HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

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CHT LNG DCH V IP

Bin son
Hong Trng Minh

H ni, 5/2007

LI NI U
Cht lng dch v mng lun l mt vn quan tm ca c ngi s dng dch v v
nh cung cp dch v. Cng vi s pht trin bng n cc dch v trn nn IP l hng
lot cc yu cu v gii php k thut nhm ci thin cht lng dch v IP. S pht
trin mnh m ca cc gii php lm thay i rt ln trong lnh vc ny thm ch c
nhng vn khi nim v nh ngha. Cun ti liu ny gm 3 chng, tp trung vo
cc kha cnh c bn ca vn QoS IP. Tip cn ca tc gi hng t nhng khi nim
v cu hnh chung nht ti nhng gii php k thut thng s dng trong mng IP hin
nay. Cc m hnh v xu hng ci thin cht lng dch v IP cng s c trnh by
nhm gip ngi c thu tm cc c im c bn, u nhc im ca mt s gii php
hin thi.!.
H ni, thng 5 nm 2007

HONG TRNG MINH

CC THUT NG VIT TT
T vit tt
AF
AL
AQM
ATM
BA
B-ISDN
CBR
CBS
CIR
CoS
DiffServ
DLL
DS
DSCP
ECN
EF

Gii ngha ting Anh

Assured Forwarding
Application Layer
Active Queue Management
Asychronous Transfer Mode

Behavior Aggressive
Broadband ISDN
Constant Bit Rate
Committed Burst Size
Committed Information Rate
Class of Service
Differential Service
Data Link Layer
Different Service
Differential Service Code Point
Explicit Congestion Notification
Expedited Forwarding
European Telecommunications
ETSI
Standards Institute
First In First Out
FIFO
FLOWSPEC Flow Specification
Fair Queueing
FQ
Grade of Seviche
GoS
Internet Engineering Task Force
IETF
Intergrated Service
IntServ
IP Loss Rate
IPLR
IP Packet Transfer Delay
IPTD
IP Error Rate
IPER
International Standard Organization
ISO
International Telecommunication Union
ITU-T
Multi Fields
MF
Mean of Score
MoS
Multi Protocol Label Switching
MPLS
Network Layer
NL
Network Node Interface
NNI

Gii ngha ting Vit

Chuyn tip m bo
Lp ng dng
Qun l hng i hot ng
Phng thc truyn ti khng ng
b
Kt hp hnh vi
Mng tch hp a dch v bng rng
Tc bit c nh
Kch thc bng n cam kt
Tc thng tin cam kt
Lp dch v
Dch v phn bit
Lp lin kt d liu
Dch v phn bit
im m dch v phn bit
Thng bo tc nghn hin
Chuyn tip nhanh
Vin tiu chun vin thng chu u
Hng i vo trc ra trc
c tnh lung
Hng i cn bng
Cp dch v
U ban thc thi k thut Internet
Dch v tch hp
T l tn tht gi IP
Tr truyn ti gi tin IP
T l li gi tin IP
T chc tiu chun quc t
Hip hi vin thng quc t
a trng
im nh gi trung bnh
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
Lp mng
Giao din nt mng

PBS
PHB
PIR
PQ
QoS
RED
RFC
RSVP
SE
SLA
srTCM
TCA
TL
ToS
trTCM
UBR
UNI
VBR
WF
WFQ
WRED
WRR

Packet Burst Size

Per Hop Behavior
Peak Information Rate
Priority Queueing
Quality of Service
Random Early Discarding
Request For Comments
Resource reservation protocol
Shared Explicit
Service Level Argreement
Single rate Three Color Marker
Traffic Conditioning Agreement
Transmission Layer
Type of Service
Single rate Three Color Marker
Undefined Bit rate
User Network Interface
Variable Bit Rate
Wildcard Filter
Weighted Fair Queueing
Weighted Random Early Discarding
Weighted Round Robin

Kch thc bng n gi

Hnh vi bc k tip
Tc thng tin nh
Hng i u tin
Cht lng dch v
Loi b gi sm
Cc yu cu cn tr li
Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn
Chia s hin
Tho thun mc dch v
B nh du 3 mu tc n
Tho thun iu kin lu lng
Lp truyn dn
Kiu dch v
B nh du 3 mu hai tc
Tc bit khng nh ngha
Giao din ngi dng mng
Tc bit thay i
B lc Wildcard
Hng i cn bng trng s
Loi b gi sm theo trng s
Quay vng theo trng s

MC LC
Tiu
Trang
Chng 1: TNG QUAN V CHT LNG DCH V QoS
1.1. QoS v tham s QoS
1.1.1. Cc vn chung ca dch v QoS
1.1.2. Cp dch v GoS
1.1.3. Kiu dch v ToS v lp dch v CoS
1.1.4. Cc tham s cht lng dch v
1.2. Cc yu cu cht lng dch v
1.3. Cc vn m bo QoS
1.3.1. Cung cp QoS
1.3.2. iu khin QoS
1.3.3. Qun l QoS

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Chng 2: K THUT M BO CHT LNG IP QOS

2.1. Gii thiu tng quan v QoS IP
2.1.1. Lch s pht trin cc m hnh QoS cho mng IP
2.1.2. Cc tham s cht lng dch v IP
2.1.3. Cc tham s c bn nh hng ti QoS IP thc t
2.2. Cc yu cu chc nng chung QoS IP
2.3. Cc k thut m bo cht lng dch v IP
2.3.1. K thut o lng v mu ho lu lng
2.3.2. Kthut hot ng tch cc
2.3.3. K thut lp lch cho gi tin
2.3.4. K thut chia ct lu lng

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Chng 3: M HNH NG DNG M BO QOS IP

3.1. M hnh tch hp dch v IntServ
3.1.1. Cc yu cu chc nng chung ca IntServ
3.1.2. Giao thc dnh trc truy nhp RSVP
3.2. M hnh phn bit dch v DiffServ
3.2.1. Tng quan v kin trc DiffServ
3.2.2. Min phn bit dch v DS v im m phn bit dch v DSCP

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3.2.3. Cc phng php x l gi trong DiffServ

3.3. IP QoS v cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS

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48

Bi tp
Ti liu tham kho

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58
DANH MC BNG BIU V HNH V

Tiu
Trang
Hnh 1.1:
Hnh 1.2:
Hnh 1.3:
Hnh 2.1:
Hnh 2.2:
Hnh 2.3:
Hnh 2.4:
Hnh 2.5:
Hnh 2.6:
Hnh 2.7:
Hnh 2.8:
Hnh 2.9:
Hnh 2.10:
Hnh 2.11:
Hnh 2.12:
Hnh 2.13:
Hnh 2.14:
Hnh 2.15:
Hnh 2.16:
Hnh 2.17:
Hnh 2.18:
Hnh 2.19:
Hnh 2.20:
Hnh 2.21:
Hnh 2.22:
Hnh 2.21:
Hnh 3.1:
Hnh 3.2:
Hnh 3.3:
Hnh 3.4:
Hnh 3.5:
Hnh 3.6:
Hnh 3.7:

Cc kha cnh ca cht lng dch v

Trng kiu dch v trong tiu IPv4
Cc thnh phn trong c cu m bo QoS
Cc bc pht trin ca m hnh QoS
Tch hp dch v v phn bit dch v
Bng thng kh dng
Tr tch lu t u cui ti u cui
Tr x l v hng i
Tn tht gi v hin tng trn b m u ra
Cc yu cu chc nng c bn ca b nh tuyn IP
Phng php phn loi gi a trng chc nng
Phng php phn loi gi theo hnh vi kt hp
Nguyn l qun l hng i th ng
S nguyn l lp lch gi tin IP
Khong thi gian CIR v CBS
Go C, go E v ch m mu srTCM
Ch hot ng r mu srTCM
Go r C,P v ch hot ng m mu trTCM
Ch hot ng r mu trTCM
S nguyn l hot ng ca RED
Hot ng thng bo tc nghn hin
Hng i u tin PQ
Hng i cn bng FQ
Hng i quay vng theo trng s WRR
Chia ct lu lng thun
Chia ct lu lng bng n kiu go r
M hnh tch hp dch v IntServ
Nguyn l hot ng RSVP
Cc kiu dnh trc ti nguyn
Khun dng bn tin RSVP v tiu chung RSVP
Khun dng bn tin i tng
Khun dng i tng kiu
Cu trc bn tin Path v Resv

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Hnh 3.8:
Hnh 3.9:
Hnh 3.10:
Hnh 3.11:
Hnh 3.12:
Hnh 3.13:
Hnh 3.14:
Hnh 3.15:
Hnh 3.16:
Bng 1.1:
Bng 1.2:
Bng 1.3:
Bng 1.4:
Bng 1.5:
Bng 3.1:
Bng 3.2:
Bng 3.3:
Bng 3.4:

M hnh cc bc phn bit dch v DiffServ

X l gi trong m hnh DiffServ
Min phn bit dch v DS
Cu trc trng phn bit dch v DS
X l chuyn tip nhanh EF PHB
Cc phn lp chuyn tip m bo AF PHB

Dch v phn bit vi PHB v TCA

Thc hin phn b nhn qua RSVP-TE
Cu trc bn tin RSVP-TE
Th t v ngha cc gi tr u tin trong trng ToS
Cc c tnh phn lp QoS cho mng IP theo ITU-T
Phn lp QoS theo quan im ca ETSI
Cc vng dch v ca B-ISDN
Phn vng dch v theo din n ATM
Cc bt s dng cho iu khin chia s
Cc bt s dng cho iu khin la chn my gi
Cc khi im m dch v phn bit DSCP
Chi tit cc phn lp chuyn tip m bo AF PHB

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51
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8
9
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9
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41
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Chng 1
TNG QUAN V CHT LNG DCH V QOS
Chng u tin ca cun bi ging ny gii thiu cc vn tng quan v cht
lng dch v QoS, phng php tip cn trong chng ny i t cc thut ng, nh
ngha, yu cu v cc vn c bn ca cht lng dch v ti cc m hnh v c cu
khung lm vic ca cht lng dch v QoS trong mng chuyn mch gi ni chung, cc
vn chung s c chi tit ho trong cc chng tip theo.

1.1

CHT LNG DCH V QoS V CC THAM S QoS.

1.1.1. Cc vn chung ca cht lng dch v QoS

Cht lng dch v QoS l mt khi nim rng v c th tip cn theo nhiu hng
khc nhau. Theo khuyn ngh E 800 ITU-T cht lng dch v l Mt tp cc kha cnh
ca hiu nng dch v nhm xc nh cp tho mn ca ngi s dng i vi dch
v. ISO 9000 nh ngha cht lng l cp ca mt tp cc c tnh vn c p ng
y cc yu cu. Trong khi IETF [ETSI - TR102] nhn nhn QoS l kh nng phn
bit lung lu lng mng c cc ng x phn bit i vi cc kiu lung lu lng,
QoS bao trm c phn loi ho dch v v hiu nng tng th ca mng cho mi loi dch
v.
Mt tnh cht chung ca cht lng dch v l: Hiu ng chung ca c tnh cht
lng dch v l xc nh mc hi lng ca ngi s dng i vi dch v. Ngoi ra,
QoS mang mt ngha l kh nng ca mng m bo v duy tr cc mc thc hin
nht nh cho mi ng dng theo nh cc yu cu c ch r ca mi ngi s
dng. Cht lng dch v QoS c nhn nhn t hai kha cnh: pha ngi s dng
dch v v pha mng.
T kha cnh ngi s dng dch v, QoS c coi l mc chp nhn dch v ca
ngi s dng v thng c nh gi trn thang im nh gi trung bnh MoS (Mean
of Score). QoS cn c cung cp cho mi ng dng ngi s dng c th chy ng
dng v mc QoS m ng dng i hi ch c th c xc nh bi ngi s dng,
bi v ch ngi s dng mi c th bit c chnh xc ng dng ca mnh cn g
hot ng tt. Tuy nhin, khng phi ngi s dng t ng bit c mng cn phi
cung cp nhng g cn thit cho ng dng, h phi tm hiu cc thng tin cung cp t
ngi qun tr mng v chc chn rng, mng khng th t ng t ra QoS cn thit cho
mt ng dng ca ngi s dng. MOS dao ng t mc (1-ti) n mc (5- xut sc) v
cc nh cung cp dch v da vo mc MOS ny a ra mc cht lng dch v ph
hp cho dch v ca mnh.

Khuyn ngh ITU-T G107 pht trin m hnh E nh gi cht lng dch v thoi
qua IP l mt m hnh u vit trong pht trin k hoch truyn dn, kt qu ca m hnh
E l mt gi tr truyn dn chung gi l nhn t tc truyn dn R (Transmission Rating
Factor) th hin cht lng m thoi gia ngi ni v ngi nghe. R dao ng t 1 n
100 tu thuc vo cc s mng c th. Gi tr R cng ln th mc cht lng dch v
cng cao. i vi dch v thoi qua IP, m hnh E l mt cng c c lc nh gi
cht lng dch v. M hnh E c th c s dng hiu cc c im ca mng v
thit b nh hng nh th no n cht lng thoi trong mng VoIP. Cc yu t nh
hng n s suy gim R l loi m ho, tr, ting di, mt gi, v thut ton m ho
thng tin. Gi tr u ra ca m hnh E c th chuyn thnh gi tr MOS tng ng
nh gi cht lng dch v [1].
T kha cnh dch v mng, QoS lin quan ti nng lc cung cp cc yu cu cht
lng dch v cho ngi s dng. C hai kiu nng lc mng cung cp cht lng
dch v trong mng chuyn mch gi.


Th nht, mng chuyn mch gi phi c kh nng phn bit cc lp dch v.

Th hai, mt khi mng c cc lp dch khc nhau, mng phi c c ch ng x

khc nhau vi cc lp bng cch cung cp cc m bo ti nguyn v phn bit
dch v trong mng.

Hnh 1.1 di y ch ra cc c im c bn ca cht lng dch v.

Hnh 1.1: Cc kha cnh ca cht lng dch v

Cc phng php c bn xc nh cht lng dch v mng bao gm qu trnh phn

tch lu lng v cc iu kin ca mng, thng qua cc bi ton c m hnh ho hoc
o kim trc tip cc thng s mng nh gi cc tiu chun khch quan. Mc
chp nhn dch v t pha ngi s dng c th c kim tra qua cc thng s mng
nh kh nng tn tht gi, tr, trt v xc sut tc nghn. S lng v c tnh cc
tham s cht lng ph thuc rt ln vo c cu mng cung cp dch v.
Mt khung lm vic chung ca kin trc cht lng dch v QoS c nhn t
kha cnh mng gm c:
 Cc phng php yu cu v nhn cc mc ca dch v qua cc hnh thc tha
thun mc dch v SLA (Service Level Agreements). Mt SLA l nh dng yu
cu mc dch v gm c cc tham s QoS nh bng thng, tr. Cc tha thun
ny l mt hnh thc giao ko dch v gia khch hng v nh cung cp dch v.
Cc nh cung cp dch v cn SLA hng lu lng u vo ca khch hng
ti mng ph hp, cn ngi s dng cn SLA hiu cc ng dng ca mnh
nhn c cc mc dch v nh th no.


Bo hiu, phn phi b m v qun l b m cho php p ng yu cu mc

dch v thng qua cc giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn cho ng dng.

iu khin nhng ng dng c sai lch trong vic thit lp cc mc dch v,

thng qua qu trnh phn loi lu lng, hng ti chnh sch qun l v thc thi
i vi tng lung lu lng nhm xc nh k thut iu khin lu lng ph
hp.Phn loi lu lng c th s dng lp lin kt, lp mng, truyn ti hoc
cc lp khc cao hn. Phng php sp xp cho lung lu lng qua mng trong
mt chng mc no m c th m bo tho thun cc mc dch v s dng,
bng cc phng php nh tuyn trn nn tng QoS.

