TI 3: TM HIU CNG NGH SN XUT NC CA

NHN HNG aquafina

Chng I Tng quan v nhn hng Lavie
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.

Cng ty sn xut
Quy m
Phn khc th trng
Chng II Ngun nc cp v quy chun p dng
2.1. Ngun nc cp
2.2. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca ngun nc
2.3. Quy chun p dng
Chng III Quy trnh sn xut nc ca nhn hng Lavie
3.1. Quy trnh
3.2. S cng ngh
3.3. Thuyt minh cng ngh
Chng IV Cng ngh lc RO
4.1. Gii thiu cng ngh
4.2. Nguyn tc
4.3. iu kin p dng
4.4. u, nhc im

Chng II Ngun nc cp v quy chun p dng

2.1. Ngun nc cp
NGUN NC:
Cc ngun nc ng chai bao gm sng, h, sui, ao, h, v ging. Khi nc
t nhin i qua b mt ca t hoc thng qua mt t, n c th nhn cc cht sn
sinh t nhin cng nh cc cht c mt do ng vt v con ngi hot ng. Cc cht
c th c mt trong ngun nc bao gm cc yu t sau:
Cc cht v c, bao gm, nhng khng gii hn, mui v kim loi, c th l t nhin
hoc l kt qu t nui trng, dng chy nc ma th, nc thi cng nghip hoc
trong nc, hoc du v sn xut kh t.
Thuc tr su v thuc dit c c th n t nhiu ngun khc nhau, bao gm, nhng
khng gii hn, nng nghip, dng chy nc ma th, v s dng nh .
Cc cht hu c l sn phm ph ca qu trnh cng nghip v sn xut du kh v
cng c th n t cc trm xng, dng chy nc ma th, ng dng nng nghip,
v cc h thng t hoi.
Sinh vt Vi sinh vt c th n t ng vt hoang d, cc hot ng chn nui nng
nghip, cc nh my x l nc thi, v cc h thng t hoi.
Cc cht c tnh phng x m c th xut hin t nhin hoc l kt qu ca cc hot
ng khai thc khong sn xut du v kh t v. "
S khc bit gia nc sui v nc tinh khit l g?
Nc sui bt ngun t mt hnh ngm t nc chy n b
mt tri t. Trong khi nc sui c x l loi b vi khun v
cc cht nhim c th, hu ht cc nc sui gi c nhiu ca
Tng ho tan cht rn (TDS), cc hp cht vi lng v cc cht khc
c tm thy trong nc.
Nc tinh khit l c ngun gc t h thng nc cung cp
nc ung an ton v c quy nh bi C quan Bo v Mi trng
(EPA). sau nc ny c x l thng qua h thng lc c thit
k loi b cc cht theo tiu chun Thc phm v Dc phm
(FDA). Hydro-7 h thng lc nc-of-the-ngh thut ca Aquafina
dng tiu chun m thm ch cn nghim ngt hn l, nhng quy
nh ca FDA.
Thng tin thm v Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS):

TDS l tng ca tt c cc cht rn ha tan trong nc o bng

phn triu (ppm) V d v cc cht c th chim TDS bao gm
cacbonat, bicacbonat, clorua, sunfat, pht pht, nitrat, canxi, magi,
natri, kali, st, mangan , v mt vi ngi khc.
Hng dn FDA yu cu rng nc ng chai, tr nc khong,
khng cha TDS hn 500 ppm. i vi mt nc ng chai c dn
nhn "tinh khit", n phi c TDS khng qu 10 ppm.
2.2. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca ngun nc
Do ngun nc Aquafina s dng l nc my, u ra ngun
nc my ti vit nam tun theo QCVN 02: 2009/BYT (quy chun k
thut quc gia v cht lng nc sinh hot). Nn thnh phn nc
phi t bng sau:
Gii hn ti a cho php I: p dng vi cc c s cung cp nc
Gii hn ti a cho php II: p dng i vi cc hnh thc khai
thc c nhn, h gia nh( cc hnh thc cp nc bng ng ng
ch qua x l n gin nh ging khoan ging o, b ma, mng
ln, ng ng t chy).

Do cht lng ng ng dn nc hin nay ngy cng xung

cp, d cht lng nc cp t trm cung cp nc m bo th khi
nc n ni s dng cng b gim.V cc nh my s dng nhiu
clo nn cha mi.

