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Chuong 1 Cac Khai Niem Co Ban Ve Do Luong PDF
Chuong 1 Cac Khai Niem Co Ban Ve Do Luong PDF
MC TIU
- Gii thch ti sao cn phi o
- Hiu v gii thch chc ca cc thnh phn trong mt
h thng o
- Phn tch v la chn phng php o hay kim tra
trong trng hp c th
- Nm v vn dng cc nguyn tc o lng
- Hiu cc c trng tnh ca h thng o
- Hiu cc c trng ng ca h thng o ( bc khng)
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NI DUNG
1. Cu trc ca h thng o
2. Chc nng c bn ca h thng o
3. Phn loi cc phng php o v kim tra
4. Cc nguyn tc c bn trong o lng
5. c trng tnh
6. c trng ng
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Tn hieu vao
Gia tr
thc
Phan t cam
bien (Chuyen
oi)
Tiep xuc vi qua
trnh, tn hieu ra
phu thuoc vao
bien o c . Co
the co nhieu trang
thai.
Thermocouple
Strain Gage
Phan t x ly
tn hieu
Phan t x
ly tn hieu
Chuyen tn hieu
thanh dang thch
hp bang cach bien
oi A/D hoac D/A
hoac khuyech ai ,
loc (Bridge
Circuit)
Filters
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Bien oi tn hieu
thanh dang thch
hp cho hien th
ADC
Phan t thu
thap d lieu
Phan t hien
th d lieu
Man hnh
hien th, bao
cao va lu
tr
4
Tn hieu vao
Qua trnh,
May hoac
he thong
Tn hieu ra
He thong o
Gia tr
thc
Chnh
xac va
tin cay
Gia tr
o
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NH NGHA O LNG
1.
2.
3.
11
NH NGHA O LNG
o l qu trnh so snh.
i lng
cn o
Chun
Qu trnh so snh
Kt
qu
KT QU CA PHP O
L GI TR BNG S
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12
a. Da vo quan h gia cc gi tr cn tm v
i tng o:
o trc tip.
o gin tip.
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13
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14
O TUYET OI
o
Ca lp
oc
Dung
cu
Dung cu
Chi tiet
Kch thc = oc
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15
O SO SANH
Ca lp
Gi tr c
Dng c
Cn mu
Chieu dai
chuan
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DNG C
San pham (
chi tiet)
16
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17
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19
20
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21
khng gian)
Hu ht cc i lng vt l l dng tng t
- V d nh: Nhit , dch chuyn
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23
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24
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25
o dch chuyn
- Cm bin in tr
- Cm bin in dung
- Cm bin in cm.
o lc v gia tc
- Strain gauges
- Cm bin dng dm
o nhit
- in tr
- Cp nhit in
- Gin n
V.v
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Cc cm bin lc
Cng tc tim cn
Cc cm bin tc
Nhit
p sut
Cm bin v tr gc
dng in/ in th
Lu lng
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29
Nguyn tc ABBE:
Khi kch thc o v kch thc mu ni tip nhau
th php o t c chnh xc cao nht.
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31
D2
L = L1 +
L = L2 -
L1
L
L=
D1 D 2
2
D D
1
L1 L 2
2
L2
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32
V d o o ca vnh rng
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33
Nguyn tc kinh t
Nguyen tac kinh te nham am bao o chnh xac o lng
trong ieu kien kinh te nhat, tc la yeu cau ve ieu kien o thap
nhat vi nang suat cao nhat, hp ly nhat, cng c ngha la :
- o chnh xac cua phng tien o va u dung.
- De ieu chnh, ga at, thao tac, de c kh hoa, t ong hoa,
o hang loat vi nang suat cao.
- Yeu cau ve bac th ieu chnh va thao tac thap.
- Chu ky ieu chnh o, sa cha ngn.
- Thiet b o n gian, re tien, pho thong, de kiem, de che
tao, co ieu kien t trang t che.
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PHM VI O
Phm vi ca dng c l gii hn gia cc gi tr c c th thc hin c.
Phm vi ca cm bin l gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca thng s tc ng
m n c th o c.