Cc phng php trnh tc nghn, qun l tc nghn, hng i, v thit lp

ngn chn cc iu kin s c mng gy ra nhng hu qu bt li nh hng ti
mc dch v. Qun l tc nghn cho php cc thnh phn mng iu khin tc
nghn bng cch xc nh th t trong cc gi c truyn i da vo cc quyn
u tin hoc l cc mc dch v gn cho cc gi tin . N cn to ra hng i,
ch nh cc gi tin ti hng i v thit lp cc gi tin trong hng i. Qun l
tc nghn khng phi l c ch phng nga, nhng l mt c ch tc ng ngc
khi cc iu kin tc nghn pht sinh trong mng. Ct gim v d tm ngu
nghin RED (Random Early Detection) l mt trong cc k thut ngn nga
tc nghn. Thut ton RED tn dng cc tnh nng tc ng ngc ca TCP v rt
ph hp ti mng TCP/IP. Cc tc ng ngc cho php ct gim lu lng cp
pht vo mng khi tc ng truyn chm. Tn dng cc tnh nng ny, thut

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ton RED thc hin ct gim cc gi tin ngu nhin thm ch trc khi s tc
nghn xy ra.


Chnh sch qun l cho php thc hin cc lut p dng cho cc gi tin qua mng
trn nn chnh sch chung. Mi lp lu lng c mt gii hn nht nh s cc
gi tin c chp nhn trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Chnh sch qun l
lin quan cc hot ng ca thit b x l gi tin v hin trng ca mng t s
quyt nh hnh thc tha thun mc dch v.

Mt cc tip cn khc v QoS c nhn nhn t pha mng l tip cn theo m hnh
phn lp trong m hnh tham chiu h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection),
QoS c nh gi trong mt s lp sau:


Lp ng dng AL (Application Layer): Cht lng dch v QoS c nhn thc

l mc dch v. Khi nim ny rt kh c nh lng chnh xc, ch yu
da vo nh gi ca con ngi, mc hi lng i vi dch v .

Lp truyn ti TL (Transport Layer): Cht lng dch v c thc hin bi kin

trc logic ca mng, cc c ch nh tuyn v bo hiu m bo cht lng dch
v.

Lp mng NL (Network Layer): Cht lng dch v c th hin qua cc tham

s lp mng tng i gn vi cc tham s chng ta thng gp, c biu din
thng qua cc i lng ton hc nh: T l li, gi tr trung bnh, gi tr ln nht
ca cc tham s nh bng thng, tr v tin cy ca lung lu lng.

Lp lin kt d liu DLL (Data Link Layer): Cht lng dch v c th hin
qua cc tham s truyn dn, t l li thng tin, cc hin tng tc nghn v hng
hc ca cc tuyn lin kt.

Nh vy, cht lng dch v QoS ti cc mc cao ca m hnh hng v pha ngi s
dng dch v lin quan ti cc h thng giao thc v phn mm iu khin, trong khi cc
mc thp hng v cc c tnh ca h thng mng truyn thng ch yu lin quan ti
cu trc mng, ti nguyn s dng trong cc nt v lin kt.

1.1.2.

Cp dch v GoS (Grade of Service)

Mt kha cnh k thut ca cht lng dch v thng c nhn nhn nh l cp

dch v GoS, GoS thng c s dng trong cng nghip vin thng ch ra cc thnh
phn b sung cht lng dch v tng th ca ngi s dng nhn c. Rt nhiu cc
thnh phn gm c pha k thut mng v ngi s dng c nh gi qua cp dch
v, ch yu l cc thnh phn k thut c th o c nh (bng thng, tr). Cp dch
v c nh ngha di y:
Nu c mt s kin li xy ra trong mt mng, hoc mt phn ca mng th lu lng
s tng ln rt nhanh vt qu gii hn x l ca mng, v kt qu l c hin tng tc

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nghn xy ra, hoc kin trc ca cc thnh phn chuyn tip thng tin to ra gii hn
thng qua. Cc gii hn ny nh hng ti dch v cung cp ti khch hng, v cp
ca cc gii hn ny c gii thch bng cc tham s GoS thch hp (v d nh xc sut
mt gi, tr trung bnh, t l li, v..v). V vy, cp dch v lin quan ti cc kha cnh
thng tin cung cp trn lung lu lng ca cht lng dch v QoS.
GoS c s dng ln u trong cc ng dng chuyn mch knh, GoS xc nh kh
nng tc nghn hoc tr ca cc cuc gi trong mt khong thi gian v thng c
biu din di dng phn trm (%). Kh nng tc nghn cuc gi hay cn gi l kh nng
tn tht cuc gi xy ra khi khng th thit lp mt cuc gi t mt tuyn u vo ri ra
mt tuyn u ra thch hp. Cc yu t nh hng chnh ti GoS trong trng hp ny l
do cu trc trng chuyn mch, kin trc iu khin ca h thng chuyn mch. Kha
cnh tr ca cc cuc gi trong chuyn mch knh l mt tham s nh gi GoS bao gm
tr thit lp, tr truyn v tr gii phng cc kt ni cho cuc gi. [2]
Mt cch tng th, cp dch v GoS ph thuc rt ln vo kin trc chuyn mch
trn c phng din phn cng v phn mm iu khin, ng thi ph thuc vo mu
lu lng a ti h thng. Cng vi mt kin trc x l vi cc mu lu lng khc
nhau s c cc cp dch v khc nhau.

1.1.3. Kiu dch v ToS v lp dch v CoS

Khi nim kiu dch v ToS (Type of Service) v lp dch v CoS (Class of Service)
thng c m t tng minh ti tiu ca cc gi tin. d dng nhn thc cc vn
ny ta xem xt ti tiu gi tin IP. Lp dch v chia lu lng mng thnh cc lp
khc nhau v cung cp cc dch v cho tng gi tin theo lp dch v m gi tin thuc vo
. Mi mt lp dch v xc nh mt mc yu cu cht lng dch v. nhn dng
mt lp dch v, cc thit b mng xc nh theo mt s yu t gm: Kiu dch v ToS v
th t u tin ca dch v; Nhn dng ca thit b gi, nhn dng ca thit b nhn dch
v. Cc trng chc nng ca ToS trong tiu IPv4 c trnh by trong hnh 1.2 di
y.

Hnh 1.2: Trng kiu dch v trong tiu IPv4

Gi tr u tin

ngha

7 (111)

iu khin mng

6(110)

iu khin lin mng

5(101)

Ti hn, c bit

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4(100)

Truyn nhanh (trn lt)

3(011)

Truyn nhanh

2(010)

Lp tc

1(001)

u tin

0(000)

Bnh thng

Bng 1.1: Th t v ngha cc gi tr u tin trong trng ToS

Gi tr u tin (IP precedence) gm 3 bit xc nhn mc u tin, da vo cc b
nh tuyn a ra cc quyt nh chuyn tip thng tin qua mng. Nh ch ra trn bng
1.1, th t u tin cao nht c gn cho cc gi iu khin mng, iu m bo cc
gi lin quan ti iu khin v ti cu hnh mng lun c c hi chuyn qua mng cao
nht ngay c trong nhng trng hp tc nghn cc b. Cc gi c th t u tin thp
nht l cc gi s c b khi c hin tng tc nghn xy ra. Cng vi cc phn th t
u tin cho cc gi theo cch trn, ToS xc nh th t u tin theo mc tiu cht lng
dch v tng ng vi: thng qua T (Throughput), tr D (Delay) hoc tin cy R
(Reliability). Cc gi tr ny t cc bit T,D,R theo gi tr bit (0) cho gi tr bnh thng
v gi tr bit (1) cho cc c tnh u tin tt. Mt s bit trong trng chc nng ToS
d phng trong tng lai.
Lp dch v CoS khi kt hp vi m hnh phn bit dch v DiffServ (Differentiated
Service) s thay th 3 trng chc nng IP precedence bng cc gi tr im m dch v
c nh ngha ring bi DiffServ m t cc th t u tin lu lng. Vn ny s
c trnh by trong chng 3.

1.1.4. Cc tham s cht lng dch v

Cc yu cu cht lng dch v phi c biu th theo cc tham s QoS o c. Cc
tham s thng thng nht thng c bit n l cc tham s: Bng thng, tr,
trt, gi v xc sut mt gi. Cc tham s s dng tnh ton QoS c th tu thuc vo
kiu mng: Bng thng, tr, gi v tin cy l cc tham s thng c s dng
trong mng IP; s bin i tc t bo, t l mt t bo v tr chuyn giao l cc tham
s thng s dng trong mng ATM; Trong khi i vi cc mng khng dy, cc
tham s o thng s dng l bng thng, nhiu, suy hao v tin cy. Trong khung lm
vic chung ca QoS , ba dng tham s o tng qut gm:


Cc tham s tnh cng (v d nh tr, trt, gi v s bc nhy).

Cc tham s tnh nhn (v d nh tin cy).

Cc tham s tnh lm (v d nh bng thng).

(i) tin cy
xc nh n nh ca h thng, ngi ta thng xc nh kh dng ca h

13

thng, ng ngha vi kh dng ca h thng v c nhn nhn t kha cnh mng l

tin cy ca h thng. kh dng ca mng cng cao ngha l tin cy ca mng
cng ln v n nh ca h thng cng ln. kh dng ca mng thng c tnh
trn c s thi gian ngng hot ng v tng s thi gian hot ng. V d, kh dng
ca cc h thng chuyn mch gi hin nay l 99,995% th thi gian ngng hot ng
trong mt nm vo khong 26 pht.
(i) Bng thng
Bng thng biu th tc truyn d liu cc i c th t c gia hai im kt
cui. C th gii thch qua cc php tnh ton nh sau: Mt m hnh trng thi QoS ca
mng thng c biu din di dng mt th G (V,E). Trong , V l cc nt cn E
cc lin kt. Lu lng vo mng qua nt Vi v ra khi mng nt Vj. Mi lin kt c 2
c tnh: C(i,j) l dung lng lin kt, f(i,j) l lu lng thc t. Gi R(i,j) l bng thng
d. Khi , nu mt kt ni c yu cu bng thng l Dk, th kt ni c gi l kh dng
khi v ch khi R(i,j)Dk. Mt kt ni mi c th c chp nhn nu tn ti t nht mt
ng dn kh dng gia 2 nt Vi v Vj. Bng thng l tc truyn thng tin c tnh
theo (bit/s).

(ii) tr
L khong thi gian chnh lch gia cc thit b pht v thit b thu. Tr tng th l
thi gian tr t u cui pht ti u cui thu tn hiu (cn gi l tr tch lu). Mi thnh
phn trong tuyn kt ni nh thit b pht, truyn dn, thit b chuyn mch v nh tuyn
u c th gy ra tr. Cc thnh phn gy tr ch yu gm:


Tr hng i: L thi gian mt gi phi tri qua trong mt hng i khi n phi
i c truyn i trong mt lin kt khc, hay thi gian cn thit phi i
thc hin quyt nh nh tuyn trong b nh tuyn. N c th bng 0 hoc rt
ln v ph thuc vo s gi c trong hng i v tc x l.

Tr truyn lan: Thi gian cn thit mi trng vt l truyn d liu. V d tr

truyn lan trong cc truyn dn quang thng nh hn trong mi trng v tuyn.

Tr chuyn tip: Thi gian s dng chuyn gi tin t mt tuyn ny sang tuyn
khc, hay thi gian c yu cu x l cc gi n trong mt nt. V d,
thi gian kim tra tiu gi v xc nh nt tip theo gi i.

Tr truyn dn: L thi gian c yu cu truyn tt c cc bit trong gi qua

lin kt, tr truyn dn c xc nh trn thc t ca bng thng lin kt.

(iii) Bin ng tr
Bin ng tr l s khc bit v tr ca cc gi khc nhau cng trong mt lung lu
lng. Bin ng tr c tn s cao c gi l jitter trong khi bin ng tr c tn s thp
c gi l wander. Bin ng tr ch yu do s sai khc v thi gian xp hng ca cc
gi lin tip trong mt lung gy ra v l vn quan trng nht ca QoS. Khi jitter nm

14

vo khong dung sai nh ngha trc th n khng nh hng ti cht lng dch v.
Nu bin ng tr qu ln s lm cho kt ni trong mng b t qung. B m Jitter
c dng gim tc ng tri /st ca mng v to ra dng gi n u n hn
my thu. Trong mt s ng dng, nh ng dng thi gian thc khng th chp nhn rung
pha. Bin ng tr ln c th c x l bng b m, song n li lm tng tr nn li
ny sinh cc kh khn khc.

(iv) Tn tht gi
Tn tht gi c th xy ra theo tng cm hoc theo chu k do mng b tc nghn
lin tc, hoc xy ra trn chnh cc trng chuyn mch gi. Mt gi theo chu k
khong 5-10% s gi pht ra c th lm gim cht lng mng xung cp ng k. Tng
gi b mt khng thng xuyn cng khin kt ni gp kh khn. Xc sut mt gi l gi
tr gi tr c nhn ln t xc sut mt gi c k vng mi mt trong cc nt trung
gian gia mt cp ngun v ch. Xc sut tn tht gi l mt i lng quan trng ca
QoS vi c cc ng dng d liu hay cc dch v thi gian thc. Khi kt ni yu cu
truyn d liu theo ng th t, th tn tht gi l nguyn nhn ca qu trnh truyn li.
iu ny lm chm li qu trnh x l truyn tin v lm gim QoS nhn c. Vi cc
ng dng thi gian thc, s truyn li gi thng khng kh thi.

1.2 CC YU CU CHT LNG DCH V

Tt c cc ng dng u yu cu mt mc cht lng dch v no , mi mt ng
dng u c mt s c tnh c bn khc nhau. nhn bit cc yu cu cht lng dch
v, h thng thng nhn bit qua cc lp dch v. Theo quan im ca ITU-T, khuyn
ngh I-1541 cc lp dch v c chia thnh cc vng nh trn bng 1.2 di y.
Lp QoS

Cc c tnh QoS

Thi gian thc, nhy cm vi jitter, tng tc cao

Thi gian thc, nhy cm vi jitter, tng tc

D liu chuyn giao, tng tc cao

D liu chuyn giao, tng tc

Tn hao thp (chuyn giao ngn, d liu bulk, video)

Cc ng dng nguyn thu ca mng IP ngm nh

Bng 1.2: Cc c tnh phn lp QoS cho mng IP theo ITU-T

Nh vy, theo quan im ca ITU cc tham s thi gian thc v tng tc cao c
t ln hng u i vi mng IP, phn ln cc ng dng c thc hin tt trong cc
mng chuyn mch hng kt ni (chuyn mch knh v ATM) p ng tt c cc
yu cu ny. Trong khi , mng IP nguyn thu khng h tr cc c tnh trn, hay ni
cch khc mng IP nguyn thu khng h tr QoS cho cc dch v thi gian thc.

15

D n TIPHON ca ETSI xut nh ngha phn lp QoS c ch ra trn bng 1.3

di y:
Lp QoS

Thnh phn

Cc c tnh QoS

Hi thoi thi Thoi, audio, Video, Nhy cm vi tr v bin ng

gian thc (thoi, a phng tin.
tr, c gii hn li v tn tht,
video, hi ngh).
tc bt thay i v c nh.
Lung thi gian Audio, Video,
thc (qung b).
phng tin.

a Tr v bin ng tr c dung
sai nht nh, dung sai nh i
vi li v tn tht, tc bit
thay i.

Tng tc cn D liu
thi gian thc
(Web browsing).

Nhy cm vi tr, bin ng

tr v tn tht, tc bit thay
i.

Phi thi gian thc

Khng nhy cm vi tr v
bin ng tr, nhy cm vi
li, n lc ti a.

D liu

(Email)

Bng 1.3: Phn lp QoS theo quan im ca ETSI

Hng tip cn ca ETSI tp trung vo cc dch v thng s dng trn mng IP
phn ra cc loi dch v yu cu thi gian thc v khng yu cu thi gian thc. i vi
cc yu cu thi gian thc ETSI-TR102 phn bit dch v qua cc nhy cm vi cc
tham s QoS thng dung nh : Tr, bin ng tr, tn tht gi v c tnh tc bit.
Lin quan ti mng tch hp a dch v bng rng B-ISDN, ITU-T nh ngha cc
vng dch v, theo hng lin quan ti cng ngh li ca B-ISDN l cng ngh ATM ch
ra trn bng 1.4 di y.
Vng dch v

Cc ng dng (v d)

Hi thoi

Thoi v video hi ngh, truyn thng a phng tin tc

cao (truyn file, m thanh, hnh nh).

Bn tin

Email, chat

Khi phc

Truyn video, nh tnh, m thanh v d liu

Phn b

Phn b ni dung video, qung b TV.

Bng 1.4: Cc vng dch v ca B-ISDN

T cc phn vng dch v ca B-ISDN, din n ATM a ra cc phn lp dch v

ATM, cc c tnh ng dng cng nh c tnh cht lng dch v c ch ra trong
bng .15 di y:

16

Vng dch v ATM

Tc bit c nh

ng dng

Cc c tnh QoS

M phng knh

Bin ng tr t bo thp,
tn tht thp.

(CBR)

Tc bit thay i- thi Video theo yu Bin ng tr bnh thng,

gian thc (rt- VBR)
cu
tn tht thp.
Tc bit thay i- phi Lu lng gi
thi gian thc (nrt- VBR)

Tn tht bnh thng

Tc bit kh dng Tng thch tc Tn tht thp

(ABR)
ngun
Tc bit khng nh Lu lng n lc Khng yu cu
ngha (UBR)
ti a
Bng 1.5: Phn vng dch v theo din n ATM

1.3 CC VN M BO QOS
nhn thc r cc vn c bn nhm m bo cc yu cu cht lng dch v trn
y trnh by, ta xem xt mt khung lm vic ca c ch m bo cht lng dch v
chung. Mt c cu m bo cht lng dch v QoS chung nht gm 3 phn chnh: Cung
cp QoS, iu khin QoS v qun l QoS nh ch ra trn hnh 1.2 di y [3].


Cung cp QoS a ra hng lot cc k thut nhm thit lp lung v cc giai

on tho thun ti nguyn nhm m bo QoS t u cui ti u cui.

iu khin QoS a ra hng lot cc hnh vi iu khin nh lp lch, chia gi

lp chnh sch v iu khin lung.

Qun l QoS nhm gim st, iu nh li ti nguyn v duy tr cc iu kin

m bo QoS.

1.3.1 Cung cp QoS.

C cu cung cp QoS bao gm nh x QoS, kim tra qun l v dnh trc ti nguyn.


Module nh x QoS thc hin cc chc nng bin dch gia cc th hin QoS
sang cc mc h thng khc nhau, ngi s dng c th nh r cht lng dch
v thng qua cc tham s tru tng nh tc trung bnh, bng thng kh dng,
tr, mt gi tin v cc yu cu v tr; mt thc th s bin dch chng thnh cc
lp dch v s dng cho mc ch dnh trc ti nguyn.
Module kim tra qun l QoS chu trch nhim kim tra kh dng ca ngun
ti nguyn so vi cc yu cu v ra quyt nh c cho php cc yu cu mi hoc
khng. Mt khi yu cu m bo QoS t u cui ti u cui cn ti nguyn

17

tng th, cc ngun ti nguyn c phc v da trn quyt nh iu khin qun

l nhng chng c cam kt khi kim tra iu khin qun l thnh cng.
C cu QoS

Cung cp QoS
1. nh x QoS
2. Kim tra qun l
3. Dnh trc ti nguyn

iu khin QoS
1. Lp lch lung
2. Chia lu lng
3. Chnh sch lung
4. iu khin lung
5. ng b lung

Qun l QoS
1. Gim st QoS
2. kh dng QoS
3. Gim cp QoS
4. Duy tr QoS
5. M rng QoS

Hnh 1.2: Cc thnh phn trong c cu m bo cht lng dch v QoS

Module bo hiu v dnh trc ti nguyn sp xp cc ngun ti nguyn thch
hp vi cc c tnh QoS ca ngi s dng. Module qun l QoS cn cc dch
v ny xc nhn cc kim tra iu khin qun l thnh cng hoc khng.
Module nh x QoS cn phi quan tm ti kh nng ca cc giao thc bo hiu
trc khi ghp cc c tnh QoS vo mc cht lng mng.

1.3.2 iu khin QoS

Thnh phn iu khin QoS hot ng theo thc o thi gian ti cc tc truyn
thng tin, thnh phn ny cung cp iu khin lu lng thi gian thc da trn cc yu
cu mc QoS t giai on cung cp QoS. Thnh phn ny gm cc module sau:
 Module lp lch lung qun l cc lung chuyn tip theo cng mt cch thc
c h thng kt cui v mng. Cc lung c c tnh ring ti h thng kt cui s
tp hp v lin kt trong lu c lp lch bi mng.
 Module nh hng lung iu chnh cc lung lu lng da trn cc mc yu
cu QoS, n bao gm cc thut ton phn tch v nh hng cc lung t hp
ti bin mng v lp lch trong mng cung cp hiu nng cao nht.
 Module chnh sch thng s dng trong iu kin lu lng ngi dng chuyn
qua vng bin qun l v cn loi b gim st. Chnh sch c s dng theo
di khi no nh cung cp duy tr cc iu kin QoS hoc khng.
 Module ng b lung c yu cu iu khin cc s kin tng tc a
phng tin theo trnh t v thi gian chnh xc.
1.3.3 Qun l QoS
Cc thnh phn qun l QoS l duy tr cc mc QoS tho thun gm cc module
sau:

18




Module kim tra QoS l phng tin theo di cc mc QoS u ra s c

cung cp hoc s c s dng, n l c s ca thc th qun l mng tnh ton
ti u hiu nng mng.
Module kh dng QoS cho php ng dng ch r cc tham s QoS giam st v
phn hi nhn ra hiu nng cn thit.
Module qun l QoS cho php so snh mc QoS kim tra vi hiu nng mong
mun v iu khin ti u a ra mc cht lng dch v. Module ny cng
m trch cc vn lin quan ti x l v khi phc li trn lin kt v ti cc
node. duy tr cc mc QoS cung cp cn s dng cc phng php o lu
lng nhm gim st v iu khin lu lng mng.
Modlue phn mc QoS gm cc php o gia tng s phn mc cho kin trc
QoS, cc ng dng a phng tin cn c cc phn mc nhm tho mn cc yu
cu bng thng di hi khc nhau. Module ny gm cc thnh phnnh b lc
QoS, tp hp v kin trc phn lp QoS.

Tm tt chng 1:
Chng ny trnh by mt s vn c bn v cht lng dch v nh: Cc nh
ngha, thut ng, cc m hnh v tham s c bn. Khung lm vic chung ca cht lng
dch v c trnh by cng vi mt s quan im nhn nhn ca cc t chc vin thng
ln trn th gii nhm gip ngi c nhn thc cc hng tip cn khc nhau i vi
vn cht lng dch v.

19

Chng 2
K THUT M BO CHT LNG DCH V
IP
Cc k thut m bo cht lng dch v IP s c trnh by trong chng ny theo
hng tip cn t n gin ti chi tit. Cc m hnh chung ca QoS IP c trnh by
qua tin trnh lch s pht trin, cc tham s nh hng ti cht lng dch v IP trong
thc t c trnh by n gin qua cc hnh thi n gin nht ca mng nhm hng
ngi c dn ti cc vn k thut trong cc bi ton m bo cht lng dch v
IP.Chng 2 tp trung vo cc gii php k thut c trnh by t gc b nh tuyn
IP, y l cc ni dung quan trng nht th hin trong cc m hnh m bo cht lng
dch v IP.

2.1

GII THIU TNG QUAN V QOS IP

2.1.1 Lch s pht trin cc m hnh QoS cho mng IP

Cc mng IP vo khong gia thp k 1990 l cc mng n lc ti a ging nh mng
internet hin nay. Cc h thng mng doanh nghip v cc mng cung cp dch v
pht trin t cc m hnh n lc ti a thnh cc m hnh dch v phn bit phc tp.
iu c ngha l mng chung phi a ra nhiu cc ng dng vi nhiu mc dch v
khc nhau.
Hnh 2.1 di y ch ra cc bc pht trin ca khi nim QoS t khong gia thp
k 1990 ti y.

Hnh 2.1: Cc bc pht trin ca m hnh QoS

20

N lc tiu chun ho cht lng dch v IP ln u tin khi IETF pht hnh RFC
1633 vo thng 6 nm 1994. RFC 1633 a ra m hnh dch v tch hp IntServ
(Integrated Sevices) v tp trung vo giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP (Resource
Reservation Protocol). RSVP bo hiu cc yu cu v tr v bng thng cho cc phin
ring bit ti tng nt dc theo tuyn ng dn m gi i qua. Ti thi im khi to,
RSVP yu cu cc nt d tr ti nguyn, iu ny gp phi tr ngi rt ln khi hot ng
trong cc mi trng khng gian ln nh Internet, v s lng cc b nh tuyn, my
ch, thit b chuyn mch ln v a dng.
gii quyt thch thc ny, mt tp tiu chun ca m hnh phn bit dch v c
a ra nh mt tiu chun th hai v cht lng dch v IP. M hnh Diffesrv
(Differentiated Services) m t cc hnh vi khc nhau c a ra bi mi nt. Cc nt
c th s dng cc c tnh c sn (c tnh chung hoc ring) c la chn bi cc nh
cung cp thit b cho ph hp vi c tnh lung lu lng. M hnh Diffserv nh ngha
cc k thut nh du gi, nh th t u tin IPP (IP precendence) v nt k tip ca n,
cc im m dch v phn bit DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Points) ph hp vi
cc hnh vi bc k tip PHB (per-hop behaviors) cho cc kiu lu lng.
Hai m hnh tch hp dch v IntServ v DiffServ cng c pht trin v b sung cc
tnh nng cn thit cho ngi s dng. C hai m hnh u a ra cc gii php hon
thin v cc thnh phn ca hai m hnh c th t hp cung cp cc ng dng tng
qut nht cho min rng cc lu lng v kiu ng dng.

Hnh 2.2: Tch hp dch v IntServ v phn bit dch v DiffServ

IntServ s dng khi nim da trn lung cng vi giao thc bo hiu dc theo
ng dn gi tin. Giao thc bo hiu m bo cc ngun ti nguyn tho mn yu cu
dch v c cung cp ti mi nt cho cc lung lu lng trc khi n c truyn trn
mng. Trong giai on u khi to, m hnh IntServ b hn ch bi vn m rng v
rt nhiu lung lu lng cn phi qun l trong mng c bit l trong mng ng trc.

21

DiffServ s dng phng php nh du gi phn loi v ng x vi tng gi theo

cc hnh vi c lp. Mc d tnh mm do ln, nhng DiffServ khng cung cp m bo
bng thng cho cc gi trong cng mt lung lu lng. Cc phn tch k lng hn v
hai m hnh ny s c trnh by trong chng 3.
Vo cui nhng nm 1990, cc k thut QoS c ch trng nhiu hn v tr thnh
vn quan trng khi tng thch vi cc cng ngh mng tin tin nh: Cng ngh
chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) v cc cng
ngh mng ring o VPN (Virtual Private Network). Cc chin lc pht trin m hnh
cht lng dch v IP trong cc khong thi gian gn y tp trung vo tnh n gin v
t ng, vi mc tiu cung cp cc k thut m bo QoS thng minh trn mng IP. Cc
cng ngh QoS ngy cng a ra cc mc tiu qun l cht lng dch v rng v chi tit
hn, c th gii quyt c cc vn cht lng dch v IP nhng cu hnh phc tp.
Rt nhiu nh qun tr mng khng mun c cc mc qun l phc tp v h mun xu
hng ca qun l QoS cng n gin cng tt, thm ch pht trin cc cng ngh QoS
theo hng cng c bo mt cho h thng.
2.1.2 Cc tham s cht lng dch v IP
Theo khuyn ngh I.380 ITUT nh ngha mt s tham s nh gi hiu nng truyn
gi tin IP gm:


Tr truyn gi IP IPTD (IP packet Transfer Delay): y l tr cho mt datagram

hoc phn on cui gia hai im tham kho. Tr ny thng gi l tr u cui
ti u cui hoc tr mng. Trong tr truyn gi IP cn c th hin qua tr
truyn gi IP trung bnh v bin ng tr gi tin IP.

T l li gi tin IP IPER (IP packet Error Ratio): y l tham s tnh theo t l

ca cc gi tin IP li trn tng s gi tin IP nhn c:
IPER =

Nerr
Nerr + Nsuc

(2.1)

Trong :
Nerr: S lng gi tin IP li
Nsuc: S lng gi tin IP truyn thnh cng

T l tn tht gi IP IPLR (IP Loss Ratio): T s cc gi tn tht trn tng s cc

gi tin IP truyn.
IPLR =

Nloss
Ntran
(2.2)

Trong :
Nloss: S lng gi tin tn tht

22

Ntran: S lng gi tin truyn

T l tn tht gi nh hng bi cht lng kt ni, cc ng dng trn IP thng tnh
trn 3 kha cnh nh hng t l mt gi: Gi tr ngng ca t l mt gi, dung sai ca
t l mt gi v nh hng ca t l mt gi i vi hiu nng ng dng.

2.1.3 Mt s tham s c bn nh hng ti QoS IP thc t

Cng vi cc ng dng mi c b sung vo mng internet l cc yu cu cht lng
dch v. Mt s vn lin quan ti cht lng dch v IP c nhn nhn t pha ngi
s dng l: Mt s ng dng chm; cc ng dng video c cht lng thp; cc dch v
IP telephony c cht lng khng m bo; thi gian chuyn giao v truyn ti lu lng
ln c thi gian di. T gc mng, cc vn trn c th nh lng qua cc tham s
QoS ca mng nh: Bng thng, tr, trt mt gi v iu khin qun l. [4]
(i) Bng thng
Bng thng l mt trong nhng tham s quan trng nht ca cht lng dch v IP. S
thiu ht bng thng trong mng Internet thng xuyn xy ra do rt nhiu nguyn nhn,
bn thn ngun ti nguyn mng khng p ng hoc cc lung lu lng cng tranh
chp mt s ngun ti nguyn. Mt th hin r nht v bng thng kh dng c ch ra
trn cc ti nguyn lin kt trong hnh 2.3 di y.

Hnh 2.3: Bng thng kh dng

Bng thng ln nht ca tuyn lin kt bng gi tr bng thng ln nht ca mt on
lin kt. Bng thng kh dng c tnh tng i qua gi tr bng thng ln nht v
lng bng thng ca lung lu lng. Tnh ton bng thng kh dng tng i phc
tp v tham s bng thng mang tnh lm (nh ch ra trn mc 1.1.4 trn y).
Mt s gii php c a ra nhm gii quyt vn s dng bng thng khng
hiu qu gm:


Tip cn tt nht l tng dung lng lin kt ph hp vi tt c cc ng

dng v ngi s dng vi mt s lng bng thng d. Gii php ny gp
phi mt s im hn ch thc t nh thi gian, tin v i khi cn t gii hn
ca cng ngh trong qu trnh nng cp h thng.

23

Mt la chn khc l s dng phn loi lu lng thnh cc lp QoS v sp

xp th t u tin cc lung lu lng quan trng. y l gii php thng s
dng hin nay vi rt nhiu c cu k thut thng c cc nh cung cp
thit b h tr trc tip trn h thng ca h.

Ti u ng lin kt bng cch nn cc khung ti tin nhm tng bng thng

kh dng ca lin kt. Nn d liu c th thc hin bng phn cng hoc phn
mm qua cc thut ton nn. Vn kh khn ny sinh trong gii php ny l
qu trnh nn v gii nn s lm tng thi gian tr v phc tp ca thut ton
nn.

Ti u ng lin kt bng cc k thut nn tiu . K thut ny c bit hiu

qu ti mi trng truyn thng c cc gi tin c t s tiu / ti tin ln. V
d in hnh ca nn tiu l nn tiu giao thc truyn ti tin cy TCP
(Transfer Control Protocol) v giao thc thi gian thc RTP (Real Time
Protocol).

