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Biochemical Importance of Carbohydrate (2015)
Biochemical Importance of Carbohydrate (2015)
Biochemical Importance of Carbohydrate (2015)
CARBOHYDRATE
INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANT MONOSACCHARIDES
1.
PENTOSES
Ribose:
Found in nucleic acids
Forms structural elements of nucleic acid and coenzymes
Intermediates of pentose phosphate pathway ATP, NAD,
NADP, flavoproteins etc
2.
HEXOSES
Glucose:
most important carbohydrate
can be converted into glycogen, ribose, and galactose
GLUCOSE
Glucose
GLUCOSE
Deficiency or absence of enzymes of glycogen metabolism
causes glycogen storage diseases.
In erythrocytes, 2, 3-BPG is formed from glucose. 2, 3-BPG
facilitates the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin.
GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOLYSIS
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
9.
GLYCOGENESIS
Glycogenesis
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
Glycogenolisis
converts
In
liver: glucose
In skeletal muscle: glucose-6-phosphate or lactate
Medical Importance Of
Glycogenolisis
1.
2.
3.
2.
3.
4.
Fig. 11.1 (a) Schematic diagram showing production of reduced coenzymes on oxidation of
substrate with subsequent oxidation of them by O2 and formation of ATP
(a) In respiratory chain, O2 is used as tinal electron acceptor and reduced to water.
(b) Apart form respiratory chain, several enzymes use O2 as final electron acceptor
andproduce H20 2.
(c) Several new compounds are synthesized by directly incorporating O2 into certain
substances.
(d) Respiratory O2 is also required for the removal of toxins and drugs from the body.
(e) Superoxide ion derived from 02 function as microbicide.
4.
5.
2.
3.
4.
POLYOL PATHWAY
1.
2.
3.
Gluconeogenesis (Neoglucogenesis)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fructose
Main
Galactose
found
IMPORTANT DISACCHARIDES
1.
2.
Lactose
IMPORTANT DISACCHARIDES
3.
Sucrose
4. Isomaltose
contains
Glycogen
Glycogen
is
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES
Heteropolysaccharides
also called as mucopolysaccharides and glycosaminoglycans.
Mucopolysaccharides
consist of repeating disaccharide units
component of connective tissue (as structural
polysaccharides) and mucous secretions.
combines with collagen and elastin and forms extracellular
medium or ground substance of connective tissue.
components of extracellular matrix of bone, cartilage and
tendons.
also function as lubricants and shock absorbers.
Important mucopolysaccharides or
glycosaminoglycans
Chondroitin sulfate
Chondroitin sulfates
are
Heparin
Heparin
is
Dermatan Sulphate
is
Keratan Sulphates
are
GLYCOPROTEINS
Glycoproteins
are found in mucous fluids, tissues, blood and in cell
membrane
are proteins containing short chains of carbohydrates that
are usually oligosaccharides.
The oligosaccharide
is attached to proteins by O-glycosidic and N-glycosidic
bonds.
is composed of fucose, N-acetyl glucosamine, galactose and
glucose.
2.
3.
Sialic Acids
References