 5
5 5 25 25
2 1 11 2
Vy h phng trnh cho c hai nghim phn bit l ( x, y ) ( , ), ( , ) .
5 5 25 25
Nhn xt. Cch phn tch phng trnh th hai qu tht rt kh thy. Bi ton ny thc cht
xut pht t mt h i xng thng thng, nhng qua cc php th v tch biu thc, n tr nn
phc tp v vic bin i ngc li thng phi m mn. Ta cng c th nhn phng trnh th
nht vi 25 v phng trnh th hai vi 200 ri cng li, ta c 25(3 x y 1)2 144 , cc gi tr
25 v 50 ny chn bng phng php h s bt nh vi mong mun tm ra mt quan h p gia
x v y, nh bnh phng trn chng hn.
59
Bi 50. Cho cc tham s dng a, b, c . Tm nghim dng ca h phng trnh sau :

x y z a b c
2
2
2
4 xyz a x b y c z abc
( kim tra i tuyn Ninh Bnh)

Li gii.
a 2 b 2 c 2 abc

4.
yz zx xy xyz
t x1
a
b
c
, y1
, z1
, suy ra x12 y12 z12 x1 y1 z1 4 (*).
yz
zx
xy
D thy 0 x1 , y1 , z1 2 nn tn ti cc gi tr u, v tha 0 u, v
v x1 2 sin u, y1 2sin v .
2
Thay vo (*), ta c z12 4 z1.sin u.sin v 4 sin 2 u 4sin 2 v 4 0 .

y l phng trnh bc hai theo bin z1 , ta c
(2sin u.sin v ) 2 (4 sin 2 u 4 sin 2 v 4) 4(1 sin 2 u )(1 sin 2 v) 4 cos 2 u.cos 2 v 0 .
z 2 sin u sin v 2 cos u cos v 0
Suy ra phng trnh ny c hai nghim l 1
z1 2 sin u sin v 2 cos u cos v 0
Do a 2 yz .sin u , b 2 zx .sin v, c 2 xy (cos u cos v sin u sin v) .

x y z 2 yz .sin u 2 zx .sin v 2 xy (cos u cos v sin u sin v)

( x cos v y cos u )2 ( x sin v y sin u z ) 2 0
x cos v y cos u x sin v y sin u z 0
Ta tnh c
z x sin v y sin u
Tng t, ta cng c y
a y a b
b x
ab
z
2
2 zx 2 yz 2 z
ca
bc
,x
.
2
2
60
Vy h phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l ( x, y , z ) (
bc ca ab
,
,
).
2
2
2
Nhn xt. y l bi ton trong IMO Shortlist, bi v li gii thc s rt hay, l mt kt hp

p gia i s v lng gic. Ta cng c th gii bng bin i i s nh cch t n ph
bc
ca
a b
x
u, y
v, z
w v nh gi bng bt ng thc.
2
2
2
3x y
x x2 y 2 3
Bi 51. Gii h phng trnh sau trn tp hp s thc

y x 3y 0
x2 y 2
( thi chn i tuyn Chuyn Vnh Phc, tnh Vnh Phc)
Li gii.
Ta s gii h phng trnh ny bng s phc.
Nhn phng trnh th hai ca h vi i (n v o i 2 1 ) ri cng vi phng trnh th nht,
3 x y xi 3 yi
3( x yi) i( x yi )
3 ( x yi) 2
2
0
ta c x yi
2
2
x y
x y2
x y2
1
x yi
2
. ng thc trn c vit li l
z x y2
3i
3 (1 2i )
z
0 z 2 3z 3 i 0 z
z 2 i z 1 i .
z
2
t z x yi
-Nu z 2 i , suy ra x yi 2 i x 2, y 1 .
-Nu z 1 i , suy ra x yi 1 i x 1, y 1 .
Th li ta thy tha.
Vy h cho c hai nghim l ( x, y ) (2,1), (1, 1) .
Nhn xt. Dng ton ny cng kh ph bin v u chung tng l gii quyt bng s phc.
x 2y
3x 10 y
x x2 y 2 1 x x2 y 2 2
Cc bi ton tng t
,
( chn i tuyn H Ni 2007)
10
x
3
y
2
x
y
y
2 y 2
0
x2 y 2
x y2
61
Trn thc t, ta cng c th gii bng cch dng bin i i s, nhn x v y thch hp vo tng
v ca cc phng trnh ri tr li thu c quan h n gin hn gia cc bin ny.
Bi 52. Gii h phng trnh:
x 4 2 x y 4 y
2
2 3
( x y ) 3
( kim tra i d tuyn trng THPT Chuyn HSP H Ni)
Li gii.
t x y a, x y b, 3 c 3 .
T phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c
Ta c x
ab
c 3 ab c .
a b
ab
,y
. Suy ra
2
2
a b 2 a b 2 ab
x y ( x y )( x y )( x y ) ab
(a 2 b 2 ) , hn na:

