Ministry Of Education

Instituto Bern
Bautista-Bilinge
Name:
Milagros Camargo
Subject:
Science
Topic:
Periodic table of the elements
Teacher:
Steven Marriott
Level:
9 E
Date:
Friday, August 2, 2016

INTROD
UCTION

Elements
in
the
periodic
table
are
arranged in periods
(rows)
and
groups
(columns). Each of the
seven periods is filled
sequentially by atomic
number.
Groups
include
elements
having
the
same
electron configuration
in their outer shell,
which results in group
elements
sharing
similar
chemical
properties.
The periodic table of
elements is one of the
most important tools
of chemistry. Through
its
ingenious
organization, the table
provides concise and
fundamental
information not only
about every individual element, but also about general trends across all the

elements. Mastering the elements of the periodic table after will save us work
later.
In that work I will present the elements the periodic table and its classification.

METALS
In the periodic table, you
can see a stair-stepped line
starting at Boron (B), atomic
number 5, and going all the
way down to Polonium (Po),
atomic number 84. Except
for Germanium (Ge) and
Antimony (Sb), all the
elements to the left of that line can be classified as metals.
They are solid (with the exception of mercury, Hg, a liquid).
They are shiny, good conductors of electricity and heat.
They are ductile (they can be drawn into thin wires).
They are malleable (they can be easily hammered into very thin sheets).
All these metals tend to lose electrons easily. The following figure shows the
metals.

CLASSIFICATION

Lithium: A soft, silvery, highly reactive metallic element that is used as a

heat transfer medium, in thermo-nuclear weapons, and in various alloys,
ceramics, and optical forms of glass. Lithium reacts with Oxygen to form
monoxide and peroxide and reacts easily with Hydrogen at almost 500C
(930F) to form lithium hydride. The Atomic Number of this element is 3 and
the Element Symbol is Li.

Sodium: A soft, light, extremely malleable silver-white metallic element that

reacts explosively with water, is naturally abundant in combined forms,
especially in common salt, and is used in the production of a wide variety of
industrially important compounds.

Potassium: A soft, silver-

white, highly or explosively

reactive metallic element
that occurs in nature only in
compounds. Potassium is silvery when first cut but it oxidizes rapidly in air and
tarnishes within minutes, so it is generally stored under oil or grease. It is light
enough to float in water, with which it reacts instantly to release Hydrogen that
burns with a lilac flame.

Rubidium: A soft silvery-white metallic element of the alkali group that

ignites spontaneously in air and reacts violently with water. It is one of the most
electropositive and alkaline elements.

Cesium: A soft, silvery-white ductile metal, liquid at room temperature, the

most electropositive and alkaline of the elements, used in photoelectric cells
and to catalyze hydrogenation of some organic compounds. Cesium reacts
explosively with cold water, and reacts with ice at temperatures above -116C.
Tiny quantities of cesium chloride are found in mineral springs and in seawater.
The Atomic Number of this element is 55 and the Element Symbol is Cs.

Francium: An extremely unstable radioactive element of the alkali metals,

produced artificially from actinum or thorium, having approximately 19

isotopes, the most stable of which is Fr 223 with a half-life of 21 minutes. It is

the least electronegative of all the known elements. Francium occurs naturally
to a very limited extent in uranium minerals. The Atomic Number of this
element is 87 and the Element Symbol is Fr.

NONME
TALS
Except for the elements
stepped line, the elements
classified
as
nonmetals
Nonmetals have properties
metals.

that
border
the
stairto the right of the line are
(along
with
hydrogen).
opposite
those
of
the

The nonmetals are brittle, not malleable or ductile, poor conductors of both
heat and electricity, and tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions. Some
nonmetals are liquids. These elements are shown in the following figure.

CLASSIF
ICATION
Hydrogen: is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic
number 1. With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest
element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant
chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic
mass

Helium: is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a

colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas, the first in the
noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all
the elements.

Carbon; is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. On the

periodic table, it is the first (row 2) of six elements in column (group) 14, which
have in common the composition of their outer electron shell.

Nitrogen: is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7. It is

the lightest pnictogen, and at room temperature it is a transparent, odorless
diatomic gas. Nitrogen is a common element in the universe, estimated at
about seventh in total abundance in the Milky Way and the Solar System.

Oxygen: is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a

member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive
nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms oxides with most elements as
well as other compounds. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element
in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.

Neon: is a chemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10. It is in

group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table. Neon is a colorless, odorless, inert
monatomic gas under standard conditions, with about two-thirds the density of
air.

METALL
OIDS
The elements that border
classified as metalloids. The
have properties that are
between
metals
and

the stair-stepped line are

metalloids, or semimetals,
somewhat
of
a
cross
nonmetals.

Metalloids tend to be economically important because of their unique

conductivity properties (they only partially conduct electricity), which make
them valuable in the semiconductor and computer chip industry. The metalloids
are shown in the following illustration.

CLASSIF
ICATION
Boron: is a chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5. Produced
entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar

nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in the Solar system and in the

Earth's crust. Boron is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more
common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals.

Silicon: is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a

tetravalent metalloid, more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly
below it in the table. Controversy about silicon's character dates to its
discovery.

Germanium: is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It

is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically
similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Pure germanium is a
semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon.

Arsenic: is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.

Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in combination with sulfur and metals,
but also as a pure elemental crystal. Arsenic is a metalloid. It has various
allotropes, but only the gray form is important to industry.

Antimony: is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from Latin: stibium) and

atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the
sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since
ancient times and were used for cosmetics; metallic antimony was also known,
but it was erroneously identified as lead upon its discovery.

Polonium: is a chemical el ement with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A

rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is
chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though it also shows
resemblances to its horizontal neighbors thallium, lead, and bismuth due to its
metallic character.

CONCLU
SION
In that work I
learned about The Periodic Table of
Elements. On it,
elements are arranged by increasing
atomic number.
However, an element's position on the
table reveals a lot more about an element then the number of protons in its
nucleus. I have seen that the periodic table also contains a great deal of
information about an element's chemical and physical properties.
Through this work I have extended the research of the chemical elements
beyond The Periodic Table. This research revealed some of the common uses of
elements and some of the hazards associated with them.

Infogra
phy
Google

Science.com
http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/fundamentals/periodictable/summary.ht
ml
http://thechemicalelementproject.weebly.com/conclusion.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron