1438-1437

2017-2016

Some ConversionTables

8
9
10
11
12
16
22
25

29
29
29
30
30
31
31
31
35
36
37
39
42
52
52
53

55
55
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61
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( +)
( -) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( +).................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( -) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( +)...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( -) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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() .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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+ = ......................................................................................................................................................................................
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173
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180
183
188
189

.
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( +) ( +) ( +) ...............................................................................................................................................
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( +) ( +) ( +) .........................................................................................................................................................................................

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195
195
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198
202
204
209
210

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( +) - ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
+ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
+ ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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217
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237
240
246
247
248

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( ) ............................................................................................................................................
( ) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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250

=1

Matrices

( ) :

[ ]

6 4 3
9 5 2

: =

:
11

32
.....

] [ =

..... 3 2 1( = ) ) ..... 3 2 1( =
:1 :

3 4
1 2

1
2

. ()2 2
. ()1 3

3 6 5
= 4 0 2-

4] =

[0

. ()3 2
. ()4 1
9

 1

3 3
=

2 9 5
: 6 7 8 =

0 4- 2-

32 11

23

6=32 5= 11

33

0=33 4- = 23

Equality of Matrices
:

-1 = )

11

32
.....

-2 = .
:

2 5 4
3- 0 9

3
:1
2-

[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]

[ ]

0
0

= 5

16

4
3

0 2-

5 = 0 =

:2 :

:
2 =8
=4
7= +
7= + 4
3=
+ = + 4 8= 8
=3 3+4
= 3 +
10

3- 0
6
3

=4
=13

 Determinant Matrix

:
2

2
8

]1

3
0

4
6

3-

[3

9 8 2
3- 6 4

1
0

1
3

11

Types of Matrices
- 1 Null Matrix :
.
=

0 32

0 33

0 0

0 0 0

0 0
0 0 0

0 0 0
][0
11

-2 Square Matrix :
:
3 =
5-

22

2
4

0 5 4
= 5 0 3

5- 8 9

-3 Diagonal Matrix :
:

:

0=

0 3
5 0 =

22

0 0 2-
0 5 0

=
8- 0 0

33

12

33

-4 " Unit Matrix : :

. I :
0 1
1 0 = 2I

= 3I

0 0 1
0 1 0

1 0 0

I
2
I

-5 :
:
:
:
0=
>

5 3 2
9 4 0

6 0 0

-6 :
:
:
:
0=
<

0 0 5
0 2- 8

1 3 9

-7 Symmetrical Matrix :

:
:
:
=
=

9- 4 3
8 2 4

5 8 9-

13

 1
2
: :

:
8 = 2

4=
4=
4=

16 = 4
= 1 + 2

9 =

: =

=1 + 4 2

1- 2

3 =1-2
4 = 2
2=

:
:
-=
+ = 0
=

-8

= - :
2 3 0
2- 0 3-
4
=
0 4 2-

: .

:
- = 0 0 = +

14

3 - =
-=0
0 = +
8- = +

3 - =
=3-

+ 3

- 0

6-+

=3-
-3=03=
0=+ 311- =
8- = 3 +


-1
-1 :
=

2 8 8
4 3-

2 2- 1+

= = 2+
3-

.. -

0
1

3
1 = ........ ......0

- :
1- 2 2
3 5 = 3 1+

) -2 :

5
7-

3

2
2

2 8 9 7

= 3- 5 0 2-

7 0 2 6

) =
()=

15

-1 :

.

:
-1 .
-2 .

8 9
5 2
: 5- 4 = = 8 7

+ - + -
:
8 9
5 2
13 11
+ = 3 11 = 8 7 + 5- 4

...
:
+ -1 =
- -2 =

5 2 8 9
13 11
3 11 = 5- 4 + 8 7 = +

8 9
5 2
3- 7-
- = 13- 3- = 8 7 - 5- 4

5 2 8 9
3 7
13 3 = 5- 4 - 8 7 = -

=
: : +
5 2-

:
3 2
= 1- 1

2 2-
= 6- 3

16

1 4
5 2-

3 2
1- 1

:
+ =
= - :

] 4[ =
] [ =2

53-

24-

5
3

3- 4 2
4 2- 5

4- 2-
2 5-

= -

3
4

- 2 :

-
.
:
:

5 4 = 5- 3 :
2- 3

4
3 = 3
3
4
5- = 53
4 =
3

15 12
5
6- 9 = 2

5
25- 20-
10 15- = 2

= 5

4
2
3
2

25
22

25 2
1- 3
2

:
:


:
-1 =

( -2) =

=
:

17

:
=

5 2
1 4

0
1

2
24

5
3

.
:

3 = 2

I
3 2

2 5 2
= 24 1 4

0
1

5
3

= 3 4- 2
4- 2 5-

:
2
] 2 [5 2

14 =10 + 4 = 2 5 + 2 2

0
1 [5 2] = 21

5 =5 + 0 = 1 5 + 0 2

= 11

...

:
=

2 5 2
42 1 4

0
1

= 5

25 5 14
23 1 10

3 2

18

 : :
= [3 4] Q

33

4 -
4

:
Q

= [3 4]

4 -
4

3 Q
344
-
Q

4433 =

4- = 4
4 =4

3- 4-
3 4

1- =
=1

: + 0

33

1
1

1
0

[ ]] [=] [+
[ ]=[ ]
3

3+

1
0

1
0

:
=0
3 + = 1
31=0+

= B

19

 1
2-1
0 2
-1 3 1- =

-2

.
4 1
-3 ( 3 5 0 -

3 0
) = 2 2 1-+

-4 :
(-)

2
] 3 [1 0

( 3 2 1 2 4 -)
1- 2- 0 3 1

(3 - 2 1 4 5 -)
1 7 5- 6 2

0 1
1 1- .

-5 2 1 =
4 3

+ - :
2

+ ( .I) ( - ) - 2

+ ( .II) 2 + 2 2 +

20

()-

3 2 2- 1
4 1 6 3-

(-)

1
] 2 [3 2 1

3

 2- 3
-6 1 4 =

4 5
7 2- .

- ( ) = .
- 2 - 3

0 0
-7 0 1 =

- 3

2
-8 :

21

= 0 1
1 0

21

Determinants

:
:
5
1
7

4
3
6

2 9

2 4 5
2- 3 1

9 6 7

:
=

" = - "
)( - ) ( =
: :
( 4 3 )1
2 5

:
)45( )23 ( -1
= 20-6
=14 -
))2 -( 4( )63 ( -2
= 8 + 18
= 26
4
10 =
: :
3 2

3 10 = 8 -
3 = 18
=

18
3

=6

22

( 2- 3 )2
6 4

: :
:
-1 :
:
- 1 .
- 2 :
" = - "
: .
=

5 2 3
2- 4 3

4 5 0

24 30- 0

:
=

2 3 5 2 3
4 3 2- 4 3

0 4 5 0
5

)24+30-0 ( )75 + 0 + 48( =

= 129 = 6 + 123

6
3
2
4 0 2

0 0
3
-=

2
7 3

4 5 0

2 0 0
=

75 0 48

2 7 3
4 5 0

2 0 0

30 = 2 5 3 =
2 6 3
: 0 2 4

0 0 3

12 - = ) 3 2 2 (- =

23

 1
- 2
:
- "
"
-
+ - +
.

- + -
+ - +

- = .
: :

=
:

6

.

5 2 - 3
4 - 2 0

2
1 3

:
5 2-
4- 2
5 2-
4- 2 3+ 2 1 )0( - 2 1 3 =

)10- 8 ( 3 + 0- )4+4( 3 =
= )6 -( +24
18 =
:
5 2-
2 1 0 =

5 3
2- 3
1 3 )4-(- 2 3 2 +

)6+3 ( 4 + )15-6( 2+ 0 =
= )36( +18-
18 =

24

- 1 =).
:

5 3
4 2-

2- 3
4 5

-2

= 22

:
4 5
6 2-

22 =

38 =

6 2-
1 2 4 5 :

38-

-3 ( )0= :
[ [ .
[ [ .
[ [ .
[ [
.
: :
0 9 3 = -1
0 3 2

0 18- 5

:
3 0 =
= -2

5 2- 3
3 1- 5

2- 1 2

0 = 3+ 1 = 2 :
2 5 6
1 2 3

= -3
3- 1 9-
25

2 5 2
1 2 1

3
3- 1 3-

:
3

3= 1
)0( 3 =

0=

:
:
:

2 7 2
0 = 1- 5 1-

88-
0 3

0=

3= 1

3=8
= 11

- 4
.
3 9 5
2 8 4

1 7 2-

: =
:

3 9 5
2 8 4 2 = 2

1 7 2-

3 9 10
2 8 8

1 7 4-

:
=

=
.

-5
.
:

+
+

26

0 + 0


1-:
2 0 3
9 0 3- =

4- 1 2

9 5 4
6 3- 2 =

4 1 8

: - 1
4- 5
8 9 =

2 3
4- 5 =

: - 2
3- 2 5
4- 10- 6- =

6 4 2-

22
6 u3
3 4 =

0 0
0

9 12 3
5 1- 0 =

3 4 1

0 0 2-
0 3- 5 =

4 3 2

: - 3
2- 7

5 1 6

6 3- 3

2 5 7
10 8 S

3 4 12

12 9 7
4 u
5

3 10 t

1 2- 7
1 9 5

3
6

) iii(

1 2 4

6 3-

7
1 =
3

2- 1- 2

0 =
u 6 3
5 5 5

-- 33
=
: - 4
2
55 2

: - 5

27

26 =

5
1

1- 2
3- 1 )ii(
4 3

0=

22

9
4

1
)iv(
3- 1
2 1

10 = 3
2

1- 0
4 )i(
1 2

1 2
2

)iii(
1 +3
0 = 1 3 5 4
6
3 6

)i(

)ii(

=2

28

Trigonometric Identites

1-2
1

2 = 30 ()30+30 30 1
. 1 90 60

30 = .
. = = .

30 ( ) 30 + 30 60
( +)

( +) ( ) ( +) ( -) ( +) ( )

1-2-2 ( +)

1-2
( ) = 90

= 1 ( ) =

()1 - 2

.

=
= = = 1
= =
( +) = 1
= +
= +
= +
... ( +) = +

29

 2
2-2-2 ( -)

2 - 2

= 90 1

()2-2
( ) =

. .

=
= = 1
= =
= =
... ( ) = ( -)
( -) = 1
=
=
=
... ( -) = -

1-3-2 ( +)
()2 - 1

= =
= =
( +) =
1

= -
= -
= -
... ( +) = -

30

 2-3-2 ( -)

()2-2

......
......
......

= =
= =
( ) =1
= +
= +
= +
... ( -) = +

1-4-2 ( +)

( +) = + )1( ..............

( +) = - )2( .............

( )1 ()2
+
= -

( +)
( +)

+
( +) = - 1

( )

( +) =

+
- 1

:
( ) =

-
+

2-4-2 ( -)

=
( ) =

-
+ 1
-
+ 1

.
( ) =
( ) =

( ) =

. .
.

31

:1

( ) 210
() 420
() ( + 180) < 0 < 90
( ) ( -) < 0 < 90

( ) = 210 ()30 +180

= 180 + 30 180 30
= - 30
() = 420 ()60 + 360
= 360 60 36060
= 60
+ 180
() ( + 180)=
1 180

=
01
=

( ) ( ) = ( 0)

= 0 + 0

:2
= 5

13

4
5

( +) ( ) ( +)

:
( ) i .
( )ii .
.
.

13

12

3-2
32

( ) i ( +) = +
= 4 12 + 3 5
5 13 5 13
= 48 + 15
65
= 63
65

( ) = +
= 4 5 + 3 12
5 13 5 13
= 20 + 36
65
= 56
65
( +) =

+
1

4+5
3 12
4 5 -1
3 12

63 9 21
16 = 4 12
( )ii

( +) = +
= 4 12 + 3 - 5
5 13 5 13
= 48+15 -
65
33
= 65

( ) = +

( +)

= 4 5 + 3 - 12
5 13 5 13
= 20+36 -
65
= 16 -
65

+
= 1

4- + 5
= 12
3
4 - 5 -1
3 12

9 11
= 14 12 -
= 33 -
56
33

 2
2-1

) (1
() ((30 - 45

( ) ((45+30
( ) ((45 +30

() ((45+30
( ) 105

() 165
() 15

( ) 15
() (( 60-

() 105
() ((165-

() ((45-
) (2 :

( ) 15 + 24 15 24

() 55 + 40 55 40

() 33 21 33 21

( ) 50 - 20 50 20
+ 1 20
()
- 1 20

+ 12 15

()
-1 12 15

) (3 :
( ) 7 + 23 7 23
( ) 75 + 45 75 45

() 73 - 28 73 28
() 75 - 45 75 45

+ 13 32

()
-1 13 32

()

- 85 25
+1 85 25

) (4 :
()
()

1
2

3

2+

()

2 -

()

1
2

1
2

+ 3

-1
3

) (5 = 35 = 125
:

)
( ) ( -
() ( -)

12
( )6 = 4 - =
5
13

:

( ) ( +)
() ( +)

() ( +)

() ( -)

) (7 ( +) = 2 = 1 .
4

) (8

34

+
-1

3 + .
3

( )9 = 3 = 12 :
5
13


( ) ( +)

() ( +)

() ( -)

( )10 0 360

()

( ) = ( )30 +

() ( )30+ = 0

+ 1
- 1 = 2

( ) 7 = 4 ( - 45)

5-2

:
2 3 2
( +) 2.
2 = ( +)
= +
= 2
2 = 2

2 = ( +)
=
2
2
=
2
2 = - 2

2
2
+ = 1
2
2
2
= - 1 2 = - 1

2
2
2
2
= 2- 1 2 = - 1
2 = -1 ( - )

2
2 = 2 1 -
2
2
2 = ( -1 ) -
2
2= 2 -1
+
..... 2 = ( +) = -1
=
2 =

2
-1 2

....

-1 2

2 = 2
2 = 2 -
= 2 2 1 -
= 2 - 1 2
2

2 =

-1 2

35

3 3 = 2 + :

3 = ( 2+)
= 2 + 2 2
3 = ( 2 - 2) + ( 2 )
= 3 4 - 3


:
4 = ( 2 2 +) .

6-2 ()

2 = 2

2 =
= 2
:
= 2
2
2

2 = 2 - 2
2
2
= - 2 2
2 2 -1 = 1 - 2 2

2
2

2 = 2

-1 2

-1

2 = 2 2
=

2
2

2
2

1-

= 2

2
2

= 2-1

2
2

-1

-1 2

= 2

36

2
=
-1

 +-

( )4 - 2

1
2

-1

()4 - 2

- 1( = 2 2( + 2)2)
4
2 + 1 = 2 + 2
2 2
+ 1( = 2 )
2
=+1
:
2

2
=
+1
2
-1
=
2
+1
2
2
= - 1
2

7-2
... + .... () -
..... + () -
....... + +
:
=
=
:
2

( 2 + 2 = ) 2 + 2
2

= 2
:
2
2
= +
+

37

+ 2 2 ( ) - =

:
- + 2 2 () +
+ + 2 2 () +
- + 2 2 () -

.
:3
:
( ) 5 12 +
() 2 -
: 360 0

( ) 5 12 + () -
=

5 + 212

12 =

= 13

67.38 =
5 ... 12 + 13 = ()67.38 -
( ) - 1 1
5 12 + 13 13
5 12 + (1 = )67.38 -
0
67.38 = 00 -
(67.4 = )

38

5 + 12 (1 - = (67.38 -
180 = 67.38 -
( 247.4 ).
67.38 + 180 =

()
2 - () -

+ =

=
=
2
26.57 =
2 ...... - 5 = ()26.57 -
...... 2 - 5 5 -
2 - (1 = )26.57 -
90 = 26.57 - :
26.57 + 90 =
= ( 116.6 )
2 - (1 - = )26.57 -
270 = 26.57 - :
26.57 + 270 =
( )
= 296.6
=21 + 22

8 - 2 + =
:4
3 4 + 1 = 360 0

3 4 + () -
=

- =
- =
( = ) +

5 = 24+ 23

4 =
3

53.13 =

3 4 + 1 =
5 (1 = )53.13 -
1
(5 = )53.13 -

78.46 = 53.13 - 281.54

131.6 = ( 334.7 )

39

:5

4 2 - 3 = 360 0

4 2 - () -
= 20 = 22 + 24
2
=
4
26.57 =
20 (3 = )26.57 -
3

(= )26.57 -

20

137.87 42.13 = 26.57 -

( 164.4 68.7 = )

: + =
+ =
( = ) +

:6

( ) 2

() 2

() 2

( )

2
2 =
- 1 2

2
= 2 =
-1
() ( ) 2 = 2
2
-1
( (5 - 2
2
2 =
2
+1
() =

( (6 - 2

+1

= 2
2

40

= + 1

1-

+1

2
2

2
-1

2 - 5

 + =

2 + 1
= 2
2
1

+1

2
= 2

+1
2

1
=+ 2

1+

1
2

+1

+1

:7

()6 - 2

0 360
( ) 6 = 1

() 3 = 2 ( - 45)

() 3

= 2

( ) 6 = 1

2( 3 ) = 1

3 2 = 1
2 =

1
3

2 = 520.5 379.5 160.5 19.5

= 260.3 189.7 80.3 9.7

() 3 = 2 ( - 45)

- 1
3 = + 1 2

3 + 2 = 2 - 2
3 2 5 + 0 = 2 -
( 3 ()1 - 0 = )2 +

1
= 3
= 198.4 18.4

= 2 -

= 296.6 116.6

= 296.6 198.4 116.6 18.4

() 3 - = 2
3 -1 = 2

3 2 2 = 1 -

3 2 2 - 0 = 1 -

( 3 ( )1 + 0 = )1 -

.....

= 1 -
3

= 1

= 341.6 161.6 = 225 45

= 341.6 225 161.6 45

41

9-2

( = 2)1 + 2 + 2 .1 + .


-1
2
2
2
2
-2 + + 1 1 = =
+ 1 = 2 2 - 1 = 2 2
-3 2 2

-4 =

= ..... 1

:8
:
+ + =

( ) + + = 180

( + +) = 0

( +) + ( +) = 0

+ + - = 0

+ + =
:9

3
+ 2 =

:
3
2

=

=
2

42

( + 2)2
2

( + 2)1 = 2

+
+ =
2

+ =

:10

( +) + ( -) =
( +) - ( -)

- + +
( +) + ( -)
=
+ - +
( +) - ( -)

2
=
2
=

( +) + ( -) =
( +) - ( -)

:11

+ 1 + 2 =
2

:


+
2 + 1 2
=

1 + 2 1 -

1

+
=
2 2
2

1
2

1
2

2
= 2

2 + 1 + 2 =
43

 2
2-2

) (1:
() 21 - 25 2

( ) 2 21 21

2 32

()
- 1 322

( ) 2 - 18 2
- 1 102

() - 18 218 2

()

() 2

() 2 2 2 1 -

2 10

2

() - 1

()

( ) 2 15 15

() 21 - 15 2
2 22 1
2
()
- 122 1 2
2

) (2 :

() 2 75 75

()

) (3

- 22 1 22 1 2

2
2
=

4
5

()

112.5
- 1 112.52

()

( )
( ) 2

() 2
() 2

) (4

( ) 2

() 4

1
5

:

() 2
( ) 2

) (5 = :

()

( )

() 2
) (6 :

( ) ( + 90 ) = -

() ( + 90) =

()

- 1 2

+ 1 = 2 2

()

()

( +) - 1

( -) = -

() ( + ) 2 2 = 1

44

1 +

1
2

( -)

() =


() + = 2 2
() 2 =

() - = 2 2
()

1 + 2 + 2

= 2

1 +
2

) (7 360 0

( ) ( 0.6 = )20

() ( = )20 +
)(8

1
2

() + ( 0 = )40 +

40

0 360 :
() 7 3 + 2 = 0

( ) 12 = 2

() ( 6 = )45 +

() 2 = 3

( ) 3 5 2 = 0

) (9 360 0 :
() ( 2 = )45 -

( ) 3 2 5 + = 4

) (10 :
() ( +) = -

( ) ( +) =

1
2

) (11 = + :
=

( )12 :

( ) 2

() 2

( ) 3 2

() 3
5
3
( )13 5 12
:

( ) 2

() ( -)

() 2
( )14 = :

( ) 2

() 4

() 2
( )

1
2

( )15 360 0 :
( 3 = )30 ( )30 +
( )16 :

( ) 3 +

() 2 3 -

() 3 4 +

( ) 3 4 -

() +

() -

45

) (17 0 360

( ) 7 3 +

() 3 +

() 5 -
()

3 4 -

3-2

) (1 2 = 2 0 360 .
) (2 180 0 :
5 2 23 - = 0

) (3 360 0
() 5 2 + = 11

( ) 2 2 - = 3

) (4 2 3 - = 3 > 0 > 180 .

) (5 = = :

()

( ) ( +) ( )

() 2 2

) (6 = = 2

) ( (7 )

()

( +) - ( -)
( +) + ( -)

( +) = -

5
12

( ) =

3
4

> 0 + > > 0 180 > 90

( +) ( +) ( ) ( )

) (8 2 = 2 2 = 2
) (9 3 3

) (10 = 8 = 35 -
:
15

( ) ( +)

() 12

) (11 2 2 = 53 :
()

( ) 2
1
( ) 2

()
( )

) (12 :
2 + 2 1 +

2 + 2 -

( + 45)
=

3 - 2 = 15

) ( (13 ) + 2 = 2 .
() = 5 = 6 = 2 = 3
. 45
46

( )14 :
- 1

( ) 2 =
2

+ 1
2

() + 2 = 2

() - + + =

( )15 360 0

( ) ( 2 0.8 = )15 +

() ( 2 1.483 = )15 -

( )16 360 0

( ) 3 4 + 5 =

() 4 3 - 2 =

() 3 + 1 =

( ) 3 5 + 4 =

( )17 0 360:

( ) 21 2 +

() 2 5 -

( )18 360 0

( ) ( + )60 +

() ( 3 + )

:12
= 1 = 2
= 3

= ( - 180 +)
+
( +) = 1 = 3 - =2 x 1 - 1
1+2

)( -180 +)) =

- 180 ( +)
+ 1 180 ( +)

- ( +) ( ) 0 =180

= ) 3 -( -

= 3

:13
( 2 = ) + ( ) -

+ 2 = 2 +
2 - 2 = -
( 2 - = ) ( 2 - )

2 -
=

2 -
2 -
=
2 -

47

1

( ) =
( ) =

( ) =
1

2
2 = 2
2 = 2 - 2
= 2 2 1 -
= 2 - 1 2
2 = 2
-1 2

3




.