2.3. Quy chun p dng

Aquafina tun theo quy nh ca Cc qun l thc phm v
dc Hoa K (FDA):
Mc 21 - Thc phm v thuc
Chng I - Thc phm v thuc iu hnh
Khong B - Thc phm i vi tiu th con ngi
PHN 165 - UNG
Phn ph B - Yu cu i vi c th tiu chun ha ung
mc. 165,110 nc ng chai.
Ha cht v c (IOCs)
Antimon
Arsenic
Bari
Beri
Bromat
Cadimi
Clo
Chloramine
Chlorine dioxide
Chlorite
Chromium, Total
Chromium, ha tr su
Cyanua
Ch
Thy ngn
Niken
Nitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Total Nitrate + Nitrite
Selenium
Thallium

Nng miligam trong mi lt

0.006
0.01
2
0.004
0.01
0.005
4.0
4.0
0.8
1.0
0.1
NA
0.1
0.005
0.002
0.1
10
1
10
0.05
0.002

Cc thng s cht v c th cp
Nhm
chloride
ng
St
Mangan
Bc
Sunfat

Nng miligam trong mi lt

0.2
250
1
0.3
0.05
0.1
250

Tng cht rn ha tan

Km

500
5

Cht hu c d bay hi
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Ethylbenzene
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)
Monochlorobenzene
o-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
Haloacetic Acids
Styrene

Nng miligam trong mi lt

0.2
0.005
0.007
0.07
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.07
0.1
0.7
0.005
0.1
0.6
0.075
0.06
1

Ngoi ra cn mc cho php i vi thuc tr su.

Mt 2015 mu phn tch cht lng nc cho Aquafina c
lit k di y.

MCL = mc nhim ti a l mc ti a ca mt cht gy nhim cho

php trong nc ung cng cng. Cc MCL hin th l MCL lin bang quy nh
ca C quan Bo v Mi trng Hoa K (EPA) cng nh Hoa K thc phm
thuc v (FDA).
ND = Khng pht hin ti hoc trn cc Bo co Gii hn ti thiu
(MRL) theo quyt nh c quy nh bi C quan Bo v Mi trng Hoa K
(EPA) trong 40 CFR Phn 135 Ph lc B

Inorganic

MCL*

Results for

Compounds

(mg/L)

Purified

Analysis
Performed
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium

Finished Product
0.2
0.006
0.010
2.0
0.004

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Cadmium
Chloride
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide (As free

0.005
250.0
0.1
1
0.2

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

cyanide)
Fluoride
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury (Inorganic)
Nitrogen (as Nitrate)
Nitrogen (as Nitrite)
Selenium
Silver
Sulfate
Thallium
Zinc

4.0
0.3
0.005
0.05
0.002
10
1
0.05
0.1
250.0
0.002
5.0

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND-0.48
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Organic Compounds

MCL*

Results for Purified

Analysis Performed
Alachlor
Atrazine
Benzene
Benzo(a)pyrene (PAHs)
Carbofuran
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlordane
2,4-D
Dalapon
1,2-Dibromo-3-

(mg/L)
0.002
0.003
0.005
0.0002
0.04
0.005
0.002
0.07
0.2
0.0002

Finished Product
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

chloropropane (DBCP)
o-Dichlorobenzene
p-Dichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene
trans-1,2-

0.6
0.075
0.005
0.007
0.07
0.1

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Dichloroethylene
Dichloromethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
Dinoseb
Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD)
Diquat
Endothall

-0.005
0.4
0.007
3x10-8
0.02
0.1

ND -0.0015
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Endrin
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Dibromide
Glyphosate
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorocyclopentadi

0.002
0.7
0.00005
0.7
0.0004
0.0002
0.001
0.05

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ene
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Oxamyl (VYDATE)
Pentachlorophenol
Polychlorinated

0.0002
0.04
0.2
0.001
0.0005

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

biphenyls (PCBs)
Picloram
Simazine
Styrene
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
Toxaphene
2,4,5-TP (Silvex)
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
Xylenes (Total)

0.5
0.004
0.1
0.005
1
0.003
0.05
0.07
0.2
0.005
0.005
0.002
10

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

Residual

MCL*

Results for Purified

Disinfectants Analysis

(mg/L)

Finished Product

Performed
Chloramines
Chlorine (as Cl2), Total
Chlorine Dioxide (as

4.0
4.0
0.8

ND
ND
ND

ClO2)
Disinfection

MCL*

Results for Purified

Byproducts Analysis

(mg/L)

Finished Product

Performed
Bromate
Chlorite
Haloacetic Acids (HAA)
Total Trihalomethanes

0.010
1.0
0.060
0.080

ND
ND
ND
ND 0.004

Radionuclides Analysis

MCL*

Results for Purified

Performed

(mg/L)

Finished Product

(THMs)

Gross Alpha particle

15 pCi/L

activity
Gross Beta particles &

50 pCi/L5

photon emitters

Tt c cc tiu chun
FDA v EPA cho nc
ng chai v ung.