2 2 2
4
(a b) a 3b a c 3b
2
2
2
Do , phng trnh th nht ca h cho tng ng vi
2 x y (a b )
ab 2
a c 3b
(a b 2 )
c(a 2 b 2 ) a c 3b
2
2
Ta c h mi l
c2
c4
c(a 2 b 2 ) a c 3b
c(a 2 2 ) a ca 4 c3 a3 ac 4 (ca 1)(a 3 c 3 ) 0
a
a
ab c
1
a a c.
c
1
Suy ra h ny c hai nghim l (a, b) (c,1);( , c 2 ) .
c
62
Xt hai trng hp
3
c 1 3 3 1
3 1
- Nu a c, b 1 th x
,y
.
2
2
2
1 c3
1 c3 1
1
11
2
11
- Nu a , b c 2 th x c 2
, y c2
3
3
c
2c
2c
2c
2c
3
3
3 3 1 3 3 1 2 1
Vy h cho c hai nghim l: ( x, y )
,
,
,
.
2
2 3 3 3 3
Bnh lun. y l mt h phng trnh rt p, hnh thc ca n d lm chng ta bi ri khi

khng th nhm c nghim no cng nh tm c mt hm s no kho st nh
tng thng thng. Li gii thun ty i s v cch t n ph nh bi cn phi ch , n
tng xut hin trong VMO 2005
x 3 3xy 2 49
2
2
x 8 xy y 6 y 17 x
3
1
4
4
x y
4 y 2x
Mt bi ton tng t nh trn cng c li gii rt th v
( x 2 y 2 )5 5 0
Bi 53. Gii phng trnh 2 x 2 .sin x x.cos x 3 2 x 1 x 3 x 5 x 1

( thi chn i tuyn H Ni)
Li gii.
Ta thy phng trnh khng c nghim x
1
1
nn ta ch xt x .
2
2
1
Xt hm s f ( x ) 2 x 2 .sin x x.cos x 3 2 x 1 x 5 x 3 x 1, x .
2
Ta c f ( x) 3 x.sin x (2 x 2 1) cos x
3
3 (2 x 1)
5 x 4 3x 2 1
Ta s chng minh nh gi mnh hn l 3 x.sin x (2 x 2 1) cos x 5 x 4 3 x 2 1 0, x (*)

63
Ta thy biu thc ny khng thay i khi thay x bi x nn ta ch cn xt x 0 .

Ta cn chng minh bt ng thc sau sin x x
x3
x2
, cos x 1 , x 0 .
6
2
x2
Xt hm s g ( x ) cos x 1 , x 0 , ta c
2
g ( x ) sin x x, g ( x ) cos x 1 0 g ( x ) sin x x g (0) 0 . Do , g ( x) l hm
ng bin trn [0, ) , suy ra g ( x ) g (0) 0 cos x 1
Tng t, ta cng c sin x x
x2
x2
0 cos x 1 .
2
2
x3
.
6
T hai nh gi ny, ta c
3 x.sin x (2 x 2 1) cos x 5 x 4 3 x 2 1 3 x( x
x3
x2
) (2 x 2 1)(1 ) 5 x 4 3x 2 1 .
6
2
Hn na, ta cng c
x3
x2
x4 3 2
7 x 4 3x2
2
4
2
2
4
4
2
3 x( x ) (2 x 1)(1 ) 5 x 3 x 1 3 x x x 1 5 x 3x 1
0
6
2
2 2
2
nn 3 x.sin x (2 x 2 1) cos x 5 x 4 3 x 2 1 0, x .
Do (*) ng hay f ( x) 0, x . Suy ra f ( x ) l hm ng bin nn phng trnh cho
c khng qu mt nghim. Mt khc f (0) 0 nn 0 l nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Nhn xt. im quan trng nht ca bi ton l chng minh f ( x ) 0 , nhng l mt biu
thc va c cha c sin x, cos x v cn thc, ng thi s hng t do ca hm s li m nn tht
s rt kh d on c phi lm g trong trng hp ny. Vic b i biu thc cha cn trn
rt quan trng v n gip ta c c mt hm s chn v ch cn xt biu thc trn min [0, ) ;
x3
x2
, cos x 1
nn bi ton a v chng
6
2
minh bt ng thc thng thng. Nu khng a cc yu t lng gic v a thc th phi tip
tc o hm v cha chc iu ny kh thi. Bt ng thc (*) c th lm mnh thm na l
trn min , ta cn c thm hai nh gi sin x x
3 x.sin x (2 x 2 1) cos x
3 4 9 2
x x 1 0, x .
2
2
64
( x 2)2 ( y 3) 2 ( y 3)( x z 2)
Bi 54. Gii h phng trnh x 2 5 x 9 z 7 y 15 3 yz

