01

AVIAN INFLAMMATION

Avian Inflammation
Model Questions

Inflammation is a process which begins following a

sublethal injury to tissue and ends with complete
healing or death. It is characterized by five cardinal
signs. Cardinal signs of inflammation are:
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
Inflammation is beneficial in most of cases
expect
In prolonged or unending process
In inflammation of immunological origin i.e.
hypersensitivity and autoimmunity.
It provides basic foundation of pathogenesis
and pathology.
It is now said that immunity is the resistance of
body, while inflammation is the process by
which
the
immune
mechanism
are
implemented.
The basis of inflammation remains same be it
mammal or birds. For details, one can refer the
chapter inflammation and heading in book
Illustrated Veterinary Pathology. However,
there are some differences in reaction in birds

which are briefly listed below:

1. Adult bird has greater capacity to react in
comparison to embryos and chicks
2. In birds, there is increased permeability in
venules. While in mammals it occurs in
capillary/ arterioles.
3. In poultry, Heterophils are the first line of
defence and comes first in inflammation
followed by mononuclear cells. However,
in mammals the sequence is not clear.
4. In poultry, Basophils are seen in
significant numbers at the site in early
stage of inflammation. These cells
degranulate
to
release
histamine.
However, in mammals basophils are rarely
seen.
5. Formation of perivascular foci due to
infiltration of lymphoid cells causing
cuffing around blood vessels. This is very
common in avian inflammatory reaction.
However, in mammals it has been seen
only in some specific inflammations of
brain.
6. Giant cells are the feature of avian
inflammation and are observed in acute
and chronic inflammation while in
mammals these are seen only in chronic
inflammation.

7.
8.

In birds, thrombocytes act as phagocytic

cells.
Biphasic vascular permeability response
occurs in chicken. First reaction is
mediated by histamine while another
reaction is mediated by unknown factors.
It has been proved by treatment with
antihistaminic drugs which did not stop

9.

the inflammatory reaction.

In chicken, inflammation caused by
phytohaemagglutinin or concanavalin-A
(Con-A) is characterized by skin response
with infiltration of heterophils, monocytes
and basophils. While in mammals, there
are no neutrophils and basophils in such
reactions.

MODEL QUESTIONS
Q.1.

Choose any one out of 4 options given with each question to answer the followings.
(1)
Cardinal sign of inflammation is __________.
(a) Itching
(b) Loss of hairs
(c) Swelling
(d) None
(2)
__________ cells are the feature of avian inflammation.
(a) Epithelioid
(b) Lymphoid
(c) Heterophil
(d) Giant
(3)
In avian inflammation __________ cells are seen in abundance in comparison to
mammals.
(a) Eosinophils
(b) Basophils
(c) Neutrophils
(d) None
(4)
Avian inflammation is characterized by increased permeability in __________.
(a) Venules
(b) Arterioles
(c) Both
(d) None
(5)
Avian inflammation caused by PHA or Con A is characterized by infiltration of
__________.
(a) Heterophils
(b) Monocytes
(c) Basophils
(d) All of above

Q.2.

Write True or False.

(1)
_________
In avian inflammation thrombocytes act as phagocytic cells.
(2)
_________
Adult bird has less capacity to mount inflammatory response in comparison
to chicks.
(3)
_________
In birds there is increased permeability in arterioles during inflammation.
(4)
_________
Eosinophils are the feature of avian inflammation.
(5)
_________
Biphasic vascular permeability response occurs in chicken due to
inflammation.

Q.3.

Fill in the blanks with most suitable word(s).

(1)
Inflammation is a process begins following a ________________ injury to tissue and ends
with ________________ healing or ________________ and characterized by the
________________, ________________, ________________, ________________ and
________________ cardinal signs.

(2)
(3)

Avian inflammation caused due to PHA or ConA is characterized by infiltration of

________________, _______________ and ________________ cells while in mammals
________________ and ________________ cells are absent in such reactions.
In avian inflammation, there is increased permeability in ________________ while in
mammals it occurs in ________________.

Q.4.

Write short notes on.

(1)
Avian inflammation
(2)
Cardinal signs of inflammation
(3)
Difference between avian and mammalian inflammation

Q.5.

Define the followings.

(1)
Inflammation
(2)
Histamine
(3)
Giant cells
(4)
Basophils
(5)
Heterophils

Fig. 1.1. Inflammatory reaction in poultry- (1) Cardinal signs of redness and swelling
(2) Accumulation of mononuclear cells and (3) Presence of numerous basophils in
inflammation.