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Ch. 01 Review Powerpoint CHEM 180
Ch. 01 Review Powerpoint CHEM 180
Pure Substance
Mixture
(2 or more pure substances)
Homogeneous
Element
Compound
(2 or more elements combined)
Monatomic
(particles are atoms)
i.e.: Na (s), Ne (g)
Diatomic
(particles are molecules)
Covalent Compounds
Uniform throughout
One phase
i.e.: saltwater, wine
Ionic Compounds
(particles are ions)
i.e.: NaCl, K3PO4, etc.
Heterogeneous
Not uniform throughout
Usually > 1 phase
i.e.: oatmeal, sewage
(b) Changes:
Physical: No change in substance identity
i.e.: phase changes (like melting), dissolving, etc.
Chemical: Involves a change in identity (atomic rearrangement)
i.e.: oxidation, combustion (burning), decay, etc.
2 sf
3 sf
2 sf in answer
1m
(largest au)
0.1 m
1 m for answer
V: Scientific Notation
* Used to simplify very large or small numbers.
Omits all non-significant digits (usually zeroes).
Convert to a number between 1 and 10 times 10n
Numbers larger than 1 have a positive exponent, n:
VI: Rounding
* All final answers must be rounded properly and boxed.
* Whether the last significant digit is rounded up or not
depends on the first two nonsignificant digits:
456.3 g
(< 5: no rounding)
Case 2:
456.3 58 g ----->
456.4 g
Case 3:
456.3 50 g ----->
456.4 g
Case 4:
456.4 50 g ----->
456.4 g
Conversion
Factors
(both exact)
Intermediate
(Non-rounded)
Value
2.92 x 104 cm
Rounded
and Boxed
Final Answer
Tera, T = 1 x 1012
Giga, G = 1 x 109
Mega, M = 1 x 106
kilo, k = 1 x 103
pico, p = 1 x 1012
nano, n = 1 x 109
micro, = 1 x 106
milli, m = 1 x 103
centi, c = 1 x 102
Metric (exact)
0.013 m
IX: Density
* Use as a Conversion Factor between mass and volume
* Dependent on Temperature
Density =
mass
volume
or
D= M
V
in3
exact
m = 13 5.4 lb
in3
cm3
2.54 cm
1 in
exact
mL
lb
1 mL 13.53 g
1 lb
.
1 cm3
mL 453.59237 g
exact
exact
Density (4 sf)
140 lb
X: Percentages
* Use as a Conversion Factor between part and whole
* Set up as a ratio of: part
whole (assume 100 units of whole)
Example: If dental amalgam is 32 % silver by mass and silver is going
for $18 per ounce, what is the cost of silver in 2.52 lb amalgam?
Gameplan:
2.52 lb amalgam
lb amalgam
lb Ag
32 lb Ag
16 oz Ag
100 lb amalgam 1 lb Ag
% set up
(2 sf)
exact
oz Ag
dollars
XI: Temperature
* A measure of particle motion (atoms/ions/molecules)
* As motion increases (due to heat input), temperature increases
Celsius (oC)
Fahrenheit (oF)
not precise
not accurate
GCN
pp.: 108109)
accurate
and precise