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FIJ Looks Like A Simple Topic
FIJ Looks Like A Simple Topic
FIJ Looks Like A Simple Topic
Let
us have a look at the definitions of FIJs and related concepts.
Fact: Facts, which deal with the pieces of information that one has heard,
seen or read, and which are open to discovery or verification.
Also fact is something demonstrated to exist or known to have existed. The
wording here is very important. Fact is a piece of information known to
people, but may not be true. For example, "The sun revolves around the
earth" is a fact at that time, but not now.
Judgement: Judgements, which are opinions that imply approval or
disapproval of persons, objects, situations and occurrences in the past, the
present or the future.
So judgements are personal opinions and subjective. The following
information is helpful in classifiying judgements
1. Statement that imply "approval" or "disapproval"
What a magnificent view!,
2. Statements that "impose compulsion" using should or must
You should work harder
3. Statement that "compare" non - measurable things
He is the best boy in class
4. Statements modify the nature of attributes.
You are running very slowly
5. Statements of prediction using will or shall
I will become the Captain of the team
6. Proverbs and maxims which are not universal truths
Honesty is the best policy (how do we verify?)
Inference: Inferences, which are conclusions drawn about unknown, on the
basis of the known.
1. Results of some action taken or incident taken place.
Ever since the bridge collapsed, the villagers are facing a big problem to go
to town
2. Expectations or possibilities of something happenning as a result of
something else.
If there is an earthquake, people will be killed
3. Any proverb that functions on cause and effect
An apple a day, keeps the doctor away
How to answer these questions: Judgements can be identified by
observing the tone of the sentence along with the key words discussed
above. If the statement has been given by an individual and a personal
compositon, may not be accepted by others, then it is a judgement. A
2. The truth is that we have more red tape - we take eighty-nine days to
start
a
small
business,
Australians
take
two.
3. Red tape leads to corruption and distorts a peoples character.
4. Every red tape procedure is a point of contact with an official, and such
contacts
have the potential to become opportunities for money to change hands.
(1)
JFIF
(2)
JFJJ
(3)
JIJF
(4)
IFJF
(5) JFJI
Several things make statement 1 a judgment 'should not be', 'hopelessly
addicted', 'erroneous belief', and crookedness of Indians;none of them are
facts,
nor
verifiable
inferences.
Statement 2 is a combination of inference and facts. we have more red
tape is an inference, but "the truth is" clarifies that the author take it for
granted as there is more redtape and sites an example we take 89 days
etc.. which is a fact. Author is not drawing the conclusion from the
statistical example, but after confirming we have more redtape just giving
an example. Since the thrust of the statement is based on the facts it has to
be classified as a fact. Therefore options 3 and 4 are eliminated.
Options 1, 2 and 5 remain. Statement 3 is classified in both options 2 and 5
as a Judgement. and surely this is a personal opinion. Distortion of personal
character is
a
subjective
opinion.
Statement 4 is to be evaluated a Judgement or an Inference. The first part
of sentence 4 is a fact. In the second part, potential is inferred based on
facts/experiences. Hence it is an inference. This eliminates options 1 and 2.
Hence, the correct answer is option 5.
Example - 5
1. Inequitable distribution of all kinds of resources is certainly one of the
strongest
and
most
sinister
sources
of
conflict.
2. Even without war, we know that conflicts continue to trouble us - they
only
change
in
character.
3. Extensive disarmament is the only insurance for our future; imagine the
amount of resources that can be released and redeployed.
4. The economies of the industrialized western world derive 20% of their
income
from
the sale of all kinds of arms.
(1)
IJJI
(2)
JIJF
(3)
IIJF
(4)
JIIF
(5) JIF
The first sentence is to be evaluated as a Judgement or an Inference. Most
sinister is neither verified nor verifiable. It is clearly an opinion, making it a
Judgement.
This
eliminates
options
1,
3
and
5.
Evaluating options 2 and 4, one has to decide whether statement 3 is an
Inference or a Judgment. Only insurance is neither a verified fact nor a
verifiable inference. Hence it is a judgment, which eliminates option 4.
Statement 3 is an inference. We could say "conflicts continue to trouble us"
only
from
our
past
experiences.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.