(ii) tr
tr t u cui ti u cui ca mt qu trnh truyn tin IP c nhn nhn n
gin trn hnh 2.4 ch yu gm hai thnh phn tr: Tr truyn lan v tr x l, hng i.
Tr tch lu gm tt c cc thnh phn tr trn v mang tnh cng. Tr truyn lan l tham
s c gi tr c nh ph thuc v phng tin truyn, trong khi tham s tr x l v
tr hng i trong cc b nh tuyn l cc tham s c gi tr thay i do cc iu kin
thc t ca mng.

Hnh 2.4: Tr tch lu t u cui ti u cui

Tr x l l khong thi gian cn thit ca mt b nh tuyn chuyn mt gi t
giao din u vo ti hng i u ra v ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh: Tc x
l, mc chim dng CPU, phng thc chuyn mch IP, kin trc b nh tuyn v
cc c tnh cu hnh giao din u vo v u ra.

24

Hnh 2.5: Tr x l v hng i

Tr hng i l khong thi gian ca gi tin nm ch ti hng i trong mt b nh
tuyn. Tr hng i ph thuc vo s lng v kch thc cc gi tin trong hng i v
bng thng kh dng trn lin kt u ra ca b nh tuyn. Tr hng i cn ph thuc
vo k thut xp hng.
Tr truyn lan l thi gian truyn mt gi qua lin kt, tr truyn lan thng ch ph
thuc vo bng thng kh dng ca lin kt. Cc k thut truy nhp CSMA/CD cng c
th gy thm tr v xc sut tranh chp ti nguyn trong trng hp giao din tin gn ti
trng thi tc nghn.
Mt s gii php ci thin thi gian tr gm c:


Tng dung lng lin kt, bng thng s khin hng i ngn li v cc gi
khng phi i trc khi truyn dn. Tng bng thng cng ng ngha lm
gim tr ni tip nhng mt khc, gii php ny cng lm tng gi thnh h
thng khi phi nng cp.

Mt tip cn hiu qu hn khi s dng cc hng i hp l. Cc hng i u

tin l mt trong nhng thnh phn ch yu trong tip cn ny. Cc phn tch
chi tit s c trnh by trong mc 2.3 di y.

Phng php nn ti tin v nn tiu gi tin l mt tip cn c cc u v

nhc im tri ngc nhau cng tn ti. Vic nn thng tin lm kch thc
gi nh i ng ngha vi thi gian tr thp i, ng thi cc k thut nn s
lm gia tng tr v chnh k thut nn cn phi c thi gian thc hin.

(iii) Tn tht gi
Thng thng, tn tht gi xy ra khi cc b nh tuyn trn khng gian m.
Hnh v 2.6 di y ch ra trong trng hp hng i u ra y v cc gi tin mi n
b loi b.

Hnh 2.6: Tn tht gi v hin tng trn b m u ra

25

Cc b nh tuyn IP thng thng loi b gi v mt s l do nh: Loi b gi ti

hng i u vo v b x l tc nghn v khng th x l gi (hng i u vo y),
cc gi b loi b ti u ra v b m u ra y, b nh tuyn qu ti khng th ch
nh c khng gian m ri cho cc gi u vo v mt s hin tng li khung truyn
dn.
Ngoi vic tng dung lng lin kt, mt s tip cn sau c s dng gim tn
tht gi:


m bo bng thng v tng khng gian m tng thch vi cc ng dng c

bng n lu lng cao. Mt vi k thut hng i thng s dng trong thc
t: Hng i u tin, hng i theo yu cu, hng i cn bng trng s v hng
i phn lp.

Chng tc nghn bng phng php loi b gi sm trc khi c hin tng tc
nghn xy ra qua cc k thut loi b gi sm.

Chia ct lu lng v tr lu lng thay v loi b gi, gii php ny thng c

s dng cng vi cc hng i phn lp v c th t u tin.

Chnh sch lu lng c th gii hn tc ca cc gi tin t quan trng hn

cung cp cht lng dch v tt nht cho cc gi tin c yu cu cao (Tc truy
nhp cam kt v chnh sch phn lp).

2.2 CC YU CU CHC NNG CHUNG CA IP QOS

Nh chng 1 trnh by, cung cp cht lng dch v QoS qua mng IP, mng
phi thc hin hai nhim v c bn:


(1) Phn bit cc lung lu lng hoc cc kiu dch v ngi s dng a
cc ng dng vo cc lp hoc lung lu lng phn bit vi cc ng dng
khc;

(2) Phn bit cc lp lu lng bng cc ngun ti nguyn v ng x dch v

khc nhau trong mt mng.

Nhim v (1) thng c thc hin ti giao din ngi s dng v mng UNI (User
Network Interface). Kh nng thc hin nhim v (2) ca mng l s khc bit c bn
ca cc cng ngh mng, n th hin cc c im u vit v nhc im ca cc gii
php cng ngh khc nhau.
Hnh 2.7 di y ch ra cc yu cu chc nng c thc hin trong b nh tuyn
IP. B nh tuyn IP trn hnh v th hin di gc cc khi chc nng sp xp theo
hng i ca lung d liu t u vo b nh tuyn ti u ra b nh tuyn. Cc gi tin
IP i vo t cc cng u vo ca b nh tuyn ti cc khi chc nng nh du gi v
phn loi gi, hai khi chc nng ny ca b nh tuyn thc hin nhim v (1). Cc khi
chc nng: Chnh sch lu lng, qun l hng i tch cc, lp lch gi v chia ct lu
lng l cc khi chc nng thc hin nhim v (2).

26

Hnh 2.7: Cc yu cu chc nng c bn ca mt b nh tuyn IP

(i) nh du gi tin IP
nh du gi tin IP l chc nng u tin m cc b nh tuyn IP p dng vo cc
lung lu lng ngi s dng. Chc nng nh du gi t cc bit nh phn vo cc
trng chc nng c bit ca ca tiu gi tin IP phn bit kiu ca gi tin IP vi
cc gi tin IP khc. Mt gi c th phn bit bi a ch ngun, a ch ch hoc t hp
c hai, hoc gi tr DSCP ca trng chc nng IP precedence, k thut nh du DSCP
s c trnh by trong mc sau. Cc gi tin IP n mt cng u vo c th c nh
du hoc khng. Nu gi tin c nh du, n c th c nh du li nu cc gi
tr c nh du ch ra cc c im vi phm chnh sch ca b nh tuyn ang thc
hin chuyn gi. Nu mt gi chuyn qua nhiu vng dch v phn bit, cc gi tin s
c nh du theo cch ph hp vi cc tho thun mc dch v SLA gia cc vng.
Cc gi tin cha c nh du s c nh du nhn cc gi tr ph hp vi chnh
sch ca b nh tuyn.
(ii) Phn loi gi tin IP
Phn loi gi s dng nhm cc gi tin IP theo lut phn lp dch v. im khi
to phn lp lu lng c th t ti thit b u cui. Trong mng, cc gi tin IP c
la chn da trn cc trng chc nng ca tiu IP s dng cho nh du gi tin IP.
Hai phng php phn loi gi tin l:
 Phn loi a trng MF (Multi-Field)
 Phn loi kt hp hnh vi BA (Behavior Aggregate)
Phng php phn loi a trng chc nng c ch ra trn hnh 2.8 di y.
Cc gi c phn loi da trn t hp cc gi tr ca mt hoc nhiu trng chc nng
trong tiu u IP. Thm vo l cc tham s khc nh nhn dng giao din cng vo
cng c th s dng cho mc ch phn loi.

27

Hnh 2.8: Phng php phn loi gi a trng chc nng

Phng php phn loi kt hp hnh vi BA thc hin phn loi cc gi da trn
trng chc nng cha gi tr im m dch v phn bit DSCP. Chi tit k thut phn
loi ny s c trnh by trong m hnh phn bit dch v DiffServ trong chng 3.
Hnh v 2.9 di y m t n gin ca phng php phn loi gi theo hnh vi kt
hp.

Hnh 2.9: Phng php phn loi gi theo hnh vi kt hp BA

28

(iii) Chnh sch lu lng

Chnh sch lu lng c s dng kim tra cc lung lu lng gi tin IP n
trn cc cng u vo ca b nh tuyn c ph hp vi cc tc lu lng c
tho thun v xc nh hay khng. Chnh sch lu lng gm b o lu lng xc
nh lu lng u vo v u ra, trn c s p dng chnh sch iu khin tc lu
lng ph hp vi u ra bi b nh du gi. Cc gi tin c th nh du li hoc b loi
b nu khng ph hp vi lu lng u ra. Thng thng chnh sch lu lng kim tra
tc lu lng u vo theo mt vi tham s lu lng nh: Tc thng tin cam kt
CIR (Committed Information Rate); tc thng tin nh PIR (Peak Information Rate);
hoc mt s tham s ph: Kch thc bng n nh PBS ( Peak Burst Size), kch thc
bng n cam kt CBS (Committed Burst Size) v kch thc bng n vt ngng EBS
(Excess Burst Size). [5]
(iv) Qun l hng i tch cc
Nh cp trn y, hng i ch yu trong cc b nh tuyn IP truyn thng l
phng php loi b ui lu lng. y l kiu hng i th ng, cc gi tin t ng
b loi b khi hng i y. u im c bn nht ca phng php ny l x l n gin,
tuy nhin phng php ny c th gy ra cc hin tng xu nh hng ti ng b.
Hnh 2.10 di y ch ra m hnh ca hng i th ng.

Hnh 2.10: Nguyn l qun l hng i th ng

K thut qun l hng i tch cc AQM (Active Queue Management) l mt k thut
iu khin chng tc nghn, tng chnh ca AQM l d on trc kh nng tc
nghn v a ra mt s hot ng iu khin chng li hoc gim thiu kh nng tc
nghn. C 3 k thut c bn l: K thut loi b gi sm ngu nhin RED (Random
Early Discarding); K thut loi b gi sm ngu nhin theo trng s WRED (Weighted
Random Early Discarding); Thng bo tc nghn hin ECN (Explicit Congestion
Notification). K thut RED v WRED lin quan ti cc hot ng ca cc gi loi b
trong hng i v khng lin quan trc tip ti thit b u cui. ECN a ra tip cn
khc lin quan trc tip ti cc thnh vin ca ngi s dng u cui.
(v) Lp lch cho gi tin
Lp lch cho cc gi tin IP th hin cch thc thit lp th t cho cc gi i ra khi cc
hng i, da trn cc c tnh ca cc cng u ra, cc gi tin s c phn b v
chuyn ti u ra theo lut. Thng thng, k thut lp lch khng cn phi tiu chun

29

ho v ph thuc vo nh cung cp thit b. K thut lp lch l mu cht trung tm ca

cht lng dch v v l thc o cng ngh gia cc nh cung cp khc nhau. Hnh 2.11
di y ch ra s nguyn l ca mt dng lp lch, n khng i din cho k thut
trong thc tin.

Hnh 2.11: S nguyn l ca lp lch gi tin IP

Nh ch ra trn hnh v 2.11 lp lch gi c ng dng trn tng cng u ra. Cc gi
n ti cc cng vo (1-n) c nh tuyn ti cc cng u ra (1-m) theo ch v c
xc nh bi bng nh tuyn trong b nh tuyn. Ti mi cng u ra, cc gi c
phn loi v xp hng. Lp lch c p dng cho cc hng i ny kt cui ti mt cng
u ra thc t. Mt s kiu hng i lp lch thng s dng gm: Hng i vo trc ra
trc FIFO (First In First Out); Hng i u tin PQ (Priority Queueing); Hng i cn
bng FQ (Fair Queuing); hng i quay vng trng s WRR (Weighted Round Robin);
Hng i cn bng trng s WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing) v hng i da theo lp cn
bng trng s (Class based WFQ).
(vi) Chia ct lu lng
Chia ct lu lng l thay i tc lung lu lng n nhm iu ho lu lng
vi u ra. Nu lu lng u vo c bng n cao, lung lu lng cn phi m
u ra bt bng n v mm hn. Theo tng nh vy, cc hnh vi lu lng c iu
chnh theo cc dng lu lng xc nh trc, v d theo cc tho thun mc dch v
SLA. Vic iu chnh tc lu lng ging nh mt qu trnh dng v i, thi gian tr
ti b m s lm cc gi ti u ra c iu chnh theo yu cu. C hai dng chia ct
lu lng thng s dng l: chia ct lu lng thun v chia ct lu lng go r. Cc
k thut ny s c trnh by trong mc 2.3 di y.
2.3 CC K THUT M BO CHT LNG DCH V IP
Mc 2.2 trn y ch ra cc khi chc nng c bn ca mt b nh tuyn IP c
nhn di kha cnh cht lng dch v, cc k thut c bn s c trnh by di y
ch ra cc gii php m bo QoS thng c p dng.
2.3.1 K thut o lu lng v mu ho lu lng
thc hin hn ch lu lng, b nh tuyn s dng k thut o lu lng nhm
xc nh tc lu lng u vo c ph hp vi tc thc t hay khng. Cc khi o

30

lu lng thng s dng m hnh ton gi l go r token xc nh v hn ch tc

lu lng. M hnh go r token gm hai thnh phn: Token mang ngha v s cho
php mt s lng bit c a vo mng; Go r l ni lu tr cc token, su ca
go th hin cc kch thc ca gi. C hai dng o lu lng v mu ho lu lng:
nh du 3 mu tc n srTCM (single rate Three Color marker) v nh du 3 mu
hai tc trTCM (two rate Three Color marker).
(i) nh du 3 mu tc n
K thut nh du 3 mu tc n c nh ngha trong RFC 2696 [6], nh tn ca
n ng , srTCM c s dng t chnh sch cho mt lung n tc v cng
CIR. N o tc lu lng v da trn kt qu o nh du cc gi theo 3 mu hoc
cc cp . Ba mu l xanh, vng v th hin cp tng thch lu lng theo th t
gim dn.
srTCM c hai ch iu hnh: Ch m mu v ch r mu. Ch m mu
gi thit cc gi tin n cha c nh du mu, trong khi ch r mu gi thit cc
gi tin IP n c nh du mu t thc th pha trc.
Mc tiu ca srTCM l m bo tc lu lng trung bnh di hn ca ngi s
dng trong tc thng tin cam kt CIR. Khong thi gian di hn khng tng thch
vi khong thi gian p dng chnh sch v mc tiu ca chnh sch l xc nh cc lung
lu lng vi phm cc tc tho thun trc v nh du cc gi tin chuyn chng
i. Do cc gi s chuyn i ngay m khng lu ti b nh tuyn mt thi gian di
ch CIR c xc nh da trn thi gian di hn. V vy, p dng chnh sch phi da
trn mt khong thi gian ngn, s dng hai tham s ph l CBS v EBS thay cho CIR.
Hnh 2.12 di y ch ra khong thi gian CBS trong CIR ca tc lu lng u
vo n.

Hnh 2.12: Khong thi gian CIR v CBS

nh du 3 mu tc n srTCM gm hai kiu go token, go token C v go token
E nh ch ra trn hnh 2.13(a). su ca go C l kch thc bng n cam kt CBS, go
C c khi to y vi s lng token Tc=CBS. su ca go E l kch thc bng
n qu hn EBS. Go E cng c khi to y vi s lng Te=EBS. C hai b m
token Tc v Te c cp nht ti tc CIR, v d ti cc thi im 1/CIR giy.

31

Hnh 2.13: Go C, go E v ch m mu srTCM

Thut ton cp nht ca hai go nh sau:


Ti khong thi gian cp nht, nu go C khng y (Tc<CBS) th Tc s tng

ln 1 (Tc:=Tc+1).

Nu go C y m go E khng y (Tc= CBS v Te<EBS) th Tc khng thay

i v Te tng ln 1 (Te:=Te+1).

Nu c hai go y th khng c go no thay i trng thi.