2
2
= + ( ) =
= + 2 2 ( ) =

2-4
( 1 ) = 2 3 5+= 24+




() - 2 2
1
: 1 + 2 = 67 2

2 0 360
:
( ) 4 2 2 + = 3
() 2 = 3
( 3 ) 3 = 4 3 3 -


2 3 8 - 3 0 = 5 +
() =

( )2
( )1 ()45 +

48

( -)

4 ( +) = 3 5 = 2
= 2
:
() 2
()
( ) ( +)
5 360 0
:
( ) 5 0 = 2 +
() 2 = 2
( 6 ) 360 0
4 6 + = 5
()
+
=
1 -

= 3 = 2

( )2 ( -)
( )1

( 1 3 ) = 13
( 7 ) 360 0
4 3 - = 1

()

( )2 4
( )1 2
( )2
( )1

() 8 -2
)
( )4 (45 +
( )3 2

5
= =

( 8 ) 360 0
4 2 + 1 =

() ( +) = 34 :
( -)
= 7

5
5

+ = 45 +
( 9 )

4
5 = 180 < < 90 =
5
13
270 < > 180

2 - 8

( )1
= 20 10 +

( )2 2
( )1 () -

( )2 ( ) -
( )3 2

= 16
() 3 + ( ) -
( )3

2
3 + 2 = 360 < < 0 2
1 4 360 0
( 1 0 ) 360 0

24 7 - = 12.5

( ) 7 42 - = 5
() =
() 4 =

8
() 2 =
( )2 2
( )1


( )3 ()45 +

( -)
5
= 7 =
( 1 5 )
( +)
( 1 1 ) 360 0

8 15 + = 10

() 4 = (( 1-= ) + ) 9 -2 = 2 = 4 =
3
= = .90



90 < < 0 :
( )1 7 =

( ) +
( )2

:
( )3 + 2 2 2 2

( )1

( 1 2 ) 1 2 9 +
( )2 = 3

( ) - .

:
( )1 12 9 + = 11
( )2 12 9 +
() 3 ( 2 +)

2
3 = 43 3 -

180 0

3 2 + = 0
2-9

49

( 1 6 ) = + = -
( )1 - 2 2 = 2 2

20

( )2 + 2

( )3

() 3 + () -
( )1 3 +
( )2 3 + 1= 360 0
2

( 1 7 ) = ( = ) -
( )1

1
( )2 ( ) + = = 1

2
() 360 0

( 21 ) ( =) + 45
() 0 180
2 2 + = 0

() 11 - 2

= 1 = 2 = =
. .
1

( )1 ( 2 = )30 +
( )2 + = 1
2

( 1 8 ) 8 4 + ( ) -
. :
( )1 8 4 + =5

( )2 8 4 +
360 0

() = :
( )2 2
( )1

() :
5 ( + )45 + ( = )45 +



( 19 ) = :
( )2 2

( )1 2
()
1

10 - 2

50

11 - 2

( )1

( )2 ( ) -

( )3
( )4 = 2.15

( ) 360 0
2 = 3
() 2 + ( ) -
2 +
360 0
. 360
0 2 + = 0

= 2 +
0 . 360

( 22 )

10-2 = = = 1
= 7
+ + = ( 8 6 + )
( )1
+ + = 9
( )2 + +

360 < 0

3 - .2 =
()
(2
4
2
4 = 8 - 1 8 +

12-2

2)

 12 - 2
+ = 45
( +) .
( 23 )
()

( -)
( +)

7
3

25

13-2

13- 2 = 12 = 5
= 90

=

90 < < 0
( )1 = () -
:
( )2 = 3
( )3 .
( 24 ) 63 16 +
( ) + :
( )1
63 16 + = 50
( )2
63 16 + = 0
() 3
( 2 +)
:
3
3 4 3 -
360 0
3 + 2 = 0

12

14 - 2
12

14 - 2
= 5 = 12 =
= .
( ) = 5 12 +
() ( ) +
. 8 =.

()
= 169 120 + 2
4

()

26

15-2
( ) 15 - 2 .

= 8 = 7.
( )1
= 16 30 +
( )2 = ( ) +
.
( )3
.
( )4 = .20

() = :
( )3 3
2
( )1 2 ()2
51

-1 :

16 - 2

:
.
( ) = 2
( )3 = 2
( )1 = )2( =
( )4 = 2 )5( = )6( 2 = 2
( )8 = ( - 1 ) 2

( )7 = ( + 1 ) 2
() :
( )1 2 = 2
( )2 2 = 2 1 - 2
2
( )3 =
+ 1 2

:
( )1 2 - 1 = 2
( )2 2 = 2
2

( )3 =

- 1 2
2

= 2 - 2 = 2 - 2
= 2 - 2 2

52

-2 :

2
1

3
1

17 - 2

. .

.
( ) = 3
:
( ) = =
() =
() = 2
() = = 2
() = 3
() = 3
= 4 = 3 3 - 3 .

= 3 = 3 4 - . 3

53

=3

54
54

 1-3

Further Differentiation

= 25 + 3 2 +
6 = .5 + 2

.
)( ()
2

6( :12 = )5 + 2
6( = )( )5 + 2
2

12 = 2:
.

2

12( = ) 2( )

12 = 2:
.
2 2 ( ...33 )... .

2-3

= .

= )1( .......

.

( )1 ()2

+ = ( +) ( +) )2( .......
= ( +) ( +) -
= ( +) ( +) -

= + + + -

= +
+

55
55

) =
(

( ) =
0

( ) =

0
= ()


.

( ) = 0

()

= +

( : ) = + .

= +
.
:1
= (3 4)1 +

:
= ( )1 +

= 3

= (4 )1 +

= 32

+
( )
=

( = 3( 4)1 +( + )24 )3

= ( (3[ )1 + 4 + )1 +]
2

= (2 7( 3)1 + )3 +

= (2 7( 3)1 + )3 +

56
56

( 3)1 +

 : 2
(5 ( )3 + )1 - .
2

5( ( )3 +( = 3)1 - 25( )1 - 2 5( + )3 + ( )3 +)1 - 2

= (5( + )5( 3)1 - 2 (3 )3 +2( 2)1 - 2)

= ((5[ 2)1 - 25( + )1 - 2 2(3 )3 +)]

2
2
2
2
= ( 5[ )1 - 30 + 5 - 18 +]

= (35(2)1 - 218 + 2 )5 -

= (7(2)1 - 2 5()5 + )1 -

5( ( )3 +( = 3)1 - 27(2)1 - 2 5()5 + )1 -
:3
= ( +) ( )2 + :
3

:
= ( + 2) ( )2 +

( = ( 3)2 + + 2) ( + + 2) ( )2 +

= ( 2( 3)2 + ( + )1 + + 2) (3 )2 +

= ( ([ 2)2 + 2( )2 + (3 + )1 + + 2)]

= ( 2[ 2)2 +5 + 2 3 + 2 +3 + 2]
= ( 5(2)2 +8 + 2 )2 +
( = 5(2)2 +8 + 2 )2 +

1-3

:
3

( ) ( ()1 + )2 +
3

() ( ()1 +)1 - 2

3

() ( 2(2)3 + )1 -

() + 2(3)

() ( - 1()2 )2 +
3

() 4 + 1( 2)

57
57

 3
() 8 + 1(3-)

1
() (2 - 1)

2
() ( - 1)( 4) 2 + 1
1
2
() 2( 2 ( 2 )1 -) (3)1 + 2
1
6
2
)( - 1)
+
(2
()

() (3 - 1) + 1( 2)
3
2

2 :

() ( ( )1 +2 + 2 )1 +
1
() (3 92 - 3)( 32)
( :
)
2

() (32 + 2 )1 -
() 2(3 - 1) 3

3-3

58
58

() ( - 1 )2 -

() ( - 1) + 1( 2 +)2
() + 1( 2 1)

2
() (3( )1 - 2)1 + 3
3

() ( + 3)2

3

() ( + 2) ( )1 -
2( )1 +
2
3 2 + 1 - .
5 6 -
.
:
= )1( ........


: .
+ = ++ )2( ........

+
( )1 ( )2 = + -
u = + - -

( +)
u = -
( +)

-
=
( +)

-

( +)

! (0 ) =

! ( 0 ) =

( ) =

!0

-
=
2

-
( ) =

2

-
=

:4
1+
= 2 ... 1 -

= 1 + = 2 1 - =

=
=

)2 ) (1 - ) - (1 + 2) (1 + (1 -

)2 (1 -

)2 ) - (1) (1 - (2) (1 +
2
)2 (1 -

= 2 2 - 1 - 3 - = 2 -
2
)2 (1 -
)2 (1 -

59
59

 3
:5
2
) - 3( .
2
+1

(]

) - 3
+ 1

) + 1 - 3) (2( - 3) - 2( + 1) 2(2

) + 1 (
2
) + 1 - 3)(2)(2( ) - 3) - (1-( )2(
=
2 2
) + 1 (
2 2

- 3) 2( ] - 1- - ) - 3([
2

46 + 3

2
2.

) + 1 (

2 2

= - 3) 2( )3 - 1-(

2 2
) + 1 (
)2 3 + 1)(3 -(
=

2 2
) + 1 (
2
3
4 6 + = 23 +2 4 .3 +
2

2-3
- .
:

3
() ( 2 -)
2 1 +
4 1 +
() 1 -

3 2 +
() - 1

() 2 +

+1
() + 1

3

() 2 - 1
2

()

2 + 1
() + 2 3
3 - 1
() 2 + 1
60
60

2 1 +
3

() ) + 1(

()

-1
+1

2
2

 - .

()
2 + 1

() + 1
2
() ) - 1(

2
-1

1 + 2

2
() ( + 1)
3 - 1

() + 1

+1
()
2
) + 2(
3 2 +
() 1 +
() ) + 1(
+1

) - 1(
() + 1

1
() ) - 1(

4-3

- 2 1 = 2 = + 1( )2
.

+ 2 2 - 2 + 7 - 0 = 1 +
. .

:
.

:6

2 - 22

=1

2 - 21 = 2

.
u

( 4 - )2 = 0

( 2 = )2 ( )
2 u 4 - = 0

u
u

2 4 =
= 4 = 2
2

61
61

 3
.
.
:7
2 3 - = .
2

2(3( - )2) =( )2

4 2 = 3 -

2 3 - 2 =

2

4 = (2 + 3)
4
2 + 3 =

:8
2 - =
3

:
2 - = 3

2( ) ( -( = )3)1( .......... )2
2
2( ) = 2( ) 2( +)2 = 2 + )2( ..........
()2( )1

62
62

2 2 + -(( = )3)2
2 2 + 3 -2 = 2
(2 3 -2 = )2 2 -
)2 -(
=
2
2 3 -


2
2

:9
- - 0 = 2 + :
2

.0 =

( ) = +

- -0=2+

2 2 - )1( ..... 0 = -

()1

u ( - 2
(2) 2 + 0 = 2 - ) 2

2
2
= )2( ..... 0
- ) 2
2 + 2)( 2( - 2

2

0 = ( )2:

=0

2 - 2 2 - 2

2

2 + 1( = 2) 2

)3( ........ 2 = 2

2 + 1
u
0 = ( )1 = 0
2

= 0 - - 0 = 2 +
+ 2 0 = 2 -

2

( ( )2 + 0 = )1 -

= 2- 1

0 = = 0 = 2- 1
( 2 )3 = 2 - 2
2

3
3

63
63

 3
:10

= .1
2 + 2 0 = 3 +
2
2

2 + 2 )1( ........................ 0 = 3 +

2 2 + 2 + )2( ..................... 0 =

2( u 2 +) 2- =
2u

2) = 2 +( = +
= 1 ()1

2 + 1 0 = 3 +

u
2 = 4-


u
= 2-
= 1 = 2- )3( ....... 1 = 1- =
1 + 2 .
()2

) = 0
(2( ) 2 + ) 2 + ( + (2) 2 +
2
2
2

u
=0
2 +
(2 ) 2 + 2 + 2 2 +
2

=1
= 1 = 2-
2

4 - 2 + 2 +0 = 2

2 + 22
2 - 6 = 0


u
2

= 3



2
u
2

64
64

 3-3
- :

() - 22 = 2

() - 3 - 2 0 = 3 +

() = 22 - 2

() 2 0 = 2 -

() 22 + 3 = 0

() + 22 + 2 0 = 1 -

() 2 + 2 3 +1 = 2

() 1 - 1
=1

() - = 1

() 2 - 2 +3 + 2 0 = 2 -

2 .0 =
- - 210 + 2 5 - 0 = 19 +

= .1-
- + 2 0 = 2 +
2
2

5-3
.
= () .
.
( ) .
1 - .