2
2
8 x 18 y 18 xy 18 yz 84 x 72 y 24 z 176
( thi chn i tuyn HSP H Ni, ngy 2)

Li gii.
t a x 2, b y 3 .
Thay vo tng phng trnh ca h cho, ta c
( x 2)2 ( y 3)2 ( y 3)( x z 2) a 2 b 2 b(a z 4) a 2 ab b 2 bz 4b 0 ,
x 2 5 x 9 z 7 y 15 3 yz a 2 a 7b 3bz 0
8 x 2 18 y 2 18 xy 18 yz 84 x 72 y 24 z 176
8a 2 2a 18b 2 72b 18ab 18bz 30 z 94 0
8a 2 2a 18(b2 ab bz 4b) 30 z 94 0
a 2 ab b 2 bz 4b 0
Suy ra a 2 a 7b 3bz 0
(*)
2
2
8a 2a 18(b ab bz 4b) 30 z 94 0
T phng trnh th nht v phng trnh th ba, ta c
5a 2 a 47
8a 2a 18a 30 z 94 0 10a 2a 30 z 94 0 z
.
15
2
Thay vo phng trnh th hai, ta c

5a 2 a 47
5a 2 a 12
5(a 2 a)
2
.
a 2 a 7b b
5
5
5a 2 a 12
Nhn phng trnh th nht ca h (*) vi 3 ri tr cho phng trnh th hai, ta c
2a 2 a 3ab 3b 2 5b 0
Thay z
5a 2 a 47
5(a 2 a )
v b 2
vo phng trnh ny, ta c
15
5a a 12
65
5(a 2 a )
15a (a 2 a )
25(a 2 a)
2a a 2
3 2
5a 2 a 12 0
5a a 12
5
a
12
(2a 2 a )(5a 2 a 12)2 15a (a 2 a ) 25(a 2 a ) (5a 2 a 12) 75( a 2 a ) 2 0

50a 6 70a5 208a 4 94a3 482a 2 156a 0
a (a 2)(5a 2 14a 13)(5a 2 11a 3) 0
a 0 a 2 a
11 61
10
Tng ng vi cc gi tr ny, ta tm c bn nghim ca h cho l

( x, y , z ) (2, 3,
(
47
4 29
31 61 2 61 28 13 61
), ( 4, , ), (
,
,
),
15
3 15
10
15
15
61 31 2 61 28 39 61
,
,
)
10
15
15
Nhn xt. Vic t n ph a x 2, b y 3 lm cho h cho n gin i kh nhiu nhng

cc lin h phc tp gia cc bin th vn cn. Bi ton y c th c gii theo mt cch
nhn cc phng trnh cho mt i lng thch hp ri cng li nhng r rng iu ny khng
phi d dng thc hin c. Vic dng php th tuy phc tp nhng li rt t nhin v cng
may mn l phng trnh cui khng c cha cn g na. y tnh ton kh nng v cng
khng d dng m t tin bin i biu thc nhn c sau php th khi cha chc g n c
nghim p m nh gi.
Bi 55.
2 z ( x y ) 1 x 2 y 2
Tm x, y, z tha mn h y 2 z 2 1 2 xy 2 zx 2 yz
2
2
y (3x 1) 2 x ( x 1)
( thi chn i tuyn trng H KHTN H Ni, vng 3)

Li gii.
T phng trnh th ba ca h, ta c
2 x( x 2 1)
(3x 3 x) 2 x ( x 2 1)
x3 3x
y
x y
x y 2
.
(3x 2 1)
(3x 2 1)
3x 1
t x tan , (
tan 3 3 tan

, ) cos 0 . Ta c tan y
y tan 3 tan .
2 2
3tan 2 1
66
T phng trnh th nht ca h, ta c

x 2 y 2 1 (2 tan tan 3 ).tan 3 1 2 tan .tan 3 tan 2 3 1
z
2( x y )
2 tan 3
2 tan 3
tan 3 cot 3
1 sin 3 cos 3
1
tan
tan (
) tan
2
2 cos 3 sin 3
sin 6
T phng trnh th hai ca h, ta c
x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xy 2 zx 2 yz 1 x 2 ( y z x)2 1 x 2
(tan 3 tan tan
1
tan ) 2 1 tan 2
sin 6
sin 3
1
1
2sin 2 3 1
1
tan ) 2
(
tan ) 2
2
cos 3 2 sin 3 cos 3
cos
2sin 3 cos 3
cos 2
cos 6
1
cos 6 cos sin 6 sin 2
1
(
tan ) 2
(
)
2
sin 6
cos
sin 6 cos
cos 2
cos 5
1
(
)2
cos 5 cos sin 6 cos cos 5 cos( 6 )
2
sin 6 cos
cos
2
(
k 2
cos 5 cos( 2 6 )
5 ( 2 6 ) k 2
22 11 , 2 k 2
,k
cos 5 cos( 6 )
5 ( 6 ) k 2
k 2 , k 2
2
2
22 11
2
Do (
, ) nn hai h nghim k 2 , k khng tha mn.

