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Symmetry 2D 3
Symmetry 2D 3
Symmetry 2D 3
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L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
Outlook
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L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
Symmetry
Symmetry is the preservation of form and configuration across a
point, a line, or a plane.
The techniques that are used to "take a shape and match it exactly to
another are called transformations
Inorganic crystals usually have the shape which reflects their internal
symmetry
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(b) to (e) correct unit cell: choice of origin is arbitrary but the cells should be identical;
(f) incorrect unit cell: not permissible to isolate unit cells from each other (1 and 2 are
not identical)
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A. West: Solid state chemistry and its applications
Some Definitions
Symmetry element: An imaginary geometric entity (line, point,
plane) about which a symmetry operation takes place
Symmetry Operation: a permutation of atoms such that an object
(molecule or crystal) is transformed into a state indistinguishable
from the starting state
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L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
D6h or 6/mmm
Point group
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graphene
p6mm
Plane group = point
group symmetry +
in plane translation
L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
graphite
P63/mmc
Space group = point
group symmetry +
in 3D translation
* Besides identity
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L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
1. Translation (move)
Translation moves all the points in the asymmetric unit the same
distance in the same direction.
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L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
2. Rotations
A rotation turns all the points in the asymmetric unit around one
axis, the center of rotation.
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--- (monad)
(diad) Axes perpendicular to the plane
(triad)
(Tetrad)
(Hexad)
MOLECULES
CRYSTALS
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3. Reflections
A reflection flips all points in the asymmetric unit over a line called
mirror.
The points along the mirror line are all
invariant points
A reflection changes the chirality of any
figures in the asymmetric unit
Symbol: m
Representation: a solid line
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4. Glide Reflections
Glide reflection reflects the asymmetric unit across a mirror and
then translates it parallel to the mirror
Symbol: g
Representation: a dashed line
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L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
m (mirror line)
8.
9.
10.
L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
6 mm (6-fold axis
and 6 mirror lines)*
16
Non-periodic 2D patterns
5-fold , 7-fold, etc. axes are not compatible with translation non-periodic two
dimensional patterns
Ex:
Starfish
Wikipedia.org
A Penrose tiling
Group of atoms or viruses can form quasicrystals (quasicristals = ordered structural forms
that are non-periodic)
Electron diffraction of a Al-Mn
quasicrystal showing 5-fold
symmetry by Dan Shechtman
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http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2011/press.html
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oblique(parallelogram) (a b, 90)
Rectangular (a b, 90)
Square (a = b, 90)
Centered rectangular or diamond (a b, 90)
Rhombic or hexagonal (a = b, 120)
When point group symmetries are combined with the possible lattice
cells 17 plane groups.
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2
is the motif
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B
x
Steps:
1. 2-fold rotation through A moves the motif from 1 to 2
2. translation by T moves the motif from 2 to 3
Or
1. 2-fold rotation through B moves the motif from 1 to 3
L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
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Pair of motifs:
T1
6
T2
T1
T1+T2
T2
4
7
2-fold rotation at 1 combined with translation T 1 gives the rotation 6 (rotation 6 is translated
to 7 by T2)
2-fold rotation at 1 combined with translation T 2 gives the rotation 8 (rotation 8 is translated
to 9 by T1)
2-fold rotation at 1 combined with translation T 1+T2 gives the rotation in the middle
The blue, red, green and yellow marked are independent 2-fold axes:
they relate different objects pair-wise in the pattern no any pair of
the blue and one of the red, green or yellow 2-fold axis describe the
same
pair-wise relationship L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
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Martin Buerger: An introduction to fundamental geometric features of crystals
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1
2
- Pair of motifs
1 2 3
2
3
Translation
*2
*the mirror 2 is situated at distance of the translation
The mirror 2 is independent from 1 because the position of the objects (1 and 2)
relative to the mirror in the center (2)of the cell is distinct from the position of the
same objects relative to the first mirror (1)
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22
11 1
2
2
12
T
T
*T(T+T)=glide plane
The glide will be at the half distance of T
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1 gliding
2 Translatio
n 3
g1
2
g2
gliding by g2
g1
2
g2
3
T()
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Reflecting 1 by a
mirror in the
center of the
edges gives 3;
Gliding 3 half of
Tparallel gives 3
26
g1
2
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g2
L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
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The operation of applying two reflections in which the mirror planes (1 and 2) are
making an angle with each other is the same with the rotation by an 2 angle
1
1
Two reflections:
1 1 by reflection on 1
1 2 by reflection on 2
One rotation:
1 2 by two times rotation
1
1 1' 2
rotation by 2
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2
rotationby
reflection by 1
1 2 3
reflection by 2
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p1
p2
and
and
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2.
The highest multiplicity axis or if only one symmetry axis present they are on z
Ex: p4mm: 4-fold axis in the z direction; p3m1: 3-fold axis in the z direction
The highest symmetry axis is mentioned first and the rest are omitted
ex: p4mmm: 4-fold axis on z and two 2-fold axes are omitted
The addition of 1 is often used as a place holder to ensure the mirror or glide line
is correctly placed
ex: p3m1 and p31m
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my
m x
m z
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2. Rectangular (a b, 90)
pmg2
Possible motifs:
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pmm2
pgg2
2mm
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motif:
pmg2
pgg2
pmg2
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pgg2
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3. Square (a = b, 90)
Possible motifs:
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4mm
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cmm2
Possible motifs:
m
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2mm
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a=b
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Plane groups:
p3, p31m, p3m1, p6 and p6mm
Possible motifs:
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6mm
3m
38
p3m1
The mirrors are to the translation
(the translation comes in the middle of the
mirrors)
p31m
The translation is along
the mirror planes
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The p6mm plane group has the symmetry elements of both p3m1 and
p31m groups because both of these groups are present
simultaneously in p6mm plane group.
p3m1 +p31m
When we add the symmetry elements we should make sure that all the symmetry
elements are left invariant (we dont create additional translations or consequently
more axes and planes;
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glide line
2, 3, 4, 6 fold axes
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x
y
1-y
1-x
xy
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1. Highest
order
rotation?
6-fold
4-fold
3-fold
2-fold
2. Has reflection?
Yes
No
p6mm
3. Has mirrors at 45?
Yes: p4mm
No: p4gm
3. Has rot. centre off mirrors?
Yes: p31m
No: p3m1
3. Has perpendicular reflections?
Yes
No
p6
none
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No: pmm2
pmg2
No: pm
L. Viciu| AC II | Symmetry in 2D
p4
p3
Has glide reflection?
Yes: pgg2
No: p2
No: p1
45
Locate the motif present in the pattern. This can be a molecule, molecules, atom,
group of atoms, a shape or group of shapes. The motif can usually be discovered
by noting the periodicity of the pattern.
2.
3.
Locate a single lattice point for each occurrence of the motif. It is a good idea to
locate the lattice points at a symmetry element location.
4.
5.
Determine the plane group by comparing the symmetry elements present to the
17 plane patterns.
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No symmetry besides translation: The lattice type is oblique, plane group p1. Each
unit mesh (unit cell) contains 1 white bird and 1 blue bird.
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No symmetry besides translation: The lattice type is oblique, plane group p1. Each
unit mesh (unit cell) contains 1 white bird and 1 blue bird.
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Christopher Hammond: The basics of crystallography and diffraction (third edition)
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Christopher Hammond: The basics of crystallography and diffraction (third edition)
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p4gm
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