:11
1
2
= 4 2 + 1 - = .
2

2 1
1
1
= = 1 - ) 2 (2 + ) 2 (4
2
=1


= 12 ( )1 12
= 42 + 2 1 -

8 = 2 +

u
( 6 = 2 + ) 12 ( 8 = )1 1
2

65
65

 3
( )1 12 .6

:
- = 1 ( -)1
( 6 = 1 - .) 12 -
6 = 1 - 3 -

u
u

6 - 0 = 2 -
. 1 -
6
( 1 - = 1 - ) 1 -
1 2 1 6

u
6 - = 1 - 12 +

12 2 - = 12 - 1 +

2 u 12 + 0 = 13 -

:12
= 3 - 2 3 + 1- . .

= 3 - 2 )1( .......... 3 +

2 = 3 -

2 = 2

2 1 - = 3 -

( )

=1

= 1 ()1

= 3 + )1( 3 - 1
=1

()1 1
:31

( )2 1 ( )14 7 = 6 - 2 7 +

.:

()

()

. .

66
66

() =
12
2 = 6 = 21--14

= 7
= 6 - 2 7 +

2 = :

2 = 6 -

2 2 = 6 -
=4

= 7 + )4( 6 - 24

= ()1- 4

= 1-

() 1 -
2
: = 1 - +
2
= ()1- 4
+ )4( 12 - = 1
= 1 = 2 + 1-

: = 12 - 1 +
= 6 - 2 7 + = 1 - 1 + .
2
6 - 2 12 - = 7 + 1 +

u

u

2 12 - 2 + 0 = 2 - 14 +
211 - 2 0 = 12 +

(2 ( )3 - 0 = )4 -

= 3 ( 4 )

2
=1 =1+)3 (1 -

4
2 2
= ( ) 14 1 12

4-3
( )1 :
() = 34 - 2 3 + = 2

() = - 2 1 - = 1
2
() = 23 - 2 1 + = 2

() = 35 + 2 2 + = 1-
() = 3 4 +
= 2-

() = 27 - 3 = 2

67
67

 3
( )2 = 92 - 36 + 2 2 - .

( )3 = 4 - 3 + 2 ( ) 3 .

( )4 = ( 3 + 2)2 - ( .)3 2


.1-

( )5 = ( ( )1 - )2 - . .
. = .0

( )6 = + 3 + 2 ( )5 0( )0 1-
= 0 = .1

( )7 ( )7 4 = 6 - 2 .15 +

. .

( )8 = 221 - 378 + 2 98 -:

() ()1 3

() (.)1 3
( )9 = 2 4 + = .2

.

= 1 ( .)2 0

(.)2 0

( )10 (3 = 2 )2 - = .5

5-3
( )1 = 2 = ( 14)
5
( )2 = ) - 3 (2 = .2
.

( )3 = 4 1 +
.
( )4 = + 3 2 .1

( )5 ) ( 4 = 2 5 + ) ( . 2:
3
() ) (

()
() .

68
68

( )6 ( )8 4 = 5 - 2 .12 +

() .

()

( )7 ( )3 1 = + 3 .1 -
.

( )8 = + 2 = .
.

= 4 .

( )9 ( )4 1 = + 2 + .8

1
( )10 = 1 + 3 + 2 .
3
() .
() = .1

( )11 2 - 2 18 = 2 (.)0 3

:14

+ = 9 (.)4 2
3

:

33 + 29 = 2 9 +
(39 - 2) 9 = 3 -

( )4 2

9 3 -
39 - 2
2

)2(3 - )4(9 =
)2(9 - 2)4(3
= 4 = 24
5 30

( )4 2 :

( 4 = 4 - )2 -
5
5 4 = 20 - 8 -
5 = 4 12 +
69
69

 3
:15
=

4-

:
2

= 4-

.
...

) = 2) (4 -( -(1) 2
2
) (4 -
2
= 28 - 2 -

2
) (4 -
= 8 - 2

2
)(4 -
0 =
8 - 2 = 0

( 0 = )8 -

= 0 8

= 0 ... = 0
2
8
= 16
= 8 =
8- 4
( )0 0()16 8

-1 = 3 - 42 + 3
= ()
2
3

12 = 3 - 2 +

[ ()]
36 = = )( 6 - 2 [ ()]

[ ()]

72 = = ) ( 6 -
2

-2
=

= +

= +

70
70

= .

-
=
2

=
)
(
2

4
2 +1 = 2
.

u

2( ) ( +0 = )2

(2( ) 2 +2 + )0 =


u

2 2 +2 + 0 =

u
u

(2 +)2- =
= +

:
( )1
( )2
( )3
( )4

71
71

:
- 1 :
() = () = () ().
()
.

()
.
() .

( 2) .

()
2

-2 + 20 = 4 + 2

2 2 + 0 =

- =

-3 () = () () ()

= .. + . . +.. .

)()(
-4 )( +)( .

.
:
= 2() ()
() = () ().

-5 :
( . +. . )

() () = +
() = 2 - .
()
.

() = . 2-.
()
() () = -
2

()
() = 10 .4
:() ()

(.) = .
-6

72
72

6-3

()1

= 1

( )2

= + 1

2 +

= ( 3)2 + 2

()

( )3

() 2

:
1 2
( 2 + 2 + 1( )1 +)
-= +
2

( )8 = 2 - 8
()8 2

() 222 + 3 0 = 3 +

( )4 2 - 26 + 2 3 - 0 = 18 +
2

( )5

:
+ 2 6 - 8 - 0 = 16 +

( )10 ( - 7 )5+
+3
2 - 1

(( )11) =

= 1-

2 = 1

2

( )6

=
2 -
2
= 4 - :
2
( 2 )2 -
() 2 .

()

() 2 + 10 = 2

( )9 = 2 3 +
1-
.
.

() (3 = 3 )2 -

2 0 =

( )7 = .
1-
( .)1 12 3
. 14 -

. 1 - .
4
4 + = 0
. .
.

(( )12) :
2
( )2 (3 + 1)
( + 1 )1
()
2 = 2 8 + 17 -
= 4.

73
73

 3
() :

(( )13) + 3 = 3
.

+ = 2 5 + 2 +
2

= .4

() = 2-
2+
- =
2
2 ()2-

:= .4

=
2-

() ( )2 1

+ 38 - 3 0 = 7 +

(( )18)
2
= 3
1+
( )

23 + 35 + 3 0 = 3 -
()1- 2

(( )14) 31 - 2
()
+ 25 + 2 4 - 0 = 7 +

( ) 19
+ 28 - 2 4 + 0 = 2 +
()

(( )15 )
4
11+- = 5
=
( ) - 3 + 3 = 1

( )20 3 ( 2 - 1( = ) 1 +) 2
2- 1
.

()3 4-

(( )16)
.
2
(2 )1 3 - 12 )2( 3 +
4-
() .

( 3 = 2)2 -2 + 2 (.)2 6

36
(( )17) =
(2 )3 -
()4 3

()
= 7.

(( )21)
3
(2 )1 5 - 25 )2( 1 -
5+
()

2 + 2 = ( 16 + 3 )3 -

( )22 ( )6 2

-12 + 2 = .0:

()
( )

74
74

(.)2 1

4
J

Application of Differentiation

1-4

. 3 = 3 1

.
2 =

2
2 /.

1.5 - =/2 :



= .
:

:1
1 / . :
() .
()
5.

:
() 3
3 4 = 2
3
.2 4= 1/
1= /.

3 =

2
4 =

5=

( )

= 100 = (1) 2(5) 4/3

100/3
5.
() 4 =

8 =
75
75

...

x 40 = (1) )5( 8 = /2
5 =

2
40 /
5.

:2
5 15
10 / 3 :
() 4
() 4.
( )

()
1-4 .
5

15

1-4


:

=

3

76
76

5
15 =

5
= =
15

2 3 =
1
2
)3( 3 =
3

=
27
2
=
9

2
4

10 = /3 = x 9 = 10 4

45

= 8 = 24 x 10/.
1

45

/.

() = ( 2 )
2

=

9
3 =

2
=

9

x =

45
45
)4( 2
8 = 4 = =
8 x
9
5 = / 2

5/2 4.

:3

0.01 .
3 10.

0.01 -/
( 0.01 - = )
:
3
=

2
3 =

x =

10=

= 0.01 -

)0.01 -( 2)10(3 =

= 3 -/ 3
3/3 10.

77
77

1-4

( )
( )1 2/ . 8.
( )2 2/ .
()
()
10.
( )3 100/3 .
5.
4
( = )3
3
( )4 20/2 15 . :
()
()
2
( = 4 )
4 . 0.5 /
( )5
10.
3
( )6 4 /
. 4.
( )7 . 50 .
3 2 .
0.01 / 5000 .3 .
( )8 2-4 = 2 ( .)0 1 - ( )0
. .

()0 1 -

2-4

5 = 4.

78
78

( )9 = 240
= 60 5 .
.

2-4
( )1 4 0.5/
.
( )2 1.8 3 1 .
.
( )3 12 / 4
12 .
( )4 12/3 .5 = .

( )5 2 = 212

0.5 /
10 0.096/2
( )6 .
18 /.
4 5 .

79
79

2-4

) =
: (

(
).

.


.

:4

= 4.0 4.01

:
= 0.01 = 0.4

1
2

= =
=

1
2

1
2

1
2

= 4 = 0.01

0.0025 = 0.01 41 2

.0.0025

80
80

:5
5 5.01
.

:
0.01 = 5 =

= 2

= ) (5) x (0.01 2 = 0.01= 5

0.1

0.1.2

:6
= 1 + 5
2
3

4.99

= 0.01 - = ( 5 )

2 =

2
3

1 + 3
2

= 5 = 0.01 - )0.01 -( 2)5(2
0.5 -

( 0.5 - .)0.5

81
81

:7

4
3

4 = = .
5 % 2
:
() .
() .
2

% 2
2
100

() 100 = = 5.

4 =

=8

) 52 ( )5( 8
100
4

2 = 5 =
100

% 100 =

= % 100 2)5( 44

=%4
.% 4

()

= 5 =

4 =

4 =

10

10
4
)5( 3

% 100

% 100

=%6
.% 6

82
82

5x2

) 100 ( 2)5( 4

2
100

:8
=
1
2

4.01

4 .4.01 = 0.01 = .4
1
= 2

=

= 4 = 0.01

= 4

1
2

1
2

)0.01( )4(2
1
2

0.0025

2 = 4 = 2
2=

4 4.01 0.0025

3-4

2.0025 2 )4.01(

4
5 ( 5.02
( )1 =
).

( )2 = 2 9 ( 9.01
).
( )3 % 2 . .
( )4 10 8 .
0.02 ( . )
( )5 = + 12 2 2 2 (1.99
).
( )6 = ( - 1 3)2 = 2 1.08
( . ).
( )7 + 1 = 2 2 ( 1.99 3
).
83
83

( )8 % 2 :
()
() .
4
2
3
( 3 = .) 4 = :

( )9 16 . .2 :

.)8 + ( 4=

4 4.02 ( .)
( )10 = 2 - 8 .5 + 4
2 + 2 .
( )11 =4 12- 5 + .2 = 6
% 2 .%
( )12 = 2

10

1.6 . 1.7

( )13 . 5 8 . .
3

25 =

192

8

3-4

4 ( 4.08

1
.) 2 3 =

84
84

3-4
.
= () 0 =
.

+
+
+

--

+
+
+

5-4

4-4

4-4 .


.
.5-4
.

. .
.

= ()

6-4
85
85

= () 6-4
.
.
.
.

.
.
.



.

7-4
.
.8-4


.
.