Hnh 2.13(b) ch ra phng php hot ng ca ch m mu srTCM. mt gi

khng nh du c kch thc B byte n ti thi im t.
 u tin, b m so snh kch thc B vi token hin thi ca go C (Tc), Nu
go C ch (B Tc) th gi c nh du mu xanh, Tc s gim i mt
lng B (Tc:=Tc-B).
 Nu khng ch trong C (B> Tc) b m kim tra go th 2 (go E), nu go
E cn ch (BTe) gi s c nh du mu vng v Te:=Te-B. Khi go
C khng s dng nn Tc khng thay i trng thi.
 Cui cng, nu go E cng khng ch (B>Te), gi s c nh du mu
v c Tc v Te khng thay i trng thi.
Hnh 2.14 th hin ch hot ng r mu ca srTCM, n tng t nh trong
ch m mu. Cc gi mu xanh kch thc B bytes n ti thi im t.
 Vn gi mu xanh nu Tc B v Tc:=Tc-B.
 c nh du mu vng nu TcBTe v Te:=Te-B.
 nh du mu nu Te<B v khng c s thay i ca Te v Tc.

32

Hnh 2.14: Ch hot ng r mu srTCM

Cc gi mu vng c th gi nguyn mu vng hoc chuyn sang mu v khng
th chuyn sang mu xanh. Cc gi mu lun gi mu v khng bao gi c
chuyn ln cp cao hn ( mu xanh hoc mu vng).
(ii) nh du 3 mu hai tc
B nh du 3 mu hai tc c nh ngha bi RFC 2698 [6]. trTCM c s
dng cho c tc thng tin nh PIR v tc thng tin cam kt CIR. Ging nh
srTCM, trTCM c hai ch hot ng : Ch m mu v ch r mu. nh du 3
mu hai tc c cu hnh bi cc ch hot ng v cc tham s PIR, CIR, PBS v
CBS.
B nh du 3 mu hai tc trTCM hot ng vi hai go r: Go r token C v go
r token P. Go r C c s dng iu khin CIR v go d P iu khin PIR. Go r
C trong trTCM tng t nh trong srTCM, go r P c su cn bng vi kch thc
bng n nh PBS v c cp nht ti tc PIR (v d ti cc thi im 1/PIR giy
nh trn hnh 2.15(a)).

33

Hnh 2.15: Go r C, P v ch hot ng m mu trTCM

Ch hot ng m mu c m t trn hnh 2.15 (b). Gi thit cc gi khng mu
c kch thc B n ti thi im t. Gi tin kch thc B s so snh vi token trong go
r P.
 Nu go P khng ch (B> Tp), gi tin s c nh du mu bt k C c
hay khng.
 Nu go P ch (TpB), gi kch thc B c so snh vi b m token trong
go C, Tc.
Nu (Tc B), gi c nh du mu xanh v Tp:=Tp-B v Tc:=Tc-B.
Nu (Tc<B) gi c nh du mu vng v Tp:=Tp-B.
Ch hot ng r mu ch ra trn hnh 2.16. Ging nh ch hot ng ca srTCM,
cc gi n khng th ci thin cp tt hn (lun lun bng hoc nh hn cp a
ti). Gi thit cc gi c nh du mu ti:
 Nu gi c nh du mu , gi s c nh du li mu v cc go
r c b qua.
 Nu gi c nh du mu vng, n c nh du mu khi B Tp v
Tp:=Tp-B; c nh du mu vng nu Tp>B.
 Nu gi c nh du mu xanh, n c chuyn sang mu:
, nu Tp<B;
Vng, nu Tc<B Tb v Tp:=Tp-B;
Xanh, nu Tc B, Tp B v Tc:=Tc-B, Tp:=Tb-B.

34

Hnh 2.16: Ch hot ng r mu trTCM

2.3.2 K thut qun l hng i tch cc
Trong k thut qun l hng i tch cc gm c 3 kiu c bn: RED, WRED v ECN
nh trnh by trn mc 2.2. Di y, chng ta s xem xt chi tit cc kiu hng i
ny.
(i) K thut loi b gi ngu nhin sm RED.
RED pht hin trn tp tc nghn v loi b gi ngu nhin t b m. Hnh 2.16 th
hin s nguyn l hot ng ca k thut loi b gi ngu nhin sm. Nh ch ra trn
hnh, RED cha mt thut ton d on tc nghn v h s loi b gi nh l cc thnh
phn trung tm.

Hnh 2.17: S nguyn l hot ng ca RED

Chc nng ca module d on tc nghn l nh gi hnh vi lu lng trong b m
theo thi gian v pht hin kh nng tc nghn.

35

Tip cn n gin nht l da vo chiu di hng i (N) v xc nh trng thi tc

nghn da trn c s hng i y (so snh vi kch thc b m (B)).
Mt phng php khc s dng d on tc nghn da trn thut ton tnh ton
thi gian trung bnh ca hng i, u ra ca module d on tc nghn l chiu di hng
i trung bnh trng s (nN). Mc d n phn nh di hng i hin thi, nhng (nN)
khng phi l chiu di hng i thc t m l php o cho hin tng tc nghn. Gi
l phn trm (%) in y b m c tnh theo cng thc sau:
n
= N
(2.3)
B
Trong : B l kch thc b m
H s loi b gi l mt phng php tham chiu gia % b m y v xc sut loi
b gi, khi t mt gi tr no th RED c kch hot, khi t gi tr ln nht
(<100%) th xc sut loi b gi =1. C ch loi b gi chuyn sang theo phng php
ct ui lu lng.
(ii) K thut loi b gi sm theo trng s WRED.
K thut loi b gi sm theo trng s WRED l k thut loi b gi sm RED vi
nhiu h s loi b gi. Thay v s dng mt h s loi b gi cho tt c cc hng i,
WRED s dng nhiu h s loi b gi cho mt hng i (V d, 3 h s loi b gi khc
nhau c th s dng cho 3 mu ca cc gi).
(iii) Thng bo tc nghn hin ECN
Phng php thng bo tc nghn hin ECN c ng dng cho cc lu lng TCP,
ECN c xut t 1999 trong RFC 2481 [6] nh l mt b sung trong kin trc IP.
Hn v 2.18 di y ch ra phng php ECN. Trong ECN tc nghn c thng tin ti
cc h thng kt cui bng cch nh du trong trng chc nng c bit ca tiu IP
v TCP vi cc ch th tc nghn thay v loi b gi. Mt thut ton tng t nh trong
k thut loi b gi sm c thc hin ch ra ngng v thi im thng bo tc
nghn.

36

Hnh 2.18: Hot ng thng bo tc nghn hin ECN

ECN yu cu nh du trn c hai tiu IP v TCP. ECN s dng hai bit d phng
trong tiu TCP v hai bit d phng trong tiu IP. Hai bit d phng cui cng trong
8 bit ca trng kiu dch v ToS trong tiu IPv4 v 8 bit trng phn lp lu lng
trong IPv6 s dng nh du ECN.
2.3.3 K thut lp lch cho gi tin
Mt s k thut lp lch c bn s dng trong b nh tuyn c trnh by trong mc
ny gm c: Hng i FIFO; Hng i u tin PQ; hng i cn bng FQ; hng i quay
vng trng s WRR; hng i cn bng trng s WFQ v hng i da theo lp cn bng
trng s CBQ.
(i) Hng i FIFO
Hng i vo trc ra trc FIFO l k thut hng i ngm nh, cc gi tin n
c a vo trong mt hng i n v c gi ra u ra theo ng th t. FIFO l
kiu hng i n gin nht khng cn s dng thut ton iu khin. FIFO i x vi tt
c cc gi theo cng mt cch, v vy n rt thch hp vi mng n lc ti a. Mt khc
FIFO khng th cung cp cc dch v phn bit v tt c cc lung lu lng u b suy
gim cht lng khi c tc nghn xy ra.
(ii) Hng i u tin PQ
Hng i FIFO t tt c cc gi tin vo trong mt hng i n bt k lp lu lng
no. Mt cch n gin to ra s phn bit lp lu lng l s dng hng i u tin
PQ. Trong PQ, N hng i c to ra nh trong hnh 2.19 vi cc mc u tin t 1 ti
N. Th t lp lch c xc nh bi th t u tin v khng ph thuc vo v tr ca gi
tin. Cc gi trong hng i th j c x l khi khng cn gi no trong hng i c th
t cao hn (Cc hng i t 1 ti (j-1)).

37

Hnh 2.19: Hng i u tin PQ

Ging nh FIFO, hng i u tin c u im l rt n gin: n cung cp phng
tin n gin nht phn bit lp lu lng. Nhc im ca hng i u tin l PQ
lun hng ti x l mc u tin cao, nn cc hng i c mc u tin thp c th khng
c c hi gi gi i.
(iii) Hng i cn bng FQ
Hng i cn bng cn c gi l hng i da trn lung lu lng, trong FQ cc
gi tin n c phn loi thnh N hng i. Mi mt hng i nhn 1/N bng thng u
ra. B lp lch kim tra cc hng i theo chu k v b qua cc hng i rng. Mi khi b
lp lch ti mt hng i, mt gi tin c truyn ra khi hng i.
Hng i cn bng rt n gin, n khng yu cu mt k thut ch nh bng thng
phc tp no. Nu mt hng i mi c thm vo N hng i c trc , b lp lch
t ng t li bng thng theo thc t bng 1/(N+1). n gin chnh l u im ca
hng i cn bng.

Hnh 2.20: Hng i cn bng FQ

Hng i cn bng c hai nhc im chnh. u tin, khi bng thng u ra c
chia thnh N hng i 1/N, nu cc lp lu lng u vo c yu cu bng thng khc
nhau, th FQ khng th phn b li c bng thng ca u ra p ng yu cu u
vo. Th hai, khi kch thc gi khng c quan tm trong FQ, kch thc cc gi s
nh hng n phn b bng thng thc t, thm ch b lp lch vn hot ng ng trn
c s cng bng, cc hng i c gi kch thc ln s chim nhiu bng thng hn cc
hng i khc.

38

(iv) Hng i quay vng theo trng s (WRR)

Hng i quay vng theo trng s WRR c a ra nhm gii quyt hai nhc im
ca hng i cn bng FQ. WRR chia bng thng cng u ra vi cc lp lu lng u
vo ph hp vi bng thng yu cu. Nguyn l hot ng ca WRR c ch ra trn
hnh 2.21. Cc lung lu lng u vo c nhm thnh m lp tng ng vi trng s
c xc nh bi bng thng yu cu. Tng cc trng s ca cc lp bng 100%.
m

W = 100%
i

i=1

(ct 2.4)
Trong : m l s lp lu lng, Wi l % trng s ca lp i.
Vi mi mt lp, cc lung lu lng ring c lp lch theo nguyn tc hng i
cn bng FQ. t s lng cc hng i FQ trong lp i l Ni, tng s hng i FQ trong
lc WRR c tnh theo cng thc 2.5 sau y :
m

(ct 2.5)

TotalFQ WRR = N i
i =1

Nh ch ra trn hnh 2.21, hng i quay vng theo trng s WRR gm hai lp lp lch
quay vng.
 B lp lch quay vng ch ti cc lp trong khong t lp 1 n lp m, y c
coi l lp lp lch th nht.
 Khi b lp lch dng li ti mt lp, b lp lch quay vng th hai s quay vng
trong cc hng i FQ.
Bng thng cng u ra tnh theo % c gn vo lp i, trng s ca lp i (Wi) th
hin lng thi gian tiu tn ca b lp lch cho lp i. V d, Wi=20% c ngha l b lp
lch s tiu tn 20% chu k thi gian quay vng cho lp i. Vi cc hng i FQ trong lp
i, thi gian cho cc hng i l cn bng, v vy lng thi gian cho mt hng i trong
Ni hng i l (1/Ni). Trng s cho mi mt hng i FQ c tnh nh sau:
Wij

Wi

(1/Ni)

(ct 2.6)
Trong : Wij l trng s ca hng i th j trong lp i; Wi l trng s lp i.

39

Hnh 2.21: Hng i quay vng theo trng s WRR

Theo cng thc 2.6 ta c th vit li thnh Wi = Wij x Ni hay:
Ni

Wi = Wij

(ct 2.7)

j =1

Trng s ca lp i s c tnh bng tng cc yu cu lu lng trong lp i. WRR s

dng Wi thay cho 1/m nh trong trng hp FQ, to ra m lp lu lng khc nhau ti cc
cng u ra. y chnh l ci thin ca WRR so vi FQ nhm trnh nhc im u ca
FQ.
(iv) Hng i cn bng trng s (WFQ) v Hng i cn bng trng s phn lp CBWFQ.
Mc d WRR ch ra c cch khc phc nhc im th nht ca hng i cn
bng FQm nhng WRR cha gii quyt c nh hng ca kch thc gi tin i vi
bng thng chia s. Tip cn hng i cn bng trng s WFQ cng nhm ci thin
nhc im th hai ca hng i FQ. Ging nh hng i FQ, lu lng u vo c
nhm m hng i. Tuy nhin, bng thng cng u ra c phn b ti m hng i theo
trng s c xc nh bi cc yu cu bng thng ca lp lu lng thay v chia u.
Hng i cn bng trng s phn lp CB-WFQ tng t nh hng i quay vng theo
trng s WRR, s khc bit c bn ca CB-WFQ so vi WRR l cch s dng c ch cn

40

bng theo trng s ti cc lp i thay v s dng c ch hng i cn bng. Tip cn ny

theo hng mm ho hn na i vi cc yu cu bng thng khng ng nht.

2.3.4 K thut chia ct lu lng

K thut chia ct lu lng gm hai kiu: Chia ct lu lng thun v chia ct lu
lng kiu go r.
(i) Chia ct lu lng thun
Hnh 2.22 di y ch ra nguyn l chia ct lu lng thun. Cc gi tin n c
a vo b m (go r) c su d, sau c gi ra lin kt u ra ti tc hng
s, tc hng s ny c gi l tc r r.

Hnh 2.22: Chia ct lu lng thun

Chia ct lu lng thun khng cho php bng n bng thng trn cc lin kt u ra.
Thng thng, tc r r lun nh hn tc lin kt C (r<C). Tuy nhin, vi chia ct
lu lng thun, tc r r c t ti tc ln nht ca tc u ra v khng cho
php bng n lu lng. Nu kch thc gi bng n qu su ca go r d th cc gi
s b loi b.
(ii) Chia ct lu lng kiu go r
Hnh 2.23 ch ra nguyn l chia ct lu lng go r, go r token c s dng trong
m hnh ny tng t nh go r C s dng trong srTCM v trTCM. Cc token c a
vo go r vi tc bng hng s, c gi l tc token r. Tc token tng t vi
tc thng tin cam kt CIR. su ca go r d th hin kch thc bng n cam kt
CBS. Nu go r y, khng mt token no c th c a vo go.
Mi mt token cho php b m lu lng u vo gi ra mt byte d liu. Khi khng
cn gi no trong b m gi ra, y ca go r ng li v khng mt token no c
ly ra. Khi vn c cc gi tin trong b m, cc token c rt ra theo tc lin kt u
ra (C) v cc gi c chuyn ti u ra. Nu go r x ht cc token, cc gi trong b
m phi i cho n khi cc token c a vo go r.

41

Hnh 2.23: Chia ct lu lng bng n kiu go r

Kt qu ca hot ng ny l cc gi c chuyn ti lin kt u ra ti tc lin kt
C. Kch thc bng n c gii hn bi su ca go d .Khi cc token c a vo
trong go r ti tc r, th tc trung bnh di hn ca cc gi ti u ra s l r. V
vy, k thut chia ct lu lng go r hot ng ging ht go r C trong srTCM v
trTCM, ngoi tr go r token c p dng ti u ra trong khi go r C c p dng
ti u vo.
Tm tt chng 2:
Chng 2 tp trung vo cc gii php k thut nhm m bo cht lng dch v IP.
T cc c im c bn ca cht lng dch v IP, cc yu cu QoS IP c th hin
qua m hnh b nh tuyn di kha cnh khi chc nng c bn. Cc gii php k thut
nh phn lp dch v, chnh sch loi b gi, lp lch v chia ct lu lng c trnh
by da trn m hnh chc nng b nh tuyn IP.

42

Chng 3
M HNH NG DNG M BO QOS IP
Chng ny s gii thiu hai m hnh ng dng m bo QoS IP: M hnh tch hp
dch v IntServ v m hnh phn bit dch v DiffServ. Cc k thut trnh by trong
chng 3 s c tho lun chi tit hn trong tng m hnh.

3.1

M HNH TCH HP DCH V INTSERV

3.1.1 Cc yu cu chc nng chung ca IntServ.

M hnh dch v tch hp IntServ xut hai lp dch v b sung cho cc dch v
IP truyn thng gm:


Dch v bo m GS cho ng dng yu cu gii hn tr v bng thng.

Dch v iu khin ti CL cho ng dng yu cu tn tht gi thp.

tng ban u ca cc dch v tch hp l h tr vic dnh trc ti nguyn cho

cc lung lu lng. Tri ngc vi kin trc chuyn pht datagram (cc gi s i qua
cc tuyn khc nhau ti mi thi im chng c gi), dch v tch hp cho php dnh
ton b mt tuyn cho lung d liu. iu c thc hin bi vic thit lp mt tuyn
dnh trc ti nguyn trc khi gi d liu. Thc cht ca m hnh ny l cc b nh
tuyn v thit b mng phi dnh trc ngun ti nguyn ca n cung cp cc mc
cht lng dch v c th cho cc gi mang lu lng ngi dng. iu ny yu cu cc
b nh tuyn phi c kh nng iu khin cc lung lu lng.

Hnh 3.1: M hnh tch hp dch v Intserv

43

C hai lp dch v m bo v dch v iu khin ti phi c ci t cc ng dn

v d tr cc ti nguyn trc khi truyn d liu ca h. S iu khin nh tuyn s
quyt nh cho vic c cp ngun cho yu cu hay khng. Khi b nh tuyn nhn c
gi, b phn lp s thc hin s phn lp a trng v a gi vo hng i c bit da
trn kt qu ca s phn lp. Cu hnh gi sau s ln lch trnh cho gi t c
yu cu cht lng dch v ca n.
ng dng s m t lu lng v ti nguyn no m n s cn. Sau , mng s s
dng giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn (RSVP) dnh trc bng thng xc nh trong
mi b nh tuyn dc theo ng i. Mi b nh tuyn s kim tra xem n c m
bo ti nguyn c yu cu v duy tr tuyn khi c yu cu bi yu cu dnh trc ti
nguyn. Khi tt c cc bc nhy c thit lp, thit b gi c th gi d liu.
M hnh tch hp dch v IntServ m t cc ng dng QoS trong mng IP theo phng
php nhn dng lung lu lng vi 5 tham s c bn sau:


Nhn dng giao thc

a ch IP ch

a ch cng ch

a ch IP ngun

a ch cng ngun

d tr ti nguyn cho mt lung lu lng, ng dng ngun cn phi cung cp cc

c tnh lung. c tnh lung gm cc c tnh lu lng v cc yu cu cht lng dch
v cho lung .


c tnh lu lng bao gm tc nh, tc trung bnh, kch thc bng n v

cc tham s ca go r.

Cc yu cu dch v gm bng thng ti thiu v cc yu cu hiu nng nh tr,

bin ng tr v t l tn tht gi.

Cc dch v tch hp c th c chia thnh hai mt bng: mt bng iu khin v

mt bng d liu.
 Mt bng iu khin thit lp vic dnh trc ti nguyn.
 Mt bng d liu thc hin truyn d liu.
yu cu mt dnh trc ti nguyn IntServ, trc tin ng dng phi c tnh ho
c lung lu lng ca n v tp hp li trong ch tiu lung lu lng. Sau , yu
cu thit lp d tr ti nguyn c th c gi n mng. Nu c th cam kt vic d
phng, lung c a vo bng d phng ti nguyn. Khi gi tin n, khi lng
nhn dng lung s nhn dng gi tin thuc v lung t trc v t chng vo trong
hng i ph hp nhn c dch v yu cu.

44

Vic la chn ng dn ph hp cho chng k tip ti mt nt l mt nhim v kh

khn do cc hn ch trong vic nh tuyn IP truyn thng. ng dn cn c la chn
c th p ng c yu cu nh ra. Tuy nhin, nh tuyn IP thng s dng cc s
o nh tr, bc nhy hay mt s loi thng s khc tnh ton ng i ngn nht. Do
vy, ng dn ngn nht c th khng c c kh nng truyn ti, mc d ng dn
khc di hn li c c kh nng . Vn nh tuyn c th tr nn phc tp hn bi
mt s ng dng c yu cu nhiu tham s QoS (v d, c bng thng v cc yu cu v
tn tht gi tin). Tm kim ng dn ph hp trong nhiu iu kin rng buc rt phc
tp. Chnh v l do , m hnh m bo QoS cho IP u tin ny khng yu cu gn cc
c ch nh tuyn m bo QoS trong kin trc InterServ. Kin trc ny gi s rng khi
chc nng nh tuyn ca b nh tuyn s thc hin nh tuyn tng bc (hop by hop).
Ti nguyn dnh trc trong InterServ cn phi qua tt c cc nt trn ng dn
v thit lp cc d phng yu cu. N cng phi truyn ti thng tin trong cc phc tho
lu lng v cc yu cu ti nguyn, do vy mi nt cn quyt nh liu n c chp nhn
vic dnh trc hay khng, nhn dng lung nh th no v lp lch cho gi tin.
iu khin chp nhn
X l hai nhim v c bn l: Chp nhn hay t chi cc yu cu dnh trc v gim
st vic s dng ti nguyn. Vic dnh trc ti nguyn cho mt yu cu mi khng th
c chp nhn nu nt khng c sn ti nguyn yu cu. C hai hng tip cn quyt
nh ti nguyn no l sn sng: Da trn o c v da theo tham s.


Trong hng tip cn theo tham s, iu khin chp nhn s tnh ton cc
ti nguyn kh dng da trn cc ch tiu k thut ca yu cu dnh trc
ti nguyn hin ti.

Trong hng tip cn da theo o c, iu khin chp nhn o lu lng

thc s trong mng v s dng cc phng php thng k quyt nh
xem liu ti nguyn no l kh dng. Hng tip cn ny c u im l ti
u ho vic s dng mng, mc d n khng th m bo cht ch cc cam
kt ti nguyn.

Nhn dng lung

RSVP S dng 5 trng trong tiu gi tin IP nhn dng cc gi tin thuc v cc
lung dnh trc ti nguyn trong nt. Cc trng ny bao gm: a ch IP ngun, a ch
IP ch, nhn din giao thc, cng ngun v cng ch.
Lp lch gi tin
L bc cui cng trong vic dnh trc ti nguyn. B lp lch gi tin thc hin vic

45

cp php ti nguyn. N quyt nh gi tin no gi k tip khi tuyn kt ni i l sn

sng. Do n tc ng n tr m gi tin phi chu trong b nh tuyn v b nh
tuyn khng trc tip loi b gi tin.

46

3.1.2 Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP

(i) Gii thiu chung
Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP l mt giao thc thit lp ti nguyn d phng
QoS IP, RSVP h tr c IPv4 v IPv6 cng nh ng dng cho c hai phng thc chuyn
pht tin n hng v a hng (Unicast v multicast).
Trong giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP, cc ngun ti nguyn c dnh trc
theo cc hng c lp. My ch ngun v my ch ch trao i cc bn tin RSVP
thit lp cc trng thi chuyn tip v phn loi gi ti mi nt.
RSVP khng phi l giao thc nh tuyn m l giao thc bo hiu, cc bn tin RSVP
c chuyn i trn cng ng dn vi cc gi tin s c chuyn v c xc nh bi
bng nh tuyn trong b nh tuyn IP.Cc my ch s dng giao thc RSVP yu cu
QoS ca mng cho cc lung lu lng thc t. Cc b nh tuyn s dng RSVP to
ra cc yu cu QoS cho ton b cc b nh tuyn dc theo tuyn ng gi tin chuyn
qua mng. Giao thc RSVP cng s dng duy tr v lm ti trng thi cho lung ng
dng yu cu QoS.
Mt s c tnh c bn ca giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP c lit k di
y:


RSVP l giao thc bo hiu dnh trc ti nguyn trong ng dn t

ngun ti ch.

RSVP bo hiu ti tt c cc thit b mng v yu cu QoS ca ng dng.

RSVP yu cu cc ng dng khi to yu cu.

RSVP hot ng lin iu hnh vi cc k thut QoS khc ci thin m

bo cho cc ti nguyn dnh trc.

Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP thng c s dng cho cc ng dng yu
cu m bo cc tham s bng thng v tr. Cc ng dng mng hin nay s dng
RSVP nh l giao thc bo hiu gm cc ng dng cho VoIP v k thut lu lng
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching).
RSVP c pht trin chng li tc nghn mng bng cch cho php cc b
nh tuyn c quyt nh mc cao. Ti mc ny cc b nh tuyn c th p ng
cc yu cu ca mt lung ng dng v d tr ti nguyn mong mun ngay c khi mt
bng chuyn tip gi khng x l c. M hnh bo hiu RSVP c da trn x l c
bit kiu a phng, mang bn tin bo hiu ti cc nt dc tuyn ng qua mng theo
lung thc t, qun l trng thi mm, trao i bn tin, d phng ti nguyn v tch bo
hiu QoS khi chc nng nh tuyn.
(ii) Hot ng ca RSVP

47

Mt phin lm vic ca giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP thng s dng 3 tham
s sau:


a ch ch

Nhn dng giao thc

a ch cng ch

Hnh 3.2 di y ch ra nguyn l hot ng ca RSVP. My ch ngun gi bn tin

Path ti ch cho mt lung d liu hay cn gi l mt phin truyn thng. Bn tin Path
cha cc c tnh cho lung d liu s c gi, bn tin Path i qua cc b nh tuyn
trn ng dn ti ch. Cc b nh tuyn trn tuyn ng k nhn dng lung v cc
c tnh lung vo c s d liu. Bn tin Resv c pht ngc t my ch nhn v my
ch gi nhm xc nhn v chnh sa cc thng tin yu cu c gi i trong bn tin
Path, y l cc thng tin v d phng ti nguyn cho ng dn m gi tin s c
chuyn qua.

Hnh 3.2: Nguyn l hot ng ca RSVP

RSVP gi trng thi mm cc ti nguyn trong cc b nh tuyn. Trng thi mm ny
c cung cp ng theo cc thng tin t cc thnh vin trong phin lm vic, tng
thch vi s thay i nh tuyn v cc yu cu thay i ti nguyn ca cc lung lu
lng trong phin. Thi gian lm ti nh k thng thng l 30s.
(iii) Cc kiu dnh trc ti nguyn ca RSVP
Trong RFC 2205 [6] nh ngha 3 kiu d phng ti nguyn (minh ho trn hnh
3.3). Hai kiu iu khin my gi c nh ngha:


Kiu la chn hin

Kiu la chn wildcard.

Kiu la chn tuyn hin lit k ton b cc my gi, trong khi kiu wildcard ch
lit k ton b my ch trong phin.

48

Hnh 3.3: Cc kiu dnh trc ti nguyn

iu khin chia s lu lng thc hin iu khin cc ng x ti nguyn dnh trc
cho cc my gi khc nhau trong cng mt phin. Hai kiu iu khin chia s lu lng
c nh ngha l:


Kiu dnh trc ti nguyn ring bit.

Kiu dnh trc ti nguyn chia s.

Trong kiu dnh trc ti nguyn ring bit, ti nguyn dnh c to ra cho tng
my gi. Trong kiu dnh trc ti nguyn chia s, mt ti nguyn chung c chia s
bi cc my gi trong phin.
Nh ch ra trn hnh 3.3 c 4 kh nng c t hp t cc cch thc iu khin chia s
ti nguyn v la chn my gi. Tuy nhin, mt kiu khng c nh ngha v ta cn 3
kiu dnh trc ti nguyn l: Kiu b lc c nh FF (Fixed Filter), Kiu chia s hin SE
(Shared Explicit) v kiu b lc Wildcard WF (Wildcard - Filter).
(iv) Cc dng bn tin ca RSVP
Khun dng bn tin RSVP c cu trc gm mt tiu chung v cc trng chc
nng th hin cc i tng nh ch ra trn hnh 3.4 (a). Mi mt i tng c cu trc
bi tiu i tng v ni dung i tng.
Khun dng tiu chung c ch ra trn hnh 3.4 (b) c tng di l 8 bytes. N
gm 4 bit cho s hiu phin bn RSVP, 4 bit c, 8 bit s dng cho kiu bn tin RSVP; 16
bit tng kim tra, 8 bit s dng cho thi gian sng TTL ca gi tin IP, 8 bit d phng v
trng hin th di bn tin gm 16 bit.

49

Hnh 3.4: Khun dng bn tin RSVP v tiu chung RSVP

Nu trng tng kim tra di cha ton b gi tr 0, iu th hin khng cn
kim tra cc d liu truyn i. di bn tin RSVP bao gm c tiu v cc i tng
trong bn tin. RSVP nh ngha cc kiu bn tin sp xp theo th t kiu bn tin:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Path - S dng yu cu ti nguyn dnh trc.

Resv - Gi p ng bn tin ng thit lp v duy tr d tr ti nguyn.
PathTear - S dng xo d tr ti nguyn khi mng theo hng i.
ResvTear - S dng xo b ti nguyn khi mng theo hng v.
PathErr Thng bo li bn tin Path.
ResvErr - Thng bo li bn tin Resv .
ResvConf L mt bn tin tu chn, gi ngc li ti pha gi ca bn tin Resv
xc nhn rng ti nguyn d tr xc nh thc s c ci t.
8. ResvTearConf - S dng xc nhn d tr ti nguyn xc nh b xo khi
mng.

Khun dng i tng RSVP c ch ra trn hnh 3.5 di y gm 32 bit tiu i

tng v cc ni dung i tng c di thay . Mt i tng di c 32 bit nh
ngha di ti a cho php ca i tng RSVP l 65,528 byte. Cc i tng RSVP
c t chc thnh lp i tng v kiu i tng.

Hnh 3.5: Khun dng bn tin i tng RSVP

Trng chc nng Class Num nh ngha lp i tng v trng chc nng C
Type nh ngha i tng trong lp. Cc trng chc nng ny t chc thnh mt cp
m t cc i tng trong RSVP. Cc lp i tng sau c nh ngha trong RFC
2205.


NULL - M t trng thi ca phin.

SESSION M t phin.

RSVP_HOP - Th hin cc bc nhy ca bn tin RSVP.

TIME_VALUE M t gi tr thi gian chuyn tin.

STYLE M t kiu bn tin.

50

FLOWSPEC M t c tnh lung.

FILTER_SPEC M t c tnh b lc.

SENDER_TEMPLATE - M t khun dng gi ca i tng gi.

i tng FLOWSPEC cha cc tham s iu khin lu lng gm: tc go r

token; kch thc go r token, tc nh , v..v.
i tng kiu bn tin (STYLE) c t trong Class num=8, lp ny ch c mt
i tng vi C type -1. i tng kiu nh ngha cc kiu dnh trc ti nguyn.

Hnh 3.6: Khun dng i tng kiu

XX bit

iu khin chia s

00

D phng

01

Ti nguyn phn bit

10

Ti nguyn chia s

11

D phng
Bng 3.1: Cc bit s dng cho iu khin chia s

YYY bit

iu khin la chn my gi

000

D phng

001

La chn Wildcard

010

La chn hin

011-111

D phng

Bng 3.2: Cc bit s dng cho iu khin la chn my gi

Hnh 3.6 trn y ch ra khun dng ca i tng kiu. kiu dnh trc ti nguyn
c nh ngha bi 5 bit cui cng. Trong , 2 bit u nh ngha kiu iu khin chia
s ti nguyn v 3 bit iu khin la chn my gi. ngha ca cc bit c th hin
trong bng 3.1 v bng 3.2.