Microbiological

MCL*

Results for Purified

Analysis Performed
Total Coliform (colony

(mg/L)
Khng c

Finished Product
Khng c

forming unit/mL)
Turbidity

5 NTU

ND -0.084

Physical Quality

MCL*

Results for Purified

Analysis Performed
Color (Color units)
Odor (Threshold odor

(mg/L)
153 CU
3 TON

Finished Product
ND
ND-2.0

number)
Total Dissolved Solids

5 NTU

ND 0.084

(Nephelolometric
turbidity unit)

TDS (mg/L)

Chng IV Cng ngh lc RO

4.1. Gii thiu cng ngh
Lc l qu trnh tch cht rn (cn l lng) ra khi nc. Khi nc c ln tp
cht cn l lng i qua mi trng vt liu lc, c th cn c gi li cho nc i
qua, kt qu l thu c nc trong khng cha hoc cha rt t cn l lng.
Ngi ta phn loi cc phng php mng lc ch yu da vo bn cht vt
liu lc v phng php thc hin qu trnh lc.
Nm 1748, Abbe Nollet l ngi u tin c tng nghin cu k thut mng
phn ly khi dng bong bng c th ru nho. Sau vo nm 1920 k thut mng
phn ly c p dng vo qui m cng nghip l khi ngi ta dng phng php thm
tch thu hi kim t dung dch nho trong cng nghip sn xut t nhn to. Nhng
sau k thut ny c hu nh khng c pht trin.
Nm 1952, gio s Raid ca trng i hc Florida vi mc ch tm kim
nhng phng php mi lm ngt nc bin a ra tng v thm thu ngc.
Nhng vic pht minh ra loi mng thch hp cho mc ch ny phi i cho n khi
Loeb v Sourirajan ch to thnh cng loi mng bt i xng vo nm 1960.
T , cc phng php phn ly mng mi nh siu lc, vi lc, phn ly kh,
thm thu ha kh, thm tch p sut ln lt c p dng vo thc t.

4.2. Nguyn tc
Ta b tr th nghim sau: Ly mt bnh cha nh hnh v, chia i bnh bng
mt mng bn thm, mng ny ch cho nc m khng cho cht tan qua.
S gii thch nguyn l lc:

Nu rt vo hai na bnh u nc sch hoc dung dch nc mui c nng

bt k th khng c hin tng g xy ra. Nhng rt vo mt bn l nc sch, mt bn
l nc mui v quan st ta thy mc nc bn phi cha dung sch nc mui dng
dn ln. iu chng t c mt dng nc chy t tri sang phi qua mng bn
thm.
Hin tng ny gi l hin tng thm thu v c hiu l: S di chuyn t
pht ca dung mi t mt dung dch long vo mt dung dch m c qua mng bn
thm.
Sau mt thi gian, mc nc bn phi ngng dng, bn tri ngng h, chnh
lch ct p khng i theo thi gian tc l h t cn bng thm thu v c gi l
p sut thm thu .
Nu cung cp mt p sut P > , ct nc bn tri dng ln, ngha l dng nc
o ngc, chy t vng nc mui sang vng nc sch. T mui c loi
khi nc.Nh vy, nu lc t nc mn thnh nc ngt th ch cn c thit b hot
ng theo nguyn tc trn v mt bm to p P > . Thng thng P = (2-2,5) .

Semipermeablemembrane (Salt-Rejecting Membrane): Mng thm thu

loi b cc cht ha tan, hoc khng ha tan.
Fabric Backing: Lp thm thu ngc
Plasticized Tricot (Mng si Platic) cc rnh xon trn b mt s to ra
mt dng xoy cho nc c lc i ra khi RO ( trung tm ca ng RO)
Brine Spacer: Ming m ngm nc
Pressure Vesel: Lp v chu p lc cho h RO
Sealant: Cht bt kn
Fiberglass Membrane Shell: Lp v bng si thy tinh
S ca thit b thm thu ngc

4.3. iu kin p dng

Tu theo tng loi cn v kch thc cn trong nc thi khc nhau m p dng
cc phng php x l khc nhau. y l bng phn loi cc k thut mng khc nhau
ng vi cc kch thc mao qun ca mng nc thi th c rt nhiu phng php
khc nhau, nhng ngy nay cng vi s pht trin v khoa hc k thut v nhng i
hi cao v cht lng nc sn phm sau x l th ngoi cc k thut c in ngi ta
nhanh chng pht trin cng ngh mng lc.
Cc phng php lc c p dng nh hnh sau:

4.4. u, nhc im
* u im ca phng php:

Khng c pha chuyn tip trong tch tp cht, cho php tin hnh qu trnh vi
chi ph vn hnh thp.

C th tin hnh qu trnh nhit phng, khng c b sung hoc b sung rt

t ho cht.

n gin trong kt cu.

* Nhc im:

Pht sinh hin tng phn cc nng do s tng nng b mt mng. iu

ny dn n gim nng sut, gim mc phn tch cc cu t v gim tui th ca
mng.

Tin hnh qu trnh p sut cao nn cn c thit b lm kn c bit.