+
+

7-4

86
86

+
+

--

--

8-4

:9

= 2 - + 2 +:
()
.
() .
2

()

= 2 - 3 + 2 2 +

3 =4 - 2 1 +
0 =

34 - 2 = 1 +

(3 ( )1 - 0 = )1 -

= 2 - 3 + 2 2 +
= 1 = 2 4
27
3
= 1 = 2

1
3

4 1
.)2 1( )2 27
( 3

() ( .)2 1( )2 4 1 .
27 3
1
( 3 <

13 1 -

1
3

(3 ( ) 1 - ) 1 -.

) 3 1 - .

= 3 1 3( 0 = 1 - ( ) 1 - 0 = ) 1 -
3

( 1 > 1

) 3 1 - .
3
3

1 1 - .
3

(3 ( )1 - ) 1 - .

( )2 1 :
> 1

< 1

1
>
3

1
3

1
<
3

( )2 4 1 .
27 3
( )2 4 1 .
27 3
( )2 1 . ( )2 1
. ( )2 4 1 ( )2 1 .
27 3

87

:10

= 1 + 3 .

:
= 1 + 3

3 =

0 =
30 = 2

= 0

:
< 0
+

< 0
+

0
0

( )1 0 .
( )1 0 .
2
2

( )9-4 .
.
. .

X
0 =

88
88

0
9-4

X
0 =

10-4

2
2
= ) (
2
2
0 =
10-4 0 = :

.
2

. 0 =
2

.
2

= .0
2

9 .10
.
2
2 .

:11

= 2 3 + 12 - 12 -
.
3

.






.

= 23 + 312 - 2 12 -

:
:

6 =6 + 2 12 -
0 =
66 + 2 0 = 12 -

+ 2 0 = 2 -

( ( )1 - 0 = )2 +

= 1 = 2 -

89
89

= 1 = 23 + 312 - 2 12 - = 19 -

= 2 - = 23 + 3 12 - 2 12 - = 8

12 = 2 6 +

( )
2
= 1

2
= 2 -

2
0 = = 1
:
2

= 1 : 19 -
2
2 = 2- : .8
0 == 2-

:12
= ( 4)2 - = .2
.

= ( 43)2 -
( )


0 =
= 2

= 2
= 2 :
< 2
+

= (4)2 -

2
0

> 2
-

( 4 = )2-

= .2 = .2

90
90

2
( 12 )2 -
=
2

= 2:
2
= 0
2

.
2

4-4

( )1

( )2
.

() = 1 + 2
() = 3

() = 2 - 3 + 2

( ) = 2 - 41 + 2
3

() = 24 + 1 2 -
4

() = 2 ) - 1(

() = - 2
() = - 2 2 -
( ) = 3 - 3 1 +
1
() = +
1
() = 16 + 2
1
2
() = +
2

:
3
1
+3 - 2 -
() =

() = 1 - 4
3
3
() = 6 - 3 2 +
() = 2 -
1
() = ) ) ( - ) (2 - (2 +
() = ) + 1( 2
2
= - 2 3 .

= + 2 3 . .

= - 2) 1 -( 4 . .
4

91
91

4 - 4

.
.25
.

.
=
.

+ = ( 25 )25
= - 25
= ) - 25(


2

= 25 -


.

= 25 -

2 - 25 =

=0

2 - 25 = 0

= 12 2

2
2 - = 2
:
= 12 12
= -25

1
= 12 12 - 25
= 12 2
= 12 1

2
1
1
12 2 12 2

12 12

= 12 2

92
92

1
4

156

()
() = ( ) ( )
= ( )
()
.
= () ( )

:

() 0 = .
.
2
0 < 2 .
()
2
0 > 2 .

() .
:13
1000.
. .

.

11-4

11-4

= = . = )2 - 1000(
2
.
= ) 2 - 1000(

2
= 1000 2 -

4 - 1000 =

0 =

4 - 1 000 = 0

= 250

93
93

= 4 - : 2
: 2

2
2

= 250

= 250 = (250) 2 - 1000

= 500

250 500
:14

100

. .

12-4

100

() . =
() 2 ) - 50( =
() .

() 2 - 100

= 2 -100

()

94
94

100

2 -

2 2 =
1

100

= ( 2 2 )2 -

()

= - 50

= ) - 50 (
2
- 50 =
2 - 50 =

2-

 = 0

0 = 2 - 50

2 = 50

25 =

25 = 2 - = 2

25 =
2 = 2 - 100
=
25
2
2=
2

:15

2
13-4

. 2
. . 720
3
2
3 360 = 6 -
.

= 720
12 720 = 4 +

12 - 720 = 4
3 - 180 =

2 =
2

= 2 3 - 180) 2(

360 = 6 - 2

0 =

720 = 18 -

720 18 -0 = 2

) 18 - 720( = 0

= ( 0) 18 - 720 = 0
18 = 720
= 40

95
95

720 = 18 - 2

2

= 36 - 720
2

0 = = 40
2

( 720 - = 2)

= 40:
3
2
(40) 6 - (40) 360 =
= ( 192000 )
3
192000

5-4

16
60 .
100 . .
3
288 .
( . )
2
+ = .8 =
.
( 14-4)
( 14-4).

( 14-4)

96
96

( 14-4)

 = 30 = 5 = =
=

= ) (1 -
2

()7

.
( )8
3.2

4 3( = - ) 4
3

.
( ).
+
( ( )9 ) - 0 = +
.

() = 4 +1) 2( (.)12 2
( )10 15-4 = ) - 4( = 12.
( )0 > 0 > 3 12 .

15-4

.
()11

16-4
97
97

600 . 3

.16-4 .
2

( )12 150 .
=

.
2

75

()1

6-4
8

17-4

17-4 8 5
. 3
. .
( )2 1 . :
= .

)4(1-

8

()3

18-4
98
98

 .
.18-4 :
( 2 + 2 +)2.2
+ = 10

[ [ :
=

1
2

= () - 180

()4

19-4

19-4 9 4 .
.

+ .
( )5 20-4 .

20-4

26 = .3 + 4
()6
x

x
6

21-4

99
99

1 6 .
.

3/ 4/.

.
()7

22-4

60 .22-4
.

:
2

- 2 - 60 =
2

1
2

.
( )8
. = - 12
2

( ) . :

() : % 45.5

5-4

100

. = 0
23-4

. . = 4 10
. = 4 = 8 = 8 = 20
. 12 = .20 :

14
12
10
8
6
4
2

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

2 4

23-4

= ) (6 + 4 + 10 = 20
= 20

=
20/
= 20
= 1/

20 12
.
=

12/
=
20

= 6/
10

( )

101
101

24-4

24-4 .
.
.
= () :
=

25-4

25-4 .
. .
.

= ()

= ( )

. .
.

102

(
)

5+

2 +/

1 +/

6+

4 +/

1 -/

5-

2 -/

1 -/

5+

2 -/

1 +/

( + .
)
= 2/

2
5
= 1/
26-4

5 . 2/ .
1/ 1/ .
2

= 1-/

= 4/

27-4

4/.
2 6
1-/ . .

.

= 2-/

= 1-/

28-4

2/
5
2
( ) 1-/ .
( )
2- = /
2
= 1-/

29-4

103
103

2/ .
2 5
1/ .
:16

: = 9 + 2 6 - 3
() .
() 4 3 2 1 0 =
.
() 4

= 9 + 2 6 - 3

() :

= = 12 - 6

=9 + 12 - 2 3 =

9 + 12 - 2 3 = :
: = 12 - 6

() 0 4 :

3-

12 -

6-

12

() 0 = 9/
2
12/ . . 1 = 4 ( 4 )
.2
. 6/
1=
=4
0 =

30-4

0=
=0
9 =

3/
2 = 2

.
104

 6/
= 3

=2
=2
=3-

=3
=0

31-4

9/
= 4 4

12/
=4
=4
= 9
2

32-4

7-4

( )1 :
= 5 - 2

3
( )2 = - 2
3

.
()
()
()

( )3 = ) - 3(
.

:
()

()

() 3
() 4
105
105

( )4 .
= .2 10 - 30.
() /.
1
() 2.
.
()

() .
() .
( )5 .


2
= . (3 - ) :
()
.
()

() 3 .
() .
() .
() .

...
( )1 :
= )( .

.
( )2 :

= ()

:

106

( )3

= )(
.

( )4

= )( 0 = .
. .

()

33-4

--

+
+
+

0
33-4

()

.

+
+
+
o

0
34-4
107
107

() :


( . )36-4 35 - 4

+
+
+

++

35-4

--

36-4

--

2
() 0 =
.
2

2
() 0 =
.
2

2
()
= 0
2

.
.

( )5

()
= )( .
() 0 =

()

() = )(
.

108

( )6
= ) (

/ .

= )(
/.2

.
:

( )1
()
.

()
.
.
()
()
.

()
( )2 = )( :
1 - ).2 = (0
() ()
() ) 2 - = (1- )( < 1-
= 1- < 1-
() )( > 2 < .2
) 0 = (2 )6 = (2
.0
() )(
( 0 = )0 (1 = )0
109
109

.2
() ()

( 0 = )2 (3 = )2
() ( = )1- (0 = )3
() > 0 < 1-
() < 0 > 1- > 3 < .3
( 4 = )1- (.2 = )3

( )3 = )( 0 =
0 =

=
2
3

1
)
=

( )4

0 =
.
.

( )5

x
37-4

( ).
110

 .
.


8-4

( )4 39-4 = : ) (2 -
) (11
( .)02 .
2

( )1 : = 2 6 +

( )7 2 : 2 + = .11

.

()2

( )11

=-

( )02
x
()02

39-4
0

38-4

( )5 = . 2 2 +:

38-4 = 1 -

( )02:

()
()
.

( )3 ( )43
= 3 12 - 2 .13 +

0 = 3 +

()

() 2 + =

( )6 = +

.
) (11 1 ).(21 1 4
2
()
()
= .2

111
111

()
( )7
= 3 7 - 2 2 +

= 5

( )8 = 4 8 +

( )122

.

.

( )9 ) - 3 .6(2:

40-4

()

()

2

()
()
= 2
( )10 = 2 5 - 2 3 + .:
()
()

= 2
( )11 = .2
2- .3
:
()
() .

.



( )12 40 -4
4

3 /

=5
2

()13

()02

= 4
2

41-4

41-4 4 = 2.


. ( )02
:
2

3
=
8

1-

0.2 .
112

6 = .

( )14

2
= . (6 - )

.
= .:
()
() = 0

()15

() :

0.3/
= . 6
( )16
.
2
2
. 4 =
16 .
0.8
1 = 5
()17

42-4

42-4

.
. .
4
3 .
1 5003
()
2
()
12 = 3000 + 2

16

30

20

43-4
43-4

20 = 16
= .
= 30 .
.

.

3
12 =.2
60/ 3 = . 10

113
113

( )21 3
:
( )18
2
= ) 2 .32 - (4 +


3
50 / :
= 3 + 22 - 3 13
() = .16
= .
()
:

0.8/
()
0

()

()22

( )19
3

3)] 0.05 = [8 - (2 +
3

()
0.081 /.

() = 0.95

( )20
.
1 = (2 + ) 8 - 4:
() .
()
0.125/.
() 3.5.

114

44-4

.
.
100/ 3.
13/ 3 3
10 :
() .
() .

( )23 45-4
6 .

.3 23 + 2 6
= :4
6

( )02

2
3
1 - 8 =

= ( )6 +

45-4

()
250 3 .
() %
2.3 % .

()0 2

= 4
2

46-4

( )24 : = 3 2 -.2

= 5
%
17 .%
7

( )25 = 3 -
1

3
0.9
( )26 = 4 - 6 5 + 2
3 3
100 :
()
() .
1

( )28 = 3 - 5
4

25

:
() .
()

( )29 = )3 (1 +

1-

= .3

3 + 3 .

( )30 = 5. 8 +
2

( )27 46 -4
4 = 2 .

115
115

2 + 2
( )31 =3+3 2

2 % .

() 3 :
450 = 28.8 -.3

() .

.