51

Hnh 3.7: Cu trc bn tin Path v Resv trong RSVP

Bn tin Path m t thng tin phin truyn thng qua a ch IP ngun v a ch IP
ch, cng vi mt s c tnh ca ng i c phn nh trong cc i tng
RSVP_HOP v TIME_VALUE. Khun dng ca gi tin s c chuyn i tng thch
vi cc kiu lc c m t trong i tng SENDER_TEMPLATE, cc c tnh lung
ca cc ng dng t my gi c m t trong i tng SENDER_TSPEC. Cu trc
bn tin Path c trnh by trn hnh 3.7 (a).
Trn hnh 3.7 (b) m t cu trc chung ca bn tin Resv, cc i tng ca bn tin
Resv nhm xc nhn v sa i mt s yu cu ca bn tin Path cho ph hp vi hin
trng thc t ca mng.

3.2 M HNH PHN BIT DCH V DIFFSERV

3.2.1 Tng quan v kin trc DiffServ.
Kin trc m hnh phn bit dch v DiffServ c coi l bc pht trin tip theo
ca m hnh tch hp dch v IntServ. Mt vn ln nht cn tn ti ca IntServ l cc
ngun ti nguyn cn phi c duy tr trng thi thng tin theo tng lung. Vi cc
mng c s lng dch v v s lng thit b mng ln, vn ny tr nn kh kh thi
i vi cc b nh tuyn li cn phi x l lu lng rt ln trong mng. Tip cn ca
m hnh phn bit dch v DiffServ l khng x l theo tng lung lu lng ring bit
m ghp chng vo mt s lng hn ch cc lp lu lng. Trong DiffServ, bng thng
v cc ti nguyn mng khc c ch nh trong cc lp lu lng. Mt khc, DiffServ
hng ti x l trong tng vng dch v phn bit DS (Differential Service) thay v x l
t u cui ti u cui nh trong m hnh tch hp dch v IntServ.
DiffServ ch cung cp quan h ng x phn bit ti cc lp lu lng, v vy DiffServ
khng cung cp mc QoS c th. m bo mt s mc cht lng dch v QoS c
th, DiffServ c h tr vi iu khin qun l ti bin vng DS nhm phi hp iu
khin cc lung lu lng vo mng. Cht lng dch v c cung cp bi m hnh

52

phn bit dch v DiffServ theo hng cung cp thay v theo hng dnh trc ti
nguyn.
Thut ng DiffServ m t tng th cch ng x ca lu lng ng dng trong mng
cung cp dch v, n nh ngha dch v m ngi s dng mong nhn c t pha nh
cung cp dch v. Dch v DiffServ c nh ngha trong cc tho thun mc dch v
SLA ca ngi s dng vi nh cung cp dch v DiffServ.
DiffServ nh ngha mt s tham s m ngi s dng hiu r cho ng dng ca h
trong SLA nh: Tho thun v iu kin lu lng TCA (Traffic Conditioning
Agreement), h s lu lng (cc tham s ca go r token), cc tham s hiu nng (
thng qua, tr, mc tn tht gi), cch thc x l cc gi tin khng ph hp vi tho
thun, lut nh du v chia ct lu lng.

Hnh 3.8: M hnh cc bc phn bit dch v DiffServ

Hnh 3.8 trn y ch ra cc bc c bn lin quan ti vn cung cp cc dch v
DiffServ. Cc gi tin n b nh tuyn c th c nh du hoc cha nh du, b
nh tuyn xc nh im m iu khin dch v DSCP ca gi tin v phn loi cc gi
tin theo phng php phn loi hnh vi kt hp BA. Cc gi tin phn loi thnh cc lp
BA c chuyn tip theo hnh vi tng bc PHB (Per Hop Behavior) c nh ngha
trc cho cc BA. Mi PHB c th hin bi gi tr DSCP v x l ging nhau i vi
cc gi tin trong cng lp BA. Cc yu cu chung ca QoS c ch ra trong chng 2
ca ti liu ny gm chnh sch lu lng, chia ct lu lng, loi b gi, hng i tch
cc v lp lch gi c p dng ti bc ny ca m hnh phn bit dch v DiffServ.
Kin trc DiffServ hng ti m bo cht lng dch v QoS bng cch kt hp
trng thi phn loi lu lng theo tnh cht lu lng c phn bit qua cc gi nh
du. Cc gi c nh du v nhn dng nhn c mt ng x chuyn tip tng
bc c th trn cc nt dc theo ng truyn ca chng.

53

Hnh 3.9: X l gi trong m hnh DiffServ

Kin trc x l gi theo DiffServ gm mt s cc yu t chc nng c thc hin
trong cc nt mng v b sung cc php ng x chuyn tip trn tng lung cng vi cc
chc nng x l lu lng nh: Chc nng phn loi gi, nh du, nh dng v hoch
nh chnh sch. Kin trc ny cho php m rng mng do thc hin cc chc nng phn
lp v iu khin phc tp cc nt bin mng
S cung cp dch v v chnh sch qui nh lu lng c tch ring ra t cc
cch ng x chuyn tip trong phm vi ni mng cho php thc hin bin i rng ri
cc php ng x.
3.2.2 Min phn bit dch v DS v im m phn bit dch v DSCP
Mt min DS gm cc b nh tuyn h tr c ch phn bit dch v, cn gi l cc
nt DS hot ng vi mt chnh sch cung cp dch v chung v thit lp cc nhm PHB
c thc hin trn mi nt. Mt min DS c bin gm cc nt bin DS v cc nt li
trong min. Cc nt bin DS phn loi v iu khin lu lng u vo m bo rng
cc gi i qua min c nh du thch hp la chn mt PHB t mt nhm cc
PHB c h tr trong phm vi min. Cc nt trong min DS la chn ng x chuyn
tip cho cc gi da trn im m dch v DSCP ca chng, sp xp vo mt trong cc
PHB theo yu cu. Mt min DS thng thng gm mt hay nhiu mng di cng mt
chnh sch qun tr. Vic qun tr mt min phi m bo tin cy m bo rng cc
ngun ti nguyn tng xng c cung cp v (hoc) c d tr h tr cc SLA
yu cu.

54

Hnh 3.10: Min phn bit dch v DS

Mt vng DS l mt tp hp mt hay vi min DS k tip nhau. Cc vng DS c kh
nng h tr cc min DS dc theo ng dn ni cc min trong vng. Cc min DS
trong vng DS c th h tr ni b trong cc nhm PHB khc nhau v cc im m khc
nhau sp xp PHB. Tuy nhin, cho php cc dch v ni ngang qua min, cc min
DS ngang hng phi thit lp mi min mt SLA ngang hng cha tho thun lu lng
TCA ph hp. Mt vi min DS trong mt vng DS c th k tha mt chnh sch cung
cp dch v chung v c th h tr tp hp chung cc nhm PHB v cc cch sp xp
im m phn bit dch v DSCP, v vy c th loi b qui nh lu lng gia cc min
DS .
DiffServ s dng trng kiu dch v ToS trong tiu IPv4 (mc 1.13) v trng
phn lp lu lng TC (Traffic Class) trong tiu IPv6 nh du gi. i vi cc b
nh tuyn hot ng trong min DS cc trng chc nng ny c thay bng trng
chc nng dch v phn bit DS. Trong 8 bit ca trng DS, 6 bit c s dng cho im
m dch v phn bit DSCP v 2 bit d phng. Hnh 3.11 di y ch ra cu trc ca
trng DS.

Hnh 3.11: Cu trc ca trng phn bit dch v DS

Cc im m phn bit dch v DSCP c phn thnh 3 khi c gi l cc pool.
Bng 3.3 di y ch ra cc khi ca DSCP.
Pool

im m DSCP

ng dng

XXXXX0

Tiu chun

XXXX11

Th nghim/ni b

XXXX01

Th nghim/ni b

Bng 3.3: Cc khi im m dch v phn bit DSCP

Pool 1 gm cc im m DSCP s dng cho ton cu, pool 2 v pool 3 s dng cho
mc ch th nghim v ni b min DS ring. Nh vy, s phn lp dch v ca pool 1
c th ln ti 32 v s lp dch v ti a ca pool2 v pool 3 l 16. h tr cho cc b
nh tuyn truyn thng s dng cc phn lp ca trng ToS trong IPv4. 8 im m

55

DSCP c s dng nn DSCP c dng (XXX000). Dch v n lc ti a c im m

phn bit dch v DSCP l (000000).
3.2.3 Cc phng php x l gi trong DiffServ.
Qui tc ng x theo tng chng l s m t b ngoi ca ng x chuyn tip ca mt
nt DS c p dng cho mt s tp ng x DS c th. ng x chuyn tip mc tiu gii
thiu trong mc ny nhm sng t phng php x l gi trong m hnh DiffServ. to
ra cc hnh vi chuyn tip gi c nh ngha theo quy tc ng x tng chng PHB, cc
c cu k thut m bo QoS nh AQM v lp lch gi c trnh by trong chng 2
c ng dng. Mt PHB c th khng cn ph thuc vo nguyn tc chung m c th
c pht trin trn cc k thut ring ca nh cung cp thit b.
Nhm lm vic v DiffServ ca IETF nh ngha hai loi PHB trong RFC 2598 [6],
RFC 3246 v RFC 2597 [6]: Chuyn tip nhanh EF (Expedited Forwarding) v Chuyn
tip m bo AF (Assured Forwarding).
(i) Chuyn tip nhanh EF PHB
V c bn, EF PHB m bo tnh nng v mt tc hn l tin cy. N c
yu cu a ra cc dch v vi kh nng tn hao thp, tr thp, rung pha thp v m bo
bng thng. V rung pha v tr gy nn bi thi gian m gi s dng trong b nh m
v hng i, mt b nh tuyn EF phi m bo rng lu lng EF c a n nhng
b nh m nh. Tc u ra ca b nh tuyn ny phi bng (hoc cao hn u vo).
Khi xy ra hin tng qu ti, nt bin min DS khng cho php lu lng dng ny i
vo trong min v n s l nguyn nhn gy tc nghn ti cc b nh tuyn trong min
DS. Vn ny c iu chnh bi xc nh mc dch v SLA v xc nh lu lng
truyn c iu kin.

Hnh 3.12: X l chuyn tip nhanh EF PHB

Chuyn tip EF PHB kh thi nu bng thng u ra v kch thc b nh m cc
lung lu lng ra vi tc phc v . Tc phc v lun ln hn tc u vo

56

ti cc b m EF. Cc lung khng phi l EF y l cc lung dch v n lc ti a.

Vi k thut lp lch u tin nh ch ra trong chng 3, chuyn tip EF m bo c
tnh u tin cho cc lung lu lng theo yu cu.
Mt tip cn khc ca chuyn tip EF PHB l s dng cc bin th ca hng i WFQ
phn loi cc lu lng chuyn tip EF.
(ii) Chuyn tip m bo AF PHB
c im ca AF PHB l phn phi d liu m bo vi kh nng mt gi thp.
l iu kin tt nht khi s dng cc giao thc khng thc hin x l sa li hoc
khng c gii php truyn li gi.
AF PHB bao gm 4 lp chuyn tip v mi lp chuyn tip c 3 mc u tin loi b
gi tin, mi lp c gn mt bng thng v khong nh m xc nh. Lp A c th c
b nh m ln hn nhng bng thng nh v lp D c th c b nh m nh nhng
bng thng ln hn. Nu mt gi phi b loi b, b nh tuyn c cch nhn bit gi no
b loi b u tin. Ngoi ra, mi lp chuyn tip c phn b mt s lng cc nh
bng thng v b nh m. Nu b nh m y, th qu trnh loi b gi s bt u theo
trt t loi b theo mc u tin. Cc phn loi AF c th hin trn hnh 3.13 v trn
bng 3.4.

Hnh 3.13: Cc phn lp chuyn tip m bo AF PHB

Lp PHB
Phn lp
D on mt gi
DSCP
AF4
AF41
Thp
100010
AF42
Trung bnh
100100
AF43
Cao
100110
AF3
AF31
Thp
011010
AF32
Trung bnh
011100
AF33
Cao
100010
AF2
AF21
Thp
010010
AF22
Trung bnh
010100
AF23
Cao
010110

57

AF1

AF11
Thp
001010
AF12
Trung bnh
001100
AF13
Cao
001110
Bng 3.4: Chi tit cc phn lp chuyn tip m bo AF PHB
(iii) PHB v tho thun lp lu lng
Cc PHB c xc nh theo cc gii hn v ti nguyn ca chng (v d: b m,
bng thng) c quan h u tin vi cc PHB khc, hay trong cc gii hn v c im lu
lng tng minh (tr, tn tht). Cc PHB ny c th c dng nh l cc khi lm sn
cp pht cc ti nguyn v nn c nh r nh mt nhm PHB chc chn. Cc nhm
PHB thng chia s p dng rng buc chung cho mi PHB trong phm vi nhm, nh
chnh sch lp lch gi hay qun l b m. Quan h gia cc PHB trong nhm c th
di dng u tin tuyt i hay tng i. Mt PHB n l trng hp c bit ca
nhm PHB.
PHB c thc hin trong cc nt theo mt s c cu qun l b m hoc lp lch
gi. Cc nhm PHB cn c hiu nh s cp pht ti nguyn thch hp gia cc nhm,
v cc c cu tch hp c th c thc hin h tr 2 hay nhiu nhm. Mt nh ngha
nhm PHB nn xc nh r kh nng xung t vi cc nhm PHB trc, m c th ngn
cn s hot ng ng thi. Mt PHB c chn ti mt nt nh sp xp im m DS
trong gi nhn c. Cc PHB tiu chun c mt im m c ch nh. Tuy nhin, vi
cc PHB chun ton b khng gian cc im m ln hn khng gian kh dng cho cc
im m c ngh, v do loi b s cung cp cho nhng sp xp cu hnh ni b.
Mt bng sp xp im m cho PHB c th bao gm c s sp xp 11 v N 1. Tt c
cc im m phi c sp xp theo mt s PHB; khi thiu mt vi chnh sch cc b,
cc im m khng c sp xp theo PHB chun ph hp vi cc chi tit ca PHB
nn c sp xp theo PHB mc nh .

58

Hnh3.14: Dch v phn bit vi PHB v TCA

Thc hin, cu hnh, vn hnh v qun l cc nhm PHB c h tr trong
cc nt ca min DS nn c phn mt cch hiu qu ti nguyn ca cc nt ny
v cc lin kt ni vng gia cc tp ng x, ph hp vi chnh sch cung cp
dch v ca min. Cc thnh phn qui nh lu lng c th tng mc iu khin
s dng cc ti nguyn ny qua s p buc ca cc TCA v c th qua hot ng
phn hi t cc nt v cc thnh phn qui nh lu lng trong min. Mc d cc
dch v c th c trin khai khi thiu cc chc nng qui nh lu lng phc
tp, cc chc nng nh l nh chnh sch, nh dng, v nh du li ng cho
php trin khai cc h o lng thi hnh vic cung cp cc dch v. Cu hnh v
nh hng gia cc thnh phn qui nh lu lng v cc nt ni vng nn c
qun l bng iu khin qun tr ca min v c th yu cu iu khin vn hnh
qua cc giao thc v mt thc th iu khin.

3.3 IP QOS V CHUYN MCH NHN A GIAO THC MPLS

Trong mt s nm gn y, cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS c
coi l cng ngh hng u cho mng li. S pht trin cng ngh chuyn mch MPLS l
kt qu ca cc m hnh ng dng cng ngh IP trn nn ATM v FR. Cht lng dch
v mng QoS chnh l yu cu thc y MPLS. So snh vi cc yu cu khc, nh qun
l lu lng v h tr VPN th QoS khng phi l l do quan trng nht trin khai
MPLS. Hu ht cc cng vic c thc hin trong MPLS QoS tp trung vo vic h tr
cc dc tnh IP QoS trong mng. Ni cch khc, mc tiu l thit lp im tng ng
ca cc c tnh QoS gia IP v MPLS ch khng phi l lm cho MPLS QoS tt hn IP
QoS.