Cc gii hn trn hoc gii hn di ca tn hiu vo hoc tn hiu ra tng
ng cho vic duy tr mc chnh xc yu cu ca vic o
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I MIN , I MAX
O MIN , O MAX
36
KHONG O
OMax-Omin
37
i lng o
Khang cht
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Tn hiu ra c c
i lng o
Khong cht
38
CHNH XC ( accuracy)
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Chnh xc v chm km
Chnh xc v chm tt
phn tn rng
chnh xc thp
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chm cao
chnh xc thp
chm cao
chnh xc cao
44
Thi gian
p sut
Gi tr thc
Thi gian
45
LP LI (REPEATABILITY -RELIABILITY)
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LP LI (REPEATABILITY -RELIABILITY)
47
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49
NHY
nhy ca cm bin l dc ca ng c tnh ra hoc gi tr nh
nht ca tn hiu vo s gy ra s thay i ca tn ra cn pht hin c
nhy ca dng c c nh :
nhy =
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NHY
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NHY
nhy S ca cp nhit l .
S
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= dV / dT
= c1 + 2c2T
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TNH TR ( hysteresis)
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NGNG (THRESHOLD)
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T VN
Mi h thng o s p ng khc nhau vi cc tn hiu vo khc nhau. Do
vy h thng o ring bit c th hoc khng th thch hp vi h thng o thc
thit k.
Tuy nhin mi h thng o s lun c tn hiu ra no , khng ch ti s
th hin ca tn hiu ra thc ca tn hiu o c km nh th no.
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T VN
I
LNG
CN O
DNG C
(CM
BIN)
I
LNG
O C
QUAN H ???
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T VN
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T VN
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T VN
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M HNH H THNG O
y(0)
iu kin ban u
TN HIU RA
CA H
THNG
Tn hiu vo
F(t)
H THNG O
y(t)
62
M HNH H THNG O
Phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh vi cc h s khng i
an
d n y (t )
d n 1 y (t )
dy (t )
d m x(t )
d m 1 x(t )
dx(t )
a
y
(
t
)
b
b1
b0 x(t )
n 1
m
m 1
1
0
n
n 1
m
m 1
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
F(t) = Hm yu cu
Trong
mn
y(t)
= tn hiu ra ca h thng
x(t)
= Tn hiu vo ca h thng
t
= Thi gian
as v bs y(0)= cc thng s vt l cah thng, gi thuyt l hng s
Nghim
x(t)
y (t ) yocf yopi
y(t)
H thng o
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M HNH H THNG O
Tn hiu ra 1
Tn hiu vo 1
Tn hiu vo 2
Tn hiu vo 3
H THNG O
Tn hiu ra 2
Tn hiu ra 3
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CC DNG TN HIU VO
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CC DNG TN HIU VO
Dng Ramp
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CC DNG TN HIU VO
Dng xung (Impulse)
Thc t nhiu trng thi thay i t ngt nh: va p c hc, ba nc, v.v...
Chng c th c th hin v phn tch dng tn hiu vo dng xung.
Dng xung c th hin bng hm nh hnh bn
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CC DNG TN HIU VO
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CC DNG TN HIU VO
Tn hiu tun han lin tc
Time
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CC DNG TN HIU VO
Tn
hiu
lin
tc
khng theo
chu k
Tn hiu nht
thi ri rc
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CC DNG TN HIU VO
Tn hiu ngu
nhin lin tc
Tn hiu ngu
nhin ri rc. Ch
loi ny tng
t tc thi ri rc
nhng c tnh
ca chng l khc
nhau
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BC KHNG
Nu tt c cc h s ca a v b u bng khng tr a0 v b0
a0 y(t ) b0 x(t )
y(t ) Kx(t )
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BC KHNG
an
d n y (t )
d n 1 y (t )
dy (t )
d m x(t )
d m 1 x(t )
dx(t )
a
y
(
t
)
b
b1
b0 x(t )
n
m
m
1
1
0
1
n
n 1
m
m 1
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
Nu tt c cc h s ca a v b u bng khng tr a0 v b0
a0 y(t ) b0 x(t )
a0q0 b0qi
y(t ) Kx(t )
q
b0
q
a0
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BC KHNG
+
xi
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e0
-
Nu gi e0 l in th ra ( i lng ra)
xi l dch chuyn ca i lng cn o
(i lng vo)
L l chiu di ca bin tr
x
e0 i Eb Kxi
L
74