( )32 = 3 8

() 4 + 4
() 1 - 1

:
( )33 100 .

.
2

:

= 33 - 100) + 2
4

16

( )34 47-4

4 .
6
5 5 .
5
2
450

2

() 2.4 - 45 =

116

47-4

()35

48-4

()
.
.
.
450
3 .


()
= )4 - 2(

3-


( )36 49-4

.
2
.
27 3 .
2

54

1
3

8+

50-4

()38

:
() .
() :
.

(()37)

= 16 24 + 1 + .
2

() 50 -4 = 90
= 5 = 13 .

.
= =
: =

49-4

5 - 60

51-4

51-4
.
.
. 4
3 .

1500.3

()

() 2

= 123 000 + 2

12

117
117

0 5
.

:
()

()

( )39 ( 52-4)

( 52-4) .
. 2 .

2
1400 .
2

()

52-4

()

:
3

3
350 == - 2 -
2



(( )40) =
= ) - 6( .
.

118

= ( - 6)

()

53-4

50

80

54-4

54-4

= 50 = 80
.
. =
2
:
2
= 40 - 2000 +


.

( )41
= . 2 + = 15
.

()

(( )43) 57-4

.
100 :

55-4

.55-4

2
240 . 5
. .
2

1440
10 = . + 300 +

57-4

( )1
.
( )2 .
2
5
2
() = 3 -2 + 3 -

. ( )44

:

3
2
= -

+ 216 3
(( )42) =
.
()
3

10

3000

.

.

56-4

( )56-4

.
= = . 100
2
:

= 100 2 - -
2

119
119

()45

2
62.5

40

58-4

2 .
. .
2
= 2) 10 45 - 3 250 + 2(

2
3
2 45 - 250 +
.
.

58-4
62.5 40

.
.

120

121

=5

122

5
J

Applications of Integration

1-5
( 1-5) =() .
. ()
.
( + +)
. .

( 1-5)
.
( 1-5) . .

( 1 - 5)
<
<
< < .
123

< < ( +)
:

< < +
0 0 +
+

= () = ()
:
() = () + ( )
= () + )1( ......................
()1
( 1-5).
.

()0

( )0

( 1-5)
= = 0
= -()
( )1 = 0() +
(.)1
= () -())2( .............

.
( 1-5).
.

124

()2
: = () -()

=
() = [()]

= () -()

2-5
= )(
= =

= ()

2-5

)(
)(
.

)( )(

)( .

2-5
3-5
.1-5
. :

.

.
.

125

3-5
:1
= 1 4 + 2 = 1 = 2
4

.

4-5

= 144 + 2

= )
1

=
=
=

126

7
12

3
4+

12
8
12

- 8+

( 4 + 2

1
12

4+

4-5

:2

= 1+2 = 2
= 3 .

:5-5

= 1 + 2
3
2
1

5-5
= 1 + 2

3
2

= ) (1 -

1
2

1
2
= ( )1 - 1
2
( 2 )1 -

=
=

3
2

3
( 22 )1 -
3
3

= ) (1 -

= )1( 23 -2)2( 23
2
2
3 - ) 2 2( 3
)1 - 2 2 ( 2
3

3
2

)1 - 2 2 (2 .
3

127

( )




( ) .

.

.

:3

= ( ( )1 - )3 + .
:

6-5
= ( ()1 - )3 +

= (2 + 2 )3 -

= 2 + 33 - 2

3-

6-5
.
0

= 3- =
3-

=-0

81
4

)2 + 33- 2(

2
27
2

- 18 -

128

3-

11 1

= 0 = 0
=

)2 + 33 - 2(

2 + 43 - 3

2
3

1
=
4

3
2

0- +

712

= 127
7
1
12 + 11 4

11 56

:4

= - 83

:
= 0 = .9 .
3
=-8

= 0 = 8

:
8

7-5

3
-8=0
= 0

=2

3

-8=9
= 9

=1-

.
( + ) ( ).
:

=
0

1
3

-8

- 8 = 3

) - 8( 3

=
=

1
) - 8( 3

4
( - 8) 3

)1-( 4
3

=9

= 8

4
- 8( 3)34

16 3
4

= )- (0

1-

7-5

= 12

129

8
9
1
-8) 8( 3

4
- 8) 3(3

34

0 -

3
= -
4

3 ( ).
4
= 12 34 = 34 + 12

10-5 9-5 8-5
8-5
.

.

8-5

9-5 :
- .

9-5

130

10-5 :
-

10 - 5

:5

= 6 -

= .

= 6 - 2 =
.
2
= 6 -

=

6 - = 2
5 -0 = 2
( - 5) = 0
= 0 = 5

11-5 .

131

=6

= 5 = 5
= 5 = 5

11 - 5

-
5
1
=6) 0 - (2 (5) (5) -

2

=



=

3 - 2
25
2
5 3

125
- 75
3

= - 41 2 - 75
3

25
2
1
2

12

= 20 5 .
6
= 20 5 .
6

1-5
( )1
: :

() = 12 = 1
() = = 1
() = 1 + = 1
() = 4 -
() = 6 - 8 +
() = 4 -
1
= 1
() =
2

132

= 2 = 0
= 2 = 0

= 2=0

= 0

= 0

=0

=0

= 2=0

() + 1 = 2 = 0 = 0
() + 1 = 2 = 0

( )2 :

.
.

() = 2 = 4
() = 3 = 0 = 1 = 8

() = 1 + 2 = 0 = 5 .
() = 4 - 2 = 0 = 0 .
() = 2 = 0 = 2

() = 2 = 0 = 9
() = 1 + 2 = 5

( )3 12-5 = ( - 4) = .
.

12-5

= ) 4 (

( )4 13-5 = - ( )5 + = - .
. .

.

=-

13-5

= - ) (5 +

133

( )5 = 3 - 2 + .14-5
.

= 3- 2 2 +

14 - 5

( )6 = 1 + 3 = .9

( )7 = .8 - 3
= ( - 4) = 2 .
( )8

( )9 = - ( )4 + = 3
1
10
1
2
( )10 ( )2 2 2 ( )1 9 3 =
365 .
( )11 = ( 2 )2 - .15-5
.

= ()2 -

()0 4
()31

15-5

134

3-5 :

16-5 =() . .

.

= ()

)0

)0

16-5
17-5

17-5

.
.

0 .
( )
=

0=

= )(

.

0=

.
135

.
: .
.1-5
.

:6

= 1 + 2 = 2 = 4
.

:
18-5 2
= )2( :
4
= 2 2

= 1 + 2

1
= ( 2 )1 -


4
4
1
2 = ( 22 2)1 -
2

3
( 2 )1-

=2

3
2

=2

=2

18-5

3
23

3
2

1
3

2

2-

3 3x2
3

=2

-3 2

2-

3
2

2
3

)0.6667 - 3.464( 2
)2.797( 2
5.59

5.59 .
:7
= 2 - =
2

: = = 2 - 2 .
= 2 - 2

136

3 - 2 = 0

( 0 = )3 -

= 0 = 3

: = 1 = 22 - 2

. 19-5

:
= ( - 1 )2

= 0 = 3

=
2
2

2-

) - 1(2

19-5

=( - 1 )2
3

= {0 ( - 2 - 2)}
3
= -( 3 + 2)
0

-3 + 3

27
= + 9-
2

4 1
2

4 2 .

137

:8 = = 4 - .


2

= 4
24 - 2 = 0
2 ( 0 = )2 -
= 0 = 2

.
:

(4 - - )24 = 2 2 -

(4 2 - )2 .
2

4
=

20-5

2 :
4) 2 - (2 = 22 - 2

2
0

22
3

-8

2
3

16
3

0 -

2-5
( )1 = 2 - 2 =
( )2 = 2 = 4
2
( )3 = 2 = 10 -
= ( ( )1 + .2)1 -

( )4 21-5
.
.5 : 11
138

21-5
( )5 = 2 .
3 12 .

( )6 ( )8 2 = 3 .
. 3:1
.

( )7 = 3 = 4 ( ) > .0
. .

( )8 = ( )3- = ()
.22-5 .

= (

)3 -

22-5
( )9 = 4 - 2 = 2.

139

4-5 .
23-5 (( )0 )0 .
. 360

2
( )- ) ( x .

23-5
24-5 = =
1
360 3 2
.

24-5

= ()

25-5
140

 25-5 . = ()
)) (0 (0 .
. .
( ) ( + +)
.
. .

.
26-5
.

26-5
:
= 2
= ( +) 2
2 < ( < +) 2
<2
2
< ( +)

=
0 =

= 2

141

= 2

= 2

= ()

= 2

.
27-5 = () = .
( )
= = .

( -)

= (

27-5
27-5
( -).

142

: = ( -) 2 = 0 =
:

( -) 2

= = > :

2
= ( -)

:9
:
= 1 = 0 .

3
= 4

2 +

28-5

42 + 2
3

28-5

= 0 2
1
2
= 34 0 2 + 2
4
9 1
= 3+ 16 4 + 2
0

= + 5 x16 4 + 3

1
0

143

9
0- 4+1+
=

5 x16

9
5
=

80

9
5 80
=

9
5 80

:10
= = 0
= 1 = 2 .
2

29-5

= 2
2 1
=
1

= 12 - 2

1 12

1 1 .
2

144

:11

= 2 = 1 = 2
.

=2

30-5

.



.



.

1
2

4
2

1
=
2

1
2

1 12 .

:12

= 1-
= 2 .
2

145

= 1 - 2

1
31-5
= 1- 2 = 2 .31-3
.
2

= 2

1-

= 1 - 2

= 2 1 +
2

( = )1 +
1-

= - )2 + 2(

1
=
2

:13

1-

1
2

= + )4(

11
2

4
1
2

= 1 + 2 = 2 360
= .2 .

146

= 1 + 2
=2

( - 2 )1 +
2

32-5

2 = 1 + 2
1 = 2

= ( 1 )
2

= ( - 2{ })1 + 2

( - 2{ 0 })1 + 2

= - 2( )1 - 2
2

( - 1 )2

( 2 - 1 + 2 )4

= -
=-1
8
=
15

15

+
0 5

1
2
+
5
3

8
15

147

3-5

( )1
/
.
.

() = 2 = 0 = 2

() = 1 + 2 = 0 = 0 = 2

() = 3 = 0 = 2
1
() = = 0 = 1 = 2

() =

= 0 = 2 -

= 1-

( )2
/ .

() = 3 = 0 = 1
() = 2 = 0 = 2
() = 2 = 0 = 2
() = ) + 1( ) - 1( .
( )3
. .

() = 2 = 0 = 1 = 1
() = - 2 = 0 = 2 - = 2 -
() = 4- 2 4 + = 4 = 4
= ) - 2( .
( )4

. .
( )5 =

1- 2 = 1 180 .

( )6 = 1 + = 1 = 2
. .
( )7 = - 1 2 .
.
( )8 = +
1

148

= 1 = 3 .

( )9 = 2 + 2 = .6
.

5-5

( )

( )
=

= =

2
2 .

= ( ) )(
() .

)( -).(0

:14
. /
1 + 4 = :
() .
() 4 5.
() .

() 1 + 4 = =

(1+ 4) =

= + + 2 2

(1+ 4)=

( )

= 0 = 0

( = .)0

149

= 0
=2 +
= 2 + 2
2

() = 4
= 5

= 55 = 5 + 50

= 36 = 4 + 32

55
4 5 36
.