59

Mt l do na khng nh MPLS QoS khng phi l IP QoS l MPLS khng phi l

giao thc xuyn sut. MPLS khng vn hnh trong cc my ch v c th s tn ti cc
mng IP khng s dng MPLS. Mt khc QoS l c tnh thng trc ca lin lc gia
cc LSR cng cp. Mt cch nhn khc v vn ny l MPLS khng thay i v cn
bn v m hnh dch v IP. Cc nh cung cp dch v khng bn dch v MPLS, h cung
cp cc dch v IP (hay Frame Relay v cc dch v khc), v do nu h a ra QoS
th phi da trn IP QoS (hay Frame Relay QoS,) ch khng phi l MPLS QoS.
iu ny khng c ngha l MPLS QoS khng c vai tr nh IP QoS. Th nht,
MPLS gip nh cung cp a ra dch v IP QoS cht lng hn. Th hai, hin nay ang
xut hin mt s kh nng QoS mi h tr qua mng s dng MPLS, tuy khng thc s
xuyn sut nhng cng c th chng t rt hu ch, v d nh m bo bng thng ca
LSP.
(i) M hnh DiffServ v MPLS
Tng t nh DiffServ, MPLS cng h tr cht lng dch v trn c s phn loi cc
lung lu lng theo cc tiu ch nh tr, bng tn. u tin ti bin ca mng, lung
lu lng ca ngi dng c nhn dng (bng vic phn tch mt s trng trong mo
u ca gi) v chuyn cc lung lu lng trong cc LSP ring vi thuc tnh COS
hay QoS ca n. MPLS c th h tr cc dch v khng nh trc qua LSP bng vic s
dng mt trong cc k thut sau:


B ch nh COS c th c truyn trong nhn gn lin vi tng gi. Bn cnh

vic chuyn mch nhn ti tng nt LSR, mi gi c th c chuyn sang knh
ra da vo thuc tnh COS. Mo u m (Shim header) ca MPLS c cha
trng COS.

Trong trng hp nhn khng cha ch th COS hin ti th gi tr COS c th lin

quan ngm nh vi mt LSP c th. iu i hi LDP hay RSVP gn gi tr
COS khng danh nh cho LSP cc gi c x l tng xng.

Cht lng dch v QoS c th c cung cp bi mt LSP c thit lp trn c

s bo hiu ATM (trong trng hp MPLS l mng ATM-LSR).

Khi mt b nh tuyn MPLS gi i mt gi tin n chng k tip ca n, n gi mt

nhn i km. Cc LSR tun t trong mng khng cn phn tch mo u ca gi tin,
n ch c nhn MPLS c nh ch s trong bng ng dn nh tuyn duy tr ti
mi LSR. Khi cc gi tin c nh du bi cc m im DiffServ n mt mng MPLS,
cn phi c mt cch thc chuyn giao thng tin cung cp bi cc m im vo nhn
MPLS. Vic ny cn thc hin nu MPLS c kh nng thc hin cc quyt nh p ng
cc yu cu dch v khc bit nh cc gi tin c nh du vi MPLS trong mng,
cc tiu IP khng c kim tra khi cc gi tin c gn nhn MPLS. Do vy cc gi
tin khng th phn bit da trn cc DSCP ca chng do DSCP l mt phn ca tiu
IP. C hai phng php t thng tin DSCP vo tiu IP.

60

Phng php th nht s dng 3 bit trng EXP ca tiu MPLS. Theo cch ,
c ti a 8 lp BA v mt gi tr EXP c nh x n mt m t PHB hon
chnh: trnh t hu v xp hng.

Phng php th hai, nu c hn 8 lp dch v, RFC 2309 xut mt kiu LSP

khc. Do , DSCP c nh x vo mt cp <Label, EXP>. Nhn ny trao i
thng tin ring v hng i v lp lch L-LSP. trn on gia ca LSP, s phn
loi BA c da trn EXP hay cc trng nhn ca tiu MPLS ch khng
phi DSCP c lu trong tiu IP. Do , hnh vi cho mi chng ca gi tin
cng l duy nht.

MPLS kt hp vi Diffserv trong mng li em li li ch cho c cc thnh phn ca

MPLS v Diffserv. MPLS cung cp cc dch v phn bit Diffserv vi c tnh khi phc
v bo v ng dn, trong khi Diffserv hot ng nh mt kin trc phn lp dch v
cho MPLS. MPLS vi Diffserv c th a ra cc thit k mng mm do cung cp cc
x l khc nhau cho cc lp dch v CoS trong ng dn lu lng. Kiu ghp hai mc
c sp xp nh vo giao thc RSVP, RSVP thit lp v duy tr mt s lng ng
dn LSP MPLS v trn cc ng dn c phn lp dch v theo kin trc Diffserv.
m bo cc chc nng ca Diffserv qua mng MPLS, Cc im m dch v DSCP
c chuyn ti cc LSR nhm ch ra cc x l tng thch vi QoS yu cu.
(i) M hnh IntServ v MPLS
MPLS ti s dng cc giao thc ca IP, RSVP cng l mt trong cc giao thc c
ti s dng v c ci thin. RSVP nguyn thu [RFC 2205] c thit kt cho cc ng
dng thi gian thc qua mng Internet. c rt nhiu cc ng dng m rng ca RSVP
h tr thm cc c tnh nh tnh bo mt v kh nng mm do; h tr cc giao din
ti cc thit b trong min Diffserv; h tr k thut lu lng trong cc ng dng mi
nh MPLS v GMPLS (RSVP-TE).

Hnh 3.15: Thc hin phn b nhn qua RSVP-TE

Cc c tnh ca RSVP-TE [RFC 3209] l s m rng phn li ca RSVP thit
lp cc tuyn ng hin da trn nh tuyn rng buc cc LSP trong mng MPLS s

61

dng RSVP lm giao thc bo hiu. D tr ti nguyn l mt thnh phn rt quan trng
ca x l lu lng. y l mt trong s cc l do nhm lm vic MPLS chn RSVP
hn l vic xy dng mi hon ton mt giao thc bo hiu khc h tr cc yu cu
x l lu lng. RSVP m rng thnh giao thc bo hiu h tr vic to LSPs c th
c nh tuyn t ng trnh khi li mng v tc nghn. RSVP n gin ho vic vn
hnh mng bng qu trnh x l lu lng mt cch t ng. RSVP-TE s dng cc b
nh tuyn chuyn mch thit lp, duy tr cc ng ng LSP v phc v ti
nguyn cho cc LSP .
RSVP-TE yu cu thit b c kh nng mang mt i tng m (opaque object),
ngha l cc i tng ny khng b x l bi cc thit b khc khi truyn trong mng.
RSVP mang cc i tng trong cc bn tin ca n nh l cc on m ca thng tin
(hnh 3.15). Nhng on m ny c mang ti cc module iu khin thch hp trong
b nh tuyn. Phng thc thit lp bo hiu da trn c s ny khuyn khch s pht
trin ca cc i tng RSVP mi. Cc i tng ny c th c dng to ra v duy
tr cc trng thi c phn phi cho cc thng tin khc ngoi vn d tr ti nguyn
n thun.Tp hp cc m rng c th nhanh chng v d dng c pht trin qua vic
ci thin RSVP nhm h tr cc yu cu x l lu lng mang tnh tc thi trong vn
nh tuyn chnh xc v gim phc tp trong qu trnh phn phi nhn.

Hnh 3.16: Cu trc bn tin RSVP-TE

Cc khuyn ngh mi m rng RSVP c yu cu tng thch hon ton vi
RSVP truyn thng. RSVP-TE c th d dng phn bit bo hiu thit lp ng LSP ca
MPLS vi RSVP truyn thng bng cch kim tra cc i tng cha trong cc bn tin.
Nh vy h thng bo hiu hp nht mang mi i tng cn thit thit lp LSP mt
cch mm do.
Cc c im c bn ca RSVP-TE h tr trong MPLS c tm tt di y:

62

Cc kiu LSP c cung cp

Giao thc RSVP cung cp cc ng dn chuyn mch nh tuyn hin ER-LSP theo
c hai kiu cht v lng, chc nng ny li dng chnh hai kiu nh tuyn trong MPLS
(nh tuyn hin v nh tuyn tng bc). i vi phng php lng trong cc ng
dn ER-LSP, phng php nh tuyn tng bc c s dng xc nh ni bn tin
gi n. V th RSVP cng cung cp nh tuyn tng bc da trn yu cu ng
xung.
Cc tham s QoS
Ban u RSVP c thit k cung cp cc dch v tch hp, n khng c kh
nng phn bit dch v trong cc mng mang. V th RSVP khng c kh nng bo hiu
cc dch v phn bit. tng thch vi cc dch v phn bit RSVP truyn v iu
khin kho lo cc tham s iu khin QoS nh l d liu "m", gi cc d liu ny ti
module iu khin lu lng thch hp thc hin d tr ti nguyn cho cc lp dch
v phn bit.
Kin trc bo hiu trong mng
RSVP-TE c thit k da trn cy multicast IP, thc hin thng nht d tr ti
nguyn hng ti thit b gi. Trong phm vi MPLS, ch c kt ni n phng c
xem xt, nn n b i mt s kiu d tr v kin trc gc thit b gi. Trong sut thi
gian bo hiu, cc yu cu cc lp dch v v QoS thng c khi to t thit b
nhn.Vi cc ng dn chuyn mch nh tuyn hin ER - LSP, nh qun l mng
thng xuyn cu hnh v khi to cc yu cu v chnh sch t thit b gi hn l t
thit b nhn hoc c hai.
Ch th li
Do thiu cc c ch h tr vn chuyn tin cy, RSVP khng th nhanh chng thng tin
cho im kt cui rng kt ni gia chng b li, RSVP c mt bn tin ngt ng nhng
n li khng c gi mt cch tin cy. Chnh v vy, im cui khng th bt u ti
nh tuyn cho n khi kt thc khong thi gian xo b trng thi mm.
Kh nng ti nh tuyn
Kiu d tr ti nguyn RSVP SE c s dng thit lp ng thi 2 ng cho mt
phin nh tuyn thch nghi lun phin xuyn qua mng bng c ch ni trc khi ct.
Trong kiu ny, mt phin c th thit lp mt ng khc cho LSP, s dng mt nhn
dng ng khc vi ng ban u. Thit b gi gi mt bn tin Path s dng i tng
phin ban u v LSP ID mi v i tng tuyn hin ch th tuyn mi. Sau trn
cc lin kt m khng chim gi chung, bn tin Path mi c i x nh l thit lp
LSP mi thng thng. Trn cc lin kt c duy tr, i tng phin chia s v kiu SE
cho php LSP c thit lp chia s ti nguyn vi LSP c. Mi ln thit b gi nhn

63

mt bn tin Resv cho LSP mi, n c th truyn lu lng vo v hu b LSP c. c

im ny c th c s dng trong vic ti u li lu lng, khng s dng cho cn
bng ti. Khi s dng c tnh ny, ch rng ch c mt ER - LSPs mang lu lng v
tt c ng th hai khc u trng rng.
Quyn ginh trc ng
RSVP s dng cc u tin thit lp v chim gi ng d xc nh ng mi c
th chim trc ng ang tn ti. C ch vn chuyn ca RSVP, trn IP c th gy ra
cc vn khc na i vi vic h tr c im ny. Bi v quyn ginh trc thng
xuyn c yu cu khi mng ang chy trong khi thiu ti nguyn, bn tin bo hiu
RSVP c th b mt trong trng hp ny.
Ti u li ng
Kh nng ti nh tuyn trong RSVP c th c s dng ti u ng.
Khi phc li
Cc m rng ca RSVP mang li c im ti nh tuyn iu khin khi phc li.
Nhng trong trng hp ny, ni trc khi ct khng c s dng. RSVP a ra mt
la chn ti nh tuyn nhanh cc b iu khin tnh hung li. Ti nh tuyn nhanh
lin quan n tnh ton ng vng trc ti mi nt dc theo ng. Tip cn ny i
hi rt nhiu cc gii php m rng tnh ton. S lng ln c hai ng phi c tnh
trc, m bo rng chng khng ni vi nhau v c duy tr s dng trong iu
kin li.
Tch vng lp
iu khin tch vng lp, i tng ghi thng tin tuyn c s dng, n cng c
th cung cp thng tin tuyn ca LSP xc nh cho mc ch chn on tuyn.
Vn kh nng gia tng k tha
gii quyt vn ny, cc m rng gn y nht cho php kt hp bn tin lm ti
gim bt s lng bn tin ny, khi s lng ln LSP tn ti. gim qu trnh np
cc bn tin lm ti trong mt nt, nhn dng bn tin c a ra, mc ch cho cc
nt nhn nhanh chng nhn ra trng thi thay i. Tuy nhin s dng nhn dng nt (ID
node) cn phi qun l chc chn s lng ID v bn tin trnh nhiu li c th. Cc
m rng mi nht cm hon ton cc bn tin lm ti. LSR phi s dng giao thc mi
pht hin mt cc k cn.
H thng bo hiu linh ng
Thit k trng thi mm rt linh ng, RSVP c th linh ng i vi cc node khi x l
cc tnh hung tc nghn nhng khng nhanh chng trong vic khi phc LSP.

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Tm tt chng 3
Chng 3 tp trung vo hai m hnh m bo cht lng dch v IP: m hnh tch
hp dch v IntServ v m hnh phn bit dch v DiffServ. Cc c im ca hai m hnh
c trnh by chi tit nhm gip ngi c nm bt r cc kha cnh ng dng ca hai
m hnh trong mng IP thc t. Mt s vn c trnh by trong chng 1 v chng
2 c tng kt v ng dng trong chng 3 to ra mt cch nhn nhn xuyn sut v
kha cnh m bo cht lng IP. Mt s c tnh c bn ca m hnh ng dng QoS IP
c thc hin trong MPLS c gii thiu l nhng thng tin khi u cho mt ti liu
tip theo.

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BI TP
Bi 1: Xc nh mu gi tin trong srTCM

Hnh1- BT1: Lu nguyn l nh du

Hnh2- BT1: Lu nguyn l srTCM

Gi thit:


Phng thc hot ng m mu

CIR = 1000 byte/s

CBS = 50 token

EBS = 400 token

Ti thi im t, Tc=10 token, Te=70 token.

Ti thi im t, mt gi c kch thc 5 byte n.

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Yu cu


Cn c theo nguyn l trn hnh1-BT1

Xc nh mu ca gi tin

Tnh Te v Tc sau khi x l gi.

Bi 2: Xc nh trng thi go r sau mt khong thi gian

Hnh 1-BT2:nh du 3 mu tc n
Gi thit:


Phng thc hot ng m mu

CIR = 100 byte/s

CBS = 50 token

EBS = 400 token

Ti thi im t, Tc=10 token, Te=50 token.

Thi gian cp nht token t = t + (1/100)

Sau 2 giy, khng c gi n

Yu cu


Cn c theo nguyn l trn hnh1-BT1

Xc nh trng thi Te v Tc sau 2 giy.

Bi 3: Xc nh th t u tin trong WFQ

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Hnh 1-BT3: Hng i cn bng

trng s
Gi thit:


C 3 hng i

Hng i 1: 20% BW; Hng i 2: 30% BW; Hng i 3: 50% BW.

Cc gi c kch thc nh hnh 1BT3.

Yu cu
Xc nh th t cc gi ti cng u ra.

Bi 4: Xc nh bng thng u ra theo WRR

Hnh 1-BT4: Quay vng trng s bit

by bit
Gi thit:


M hnh hng i WRR gm 2 lp: Lp 1=40%, lp 2=60%.

10 lung lu lng u vo nh hnh 1-BT3.

Cc lung lu lng u c kch thc gi bng nhau

Lp 1 x l 2 lung

Lp 2 x l 8 lung

Yu cu


Xc nh bng thng u ra theo cc lung u vo.

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Ti liu tham kho:

1. Kun I.Pack, QoS in Packet Network, The MITE coporation USA, Springer 2005.
Print ISBN: 0-387-23389-X.
2. Markus Peuhkuri, IP Quality of Service, Helsinki University of Technology,
Laboratory of Telecommunications Technology, 2000.
3. Mario Marchese, QoS over Heterogeneous Networks, John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
4. IP Quality of Service (courses from TRA, Cisco), 2003.
5. Dng Hng Sn, Hong Trng Minh, Hong c Hi, K thut in thoi qua
IP v Internet, NXB Lao ng, 2002.
6. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/

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