2 2
2
k 2
, ta tm c tt c 10 gi tr tha mn l
22 11
3 5 7 9
, , ,
,
.
22 22 22 22 22
Vi hai h nghim
Vy h phng trnh cho c cc nghim l
( x, y , z ) (tan , tan 3 tan , tan
3 5 7 9
), , ,
,
,
.
sin 6
22 22 22 22 22
Nhn xt. Cch dng lng gic y c l l con ng duy nht gii bi ny bi v vi cc
nghim nh trn th khng th c cch i s no m tm ra c. tng quan trng nht ny
xut pht t biu thc ca x y hon ton ging h s ca khai trin tan 3 . Do , bi ny tuy
bin i phc tp nhng tng cng kh t nhin!
67

Cac Bai Toan PT - HPT Thi HSG 2010 - 2011 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Cac Bai Toan PT - HPT Thi HSG 2010 - 2011 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cac Bai Toan PT - HPT Thi HSG 2010 - 2011 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TUYN CHN CC BI TON

PHNG TRNH, H PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH

2/ Gii phng trnh vi n s thc 1 x 6 x 5 2 x

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh x x x 11x 25 x 14 0

( HSG B Ra Vng Tu)

Bi 4. Gii h phng trnh sau

( thi HSG Hi Phng, bng A)

( thi chn i tuyn ng Nai)

Bi 7. Gii h phng trnh

2/ Gii h phng trnh sau x 2

( thi HSG in Bin)

( chn i tuyn trng Chuyn L Qu n, Bnh nh).

( thi HSG tnh Vnh Phc)

Bi 18. Gii phng trnh 2 sin 2 x 3 2 sin x 2 cos x 5 0 .

( thi chn i tuyn THPT Chuyn Lam Sn, Thanh Ha)

( thi HSG tnh Qung Nam)

2/ Gii phng trnh 32 x

2/ Vi n l s nguyn dng, gii phng trnh

( thi HSG tnh Khnh Ha)

2/ Gii phng trnh log 3

3 sin 2 x cos 2 x 5sin x (2 3) cos x 3 3

1/ Gii h phng trnh

2/ Gii phng trnh lng gic

Bi 28. Gii phng trnh 24 x 2 60 x 36

Bi 29. Gii phng trnh

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Chuyn HSP H Ni)

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT chuyn Lng Th Vinh, ng Nai)

( thi chn HSG tnh Hng Yn)

Bi 36. Gii h phng trnh

Bi 37. Gii h phng trnh y 3 12 y 3 z 2

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Phan Chu Trinh, Nng)

Bi 38. Gii phng trnh

( thi HSG tnh Ngh An)

2/ Chng minh phng trnh sau c ng mt nghim ( x 1) 2011 2( x 1) 3 x 3 3 x 2 3 x 2 .

Bi 41. Gii h phng trnh sau y 4 z y 3 6

( thi chn i tuyn KHTN, vng 1)

( thi chn i tuyn trng THPT Cao Lnh, ng Thp)

2/ Tm s nghim ca phng trnh

(2 x)(1 2 x )(2 y )(1 2 y ) 4 10 z 1

( thi chn i tuyn TP.HCM)

Bi 48. Gii h phng trnh 2010 y 2011z ( y z ) 2

( thi chn i tuyn chuyn Quang Trung, Bnh Phc)

( kim tra i tuyn Ninh Bnh)

Bi 51. Gii h phng trnh sau trn tp hp s thc

( kim tra i d tuyn trng THPT Chuyn HSP H Ni)

Bi 54. Gii h phng trnh x 2 5 x 9 z 7 y 15 3 yz

( thi chn i tuyn trng H KHTN H Ni, vng 3)

LI GII CHI TIT V NHN XT

2/ Gii phng trnh vi n s thc 1 x 6 x 5 2 x

-Nu 1 x 1 2 2 x 5 th (*) ( x 1 1) ( x 1 2) 1 1 1 , lun ng.

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim l mi x thuc 2;5 .

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x 3 .

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh x 5 x 4 x 3 11x 2 25 x 14 0

Do ( x 1)2 ( x 2 3 x 6) 1 0, x nn phng trnh ny v nghim.

( HSG B Ra Vng Tu)

Tr phng trnh th hai cho phng trnh th nht, v theo v, ta c:

Bi 4. Gii h phng trnh sau

( thi HSG Hi Phng, bng A)