() ( 5) ( -
4)
= 36 - 55

= 19

:
5

5
5
]

2
[
=

)1
+

(4

4
4
. 5 =0
= ()4 + 32( - )5 + 50
5 = = 4 =.5
= 19
2

:15
/
4/
212 - 2 = .
:
()
() 2 =
()
2

()

0=

2 = 0 - 2 =

= 2 /

() 12- 2 =

( )

150

E 2 =

+ 3 4 - ( )

4/
+ (0) 4 - (0) 2 = 4 E

= 4

4 + 3 4 - 2 =

2 =

4 + 3(2)4 - (2)2 =
= 4 + 32 - 4
= 24 -/

2 = 24 -/

() 4 + 3 4 - 2 =

= + 4 + 4 - 2( 1 1)
= 0 0 =
0 = 1
4
2
=4+ -
4
= - 2 + 4

= 2 = (2) - 2(2) + (2)4

1
=6-4+8
= 4 -

4 -
:16
= + 2 .
2/ .2 81

. .

= + 2

= 2 +

= 0 2/.2

+0=2
= 2
2
= 2 +

4
4
( = 3 ) 2 + 2

= [] +
3

64 9 ( - 16 + )9 +
= 3
= 9 - 9 13 + 16 - 21

= 12 13 7 +
151

81

12 13 81 = 7 +
12 13 = 74

=6

4-5

74
1

12 3

= 6

=2

= 6 = 1 = .0
( )1

= 2 -1 = 0 = .0
( )2

= 3 2 = 2 = 0 .
( )3

= 0 = 0 .
( )4 2 = 2 = 0
2

= 1 = 0 = 0 .
( )5 24 = 2

( )6 / 2 = 2 - 2

8 / .
( )7 = (1 + /
)6 2 3.

( )8 /
.2 - 2 3 =
.
()

() .

( )9 /
1 + 2 - 29 = :
() 2 =
() .

( )10 15/ ( )4 - 10 / 2
. :

152

() 3 =

()
( )11 / 2 4 - 9 = :
1

.
:
.
()

() .

( )12 /
.2 - 3 =
:
.
()

() .

5-5
( )1 / 2 = . 4 -23

12/ . / 2 = 4 - 5
( )2
.
: . 4 =

1
4

/ 2

( )3 20/
.
:
() . 4 =
() 6 .

( )4 / = + 3
. 2 =

3
4

2 .

1
( )5 2 8 + 17/
.
:
2
() 2/ .
() .

153

8 / 2 - / .
( )6
/ 2 = + .
9 . .
2

:17
33-5 = 6 - 2 = 3.

36 .

()9 3

=
3

= 6 -

33-5

= 6- = 2 ) - 6(

= 0
0
E ( - 6) =
= 0 6

= 6 -
2

6
6
2
=

6
(
2
0 3
0

63
= 3 - 2
3
3

6
3

= - 2)6( 3
= 36
3
= 6( 0 - 3 - 2)
3
= (3 - )2
154

= 3 -
2
2

)3( 3
=
2

3
3

3
0

: = 4 12
31 1 = 4 1 - 36
2
2
31 12
E :
= 1
2
=1

:4

7:

31 1
2

:18
() = 8:

() 4 ()
0

] () [1 +
()
0
3

() ()
3

:
3

() 4 () = 4 ()

=84
= 32

3
1
() [ () ]1 + = () +

0
3
0
0
]

[
=+ 8

0
3

= 11 = 3 + 8

()() = - ()
3
0
=8-

155

:19 4 34-5 .

=8

()4 2

=
2

34-5

= 2 8 = 2
4 0

4
4
= -
8
0

2 2

= - 2

=4

0 5 X 64

5
2
4
4
320 - 2

0
= 4.8
4.8

:20

/ - 12 =
:

() 20 =
()
() .
() 20 =
() 20 = 0 =
2

- 12 =

2 - 12 = =
2
() 20 = 28 - = )20( 2 - 12 = /
() 0 =
0 = 2 - 12
0 = 0 = ) -12( 12 =
( 0 = ).
2

156

() = = 12( - )2

12

= 0 = 0
E = 0 = 6 - 2
3
= - 6( 2 )

= 0 - 6
3

= 18
() = 6 - 2

=0

= 20 = 20 - 2)20( 6
3
= 266 2 -

3
266 2 .
3

() .

:

0
=

= 288 12
2

288

266

= 18

= 12 = - 2)12( 6

35-5

12
3

= 20

= 288

E = 0 = 20
2
+ 288 x 2
3

...
20

266

20

2
=
3

842

=12( - )2 = -
0
0

2
3

266

157

( )1 = ()
= =
36-5

= ()

36-5
( )2

= () = =

37-5

= ()

37-5

( )3 38-5

() - ()
{ () - ()}

158

()

()

38-5

( )4 = ()
39-5 + (
.
)

= ()

39-5
( )5 40-5 .
:
=

()
=

=
()

40-5

( )6 41-5

= 2

()

41-5

159

( )7 42-5

= 2

42-5

( )8 43-5 =
:

2
( = -)
0

=
()

43-5

( )9
:

() = :

() : =

160

2
2

()

=
0

() =
1-

= =

:
( )1
( )2 ( )
( )3
( )4 ( )

. : .

( )1

() () = ()
()

-() = -

()

()
() [() - ()] = () -

() () () () ()
()

() + () =

()

( ) 2 () = 0

( ) 3 I() = I I() I

() .

() 4

:
() = . +

( -)
-

( +)

161

( )5 :

+
+
+
()
+
-
() +
-
-
+
()
+
+
-
()
+
-
(- )
-
+
() +
-
+
() -
-
-
(- )
( )6 :
() = 0

() = 0

() = 0

( )7
4
3
( )8 =
3

6-5

.
(( )1) ()
:

4
() = 0

0
5
() 1() = 4:
5
( 2 51 )1() .

([ 1 )2() ]3 + .

1
( 5 )3() .

[ 51() + ] = 28
2

( )2 0() = 2() = 5:
3
() 0()
() 20() 23 +()
() 4{2() }2 +

162

0 ( -) = ()

2-

()

( )3

= 2 4

4
12
< .12
2 < 6

12

()4

()0 2

44-5

()0 1-

44-5 = 2 - 2 +
2

.:

() .
()
.

5 4 - 1 -2 =4
- 1 - 2 0 .4

.3 1
( .)4 2
.
1

= -

()0 2

48-5 = ( )3 -

9
( )9 0 (.)1 4
.

() .
() .
() .
() .
() ()
.
7 46-5 = . 2 1

4= 1- ( ) 14 2
( .)0 1 = 4
.
.

46-5

()9 0

48-5

10 49-5
= 2 5 + 2= 3 1+ 2
( .)13 2 .
= 2 5 +
2

()13 2

(2
()0 1

()1 4

= 3
)

= ( )3 -

1
4

=4

()0 2

45-5 = -
( )0 2:

47-5

45-5

4=1-

()1 1

1+

49-5

8 47-5 = ( 2)2 -
( )1 1 ( )0 2
5
12
.
163

(5)11

( )13 =

)2

52 - 5

50-5

50-5 = 12 - 3 +.

52-5 =
= .:
2

:
() .
() .

0.288 .

()14

(( )12) ( )1
= 212 = 1 = .3

( )2 = 12
= 2 = > 2

()

= ( )1 -

51-5

51-5
2
= ( )1- + = 3 = .3
:
( )1
( )2 .

()0 2-

53 - 5
53-5 = 6 + 7 .2
:

=3

164

3.6 . .

() .
() .

()15

=2

( )0

54-5

()0 1

54-5
= 2 4 = 1 =
12.4
.

16
55-5 .

10
=

19 58-5 = . 2
=3 1+ ( )1 0
( .)4 1 = 1
( .)1 2 360
.

=-7

1 7

=31+

()0 5

55-5

= 21-

( .)1 2
( 360 )56-5 .
=

1
2

()1 2

()1 2

58-5

()1 0

2 0 59-5 = 6
= 2 .
360 .
2

= 2 1 -

4=1-

=1

4
2

()0 1

56-5
18

()4 1

()0 2

1
=
2

=4
=

=2

(2
()0 1

1
4

57-5
1
.2
57-5 =

=6
2

59-5

4 = 1-

(1 2
4

) ( )0 1

= 4
.
360 .

165

( )21 60-5 = - 4 .
= 3 ( .)3 1
360 .
2

( )24

12

()6 2

=3

()2 6

()3 1

=-4

63-5

60-5
()22

10 = 2 -

12
.
63-5 =

( )6 2 ( )2 6
:
() .
()
360 .

( ) 25 64-5 = 4
( )0 0 (.)8 4

.

61-5

= 4

61-5 10 = 2- 2
= 2 .
360 .
( )23

()13 2

64 - 5

= 31 + 2

62-5

= 25 + 2

62-5
= 3 1 + 2 ( .)13 2
360
.
166

()8 4

= 25 + 2

=2

( )26
= 2 = 360 2 .

( )27 65-5 2 = 2
= 2 2-

360
2 = 2

= 2 2-

( )31 /
= + 6 + 3
= 2
16 32/ .2:
() .
() .
( )32
/ :
= 3 30 - 2 72 +

5 65

()0 1

( )28
/ 2 :=4 16-
30/
()
= .3
() = 3
( )29

= 4 + 28 5 - - 2 3

.
2/ / 2
:
= 6 - 2 .

( )30
/ :
:
= 2- .2

() .
() .
() .

() .
.
()

() .
() : = 0 = 7

( )33
/ :
= 6 - 2 .5+
.
:
() .
() .
() 5
.



( )34
/ 2 =-6
. .
:
() .
()
() .
( )35 25 .

0 25 /
= 0.75 0.03

:
()
() .
167

( )
. :

= 2 .

= 2 .

( )
.
.
= () .

= ()

()

168

5 66

= = = 0 .

() .
( ) = =
.

= 2 ()



=

...

:
2(
)

:

()

()

()

67-5

= 2 . () .

:
: () 2 :

:21

360

= 6
18
=2

= 6 2-

68-5

169

= 6 2 -
3
2 )6 2 - (2
= 0
2

.

.

6) 0 22 -2 (3
3

=- 36 2
3

-3
= 2 2
2

= 27

0
3
0

27

:22

69-5
.

()4 2

=
()1 8

69-5

2-

= 4 = 1

=
4
8
= 2 1 ) (2 -
4

= 2- 8) 1 2(

= 8 2-4 2
1

= 18

170

18

2-

()1 2

( )1 .

( )2

= 1-
= ( 2)2 - = .
= 4 2 - 2
( )3

=42

70-5

( )4 6-5

171

=6

172

6
J

Differentiation and Integration of

Trigonometric Functions

1-6 .
0

164 235 (
) .
850-780

()








.

.

( )alchwarizmi(al-
)karismi( )algoritmi()algorismi
( )algorism( )algorism
1857
()algoritmi de numero indorum





.







... :

1-6

1-6 .
= ( )

=
=

< < .
1
12 2 < 12 2 < 2 2
1

2 2
1

< 1 <

1
1

.1

1
1 .

.1
173

= .1

0

=


1

= 0

1

=

= 1= 1

=1

() .
.

2-6

= )1( ..........
.
+ = ( +) )2( ..........
( )1 ()2
= ( +) -
u

= 2 ( ) 2 + ) ( 2

[ - = 2

+
2

2- [

2 ( 2 + ) ( 2 )

( + ) ( )
2
2

( ) 2

= ( ) 2 +
2

174

( ) 2

( + )
2

= =

3-6

( ) =

= )1( .........

.
+ = ( +) )2( .........
( )1 ()2

= ( +) -

u = 2 - ( + ) (
2

( - = 2 - + - )
2

2 ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 : =

( ) 2 + ( ) 2
=

u
= - ( + ) ( ) 2
2

- ( ) 2 +
0

= - =

0

( ) = -

175

4-4

.


( ) = ( )
( ) - ( )
=
2
+
=
2

2 + 2
=
2

1
= 2 = 2

2
( ) =

5-4 ( +) ( +) ( +)
= ( +)
= ( +) ( +) [ [
= [ ( +)]
= ( +)

( +) = ( +)

( +) = - ( +)

( +) = ( 2 +)
:1
:
() 2

() 5
() 4

1
2

() ( 3 - 1)

() ( 5 +1)

:
() ( 5) = 5 5

176

() ( 2 )1 -

() ( 2) = 2 - 2
() 4(

1
2

)=

1
2

1
1
4 2 = 2 2 2
2

() [ ( 2 = ])1 - ( 2 2( )1 - )1 -

= 2 ( 2 )1 -

() [ ( 3 - 1)] = - ( 3 - 1) ()3-

= 3 ( 3 - 1)
() [ ( 5 + 1)] = 5 + 1( 2) ()5

:2

= 5 5 + 1( 2)

:
2
() 3 2
() 3

:
2
() 3 ( ) =

3 ( 2) - 2 3()
( 3)

3 ( 2 2) ( - 2) ()3

=
92
=

6 2 3 - 2
92

2 2 - 2
=
32
() 3( 2)= 2 3() 3 + ( 2)

= ( 2) ( 3 + )3 ( 2 - 2)
= ( 3 2 2 - 2)

6-6 .

.
. :

:3
+ 2 = 0 .

177

+ 2 = 0

( 2 + ) - 2 0 =
( 2 - ) - =

= u
2 -
2

=
2 -
2

:4 3 = .

3 =
.
3 3 + = 2
.

3( u - 2) 3 - =
3 = u
3 -
2

7-6 2:
( ) = -
- = + ( )
:
= - +

( ) =
= +
( ) = 2

( )
( )

2 = + ( )
178

8-4 2

= -
( )

- = +
- = 1 +

( 1)

+
u = -

( 2)

:
=

( )

= +
= 2

2 = 1 + ( )

:5

() 2
() 3 2

() 5
() 2 4

2() 2 =
2

( )

[ - 2 2 2()
2 {
2

+} = 2

-( 2) = 2 2[
5
() 5 =
5

( )

3
() 3 2 =
3
() 2 4 = 2 44 + ( )

+( )

4
=
2

+
179

9-6 ( +) ( +) ( +)
2

( +) [ ( +)].

[ : ( +)] = - ( +)

- ( +) = ( +) +1
- ( +) = 1 ( +) +2

u ( +) = - 1 ( +) +

( 1)
( 2)
( )

: ( +) = ( +)

u ( +) = 1 ( +) +
[ ( +)] = ( 2 +)
u( 2 +) = 1

( +) +

( )
( )

.0 = 0
.
.

:6 :
() ( )2 +
() 5 +1( 2)

() ( 2 - 1)

() ( 3 )2-

() 3 ( 2 )1 +

:
() ( )2 + = - ( + )2 +

( )

() ( 2- 1) = 12 ( 2- 1) +

( )

() ( 3 )2 - = 13 ( 3 + )2 -

( )

() 5 +1( 2) = 15 ( 5 +1) +

( )

() 3 ( 2 )1 + = 32 ( 2 + )1 +( )
180

 ( +) ( +) ( 2 +)

:7

= [ ]

= -

1-6

=1-0

=1-

( )1 :
() 3
() 2
() 3 2
() ( 2 )1 -
() ( 5 )1 +
() 2 ( 3 + 1)
1
() 2 ( )3 -
2
() 2 ( 3 )2 -
3

() 1
4
() 2
1
() 2 4
() ( )3 +
() ( 2 - 1)
() 1 ( 6 )1 +
3
() 3 ( - 1)

( )2 :
() 2

() 2
1
() 2
() - 5

() 5 2
()
3
() 3 3
() - 2
3
() ( 2 )5

() ( )5 +

() 2( 2 )3 +

() 4 ( )1 -

() 3 ( 3 - 1)
() 3 ( 4 - 1)
4

() 3 ( 6)1 +

() 2 -
() ( +1)

() 2 - ( + 1)
181

() 20

()

() 2

() 40

() 3
3

() 3 3 2

()

() 2
0

2
() 2 12 2

2-6
( )1 :
()

() 3

() 2

() 3

() 4 1
2
() 2

() 3- 2
()

() ( 2 )1 +

() 2 ( - 1)

() ( 2 )1 +

()
() 1
2

() 2 3
() 3 4
( )2 :

()

() 2

2
() + 1

()

1
() 3 ( = )
()

2

182

() 2 ( =

3
()
2

( )3 :

() ( )1 +
0

() ( + 1 2)
0

() 0

() ( 0 - )

( ) 0 2

()
4

10-6

.
( ) = 1 -( )
= 1 - ( )
= 1 -

( ) = 1 - ( )
= 1 - ( - )
= - 1 -
( ) = 1 ( )
= 1 ( 2)

:8

= 1 2

:
() 2 3
() 3
() 5 4 3
() 2 3

()
( ) 2 4

() ( 3) = 3 2 ( )
= 3 2
() 2( 3) = 2( 3 2) ( ) = 6 2
() ( 5) = 54 ( )
= 5 4 (- ) = 5 - 4
183

() ( ) = 3 ( )
2

= 3 2 2
() 5( 4 3) = 5( 3 4 2) ( 4)
= 15 4 2 ( 4 4)
= 60 4 2 4
() ( 2 4) = 4 2 3 ( 2)
= 4 2 3 ( 2 2 2)
= 8 2 3 2 2

:9
:
()
()
() 2
() ( 2- 1)

()
( ) = ( ) + ( )
= ( ) + ( - )
= 2 - 2
= 2

() =

( ) - ( )
( ) =
2
( - ) - ( )
=
2
2 - 2=
2
= ( 1- 2 + 2)
2
=1 -
2

184

= - 2

()
2
( 2) - ( )
( ) =
2

2
( 2 ) -
=
2

() :
[ ( 2 - 1)] = ( 2 - 1) ( ) + [ (2 - 1)]
= ( 2 -1) + [ - ( 2 - 1) (])2 -
= ( 2 - 1) + [ 2 ( 2 - 1)]
= ( 2 - 1) 2 + ( 2 - 1)
:10
0
2 :
2

.
0
.
2=
90

( ) =
90
90
90
:11

2 2 2 2 2

:
:
2 = 2 2 1 -
2 u 2 = + 1 2
2 2 = ( + 1 2)
= + 2 + ( )
2
:12

( 4)

4
3

( 4) = 4 3

185

4( ) =
( 3 ) = 1 4 +( 1 1)
4

4
( 40 3 ) = 1
4

= ( 14

3-6

( )

1
2

4
1
) 16 = 0 -

( )1 :
() 3
() 3
() - 3
2
() ( )1 +
() 3 16 2

() 4
() 2 4
() 2
2
() ( - 2 )

( )2 :
()
() 2
0

()

( )3 :
1
() 2 3 ( : = )

() 16 3 2 ( : = )
() - 2
() 6 - 2 3

( ) 4
1
()
3 2 3

( )4 = 3 =

( )5 12 ( 2)

1 ( 6
3 0

( )6 2 2 2
( )7 = = .
186

( )8 + 1( 2)

( )9 4 2 +2 -4 .

( )10 ( ) = 2 3
4 = 2 2 - 2 1 +

2
2
.
( )11 = 1
2

( )12 =

:13

0 2 = ( + 1 ) :

= ( + 1 )

= ( - ) + 1( + )

= + 2 - 2
= + 2 - 1( - 2)
= 2 2 + 1 -
= ( 2 ( )1 - )1 +
0 =
( 2 ( )1 - 0 = )1 +
2 0 = 1 - 0 = 1 +
= 1
= 1 -
2
=
= 3 53

( + 1 ) = 53 3
( )

187

(( )1 ) =

( ) = -
( ) = 2

( )2 = - +
= +
2 = +
([ )3 ( +)] = ( +)
[ ( +)] = - ( +)
[ ( +)]= ( 2 +)

( )4 = -
=

= 1 +
2

( )5 ( +) = - 1 ( +) +

( +) = 1

( +) +

( +) = 1 ( +) +
2

0
(( )6 ) = 1 -
( ) = - 1 -
( ) = 1 - 2

188

 :
( )1 ( )

= 1
( )2
0

( )3 ( 2) ( 2) .

4-6

(( )1) - 1

() :
2 3
()1
0 3

(( )2 )
2

( )2 =

= 0 2


( )3
= 2 = 1
=0=

( )4
= = 2
= 0 = 12
3
(.) 2 3 ( )0 0

( )5
= + > 0 > 2

( )6 3 ( 2 +) :
3 = 3 4 - 3.

3
( )7 :
( + ) = + 1 2
:

( 2 + ) 2
2

189

2
( )12 3 = 1
2

.

( )8

= +
+ = .6
= 0
2
2
+ 2 = 12

( )13 2 =
( )14 :

() 4
() 2
() () 3+12

(( )9)
= 3 2 2 = 1
3

() = 3 +

0 =
.
( )10
()
= 12 ( 3)
2

()
() ()
() ()
() = 6
( )11

()
= 2 + 1-
:
() ()
()
() .

190

() 3 4
(( )15)
2( - 2) = 2
() = 3 5 +
0 2
.

(( )16) :
( )1

31-
()2

( )3 2
() + 2 = + 1
.
.
() = 13 3 -
= 3

() ( )

(( )19) 3-6
= = 2
= 2
=
.

( ) =
()17
()
( )1 2

( )2 2

( )3

( )4 2

( )1

() =
- 2
.

2 0

0.5
=
6

(( )18) : = ( .)1 +

= 0

( )2

()
= 2 0.5 - 0 .2

()

= 2

3-6

()
)) /
= 15 13 :

( )1 10/
( )2 = 0
( )3

(( )20) ( 2 3 3 + ) 2

6 2-6

() :
( + ) + 1 2
2

2-6 =
= +
= 2
= 4 = 2

191

5-6 = 2

() 4-6
= ( 3 .) -
6
.

= 2 2

= ( 3) -

4-6

(( )21)

( )1
0

5-6

( )23)
3 = 3 4-
3

3
0

()

(( )2 - 3)
0

()3
0

() .

= = 4 = 3
.

( )22) 3( : 2 + 2)

() 2

192

3 2

() 2 2 2
3
2 2 12 2
1

6 -

6-6

6-6 = .
360 .
)24 7-6
= = .
() .
()
() 2
.

()
= -

7-6
)25 ( : - ) = - 1 2
2

8-6

8-6 = - .

193

=7

194

Differentiation and Integration of Logarithmic
and Exponential Functions

.
.

.
-1 =
-2 = +

-3 = -
-4 () = ()
-5 () = ()
-6 1 =

1-7

=
+ = ( +)
+
= (

1
= ( + 1 )

= ( +)

= (+ 1

= (+ 1

1
1
: = =
:

1
= 0 ( + 1)

= ( + 1)

1
= ( + 1)

= 1
{( + 1) }

{( + 1) } 2.718 .

195

1
=
1
( ) =

2-7 :
.
1

( )1 ( + 1)

{( + 1)

( )2
> 0
> 0

=
1
=

()
1

:1
:
() ( 3 )1 -

()

1+
() ( 2 ) 1-

() 3 3

( ) =

5 2

() ( ).

() ( + 1 )

() = ( 3 )1 - = 3 1 -

= 3 =

=
= 1 3
3
= 31-
{ ( 3 3 = })1 -
31-
() =
=
= - =

196

1 = ( - )
=
= -

( ) = -
() { ( { = }) 1 + ( - )1 + ( 2 })1 -
2 1-
2
= - 1
) 2) (1 + (1 -
= ( 2 ( 2 - )1 - )1 +
( 2( )1 + )1 -
3=
( 2( )1 + )1 -
() ( 3 3) = ( 3 3) ( + 3)( )3
3
= 3 ( 3 ) ( + 3) 3

= 3 + 2 2 3

)1 ()( )( )

.
.
)2 ()( )( )

.

() { ( + 1 5{ = } )2 ( + 1})2
2
= + 1 ( 5) 2
10

2
= +1
() { ( )} ={ + }
= + 1

1
= +

197

:2

() () = ( + 1 )

() = ( + 1 )
1
() =
( + 1 )

=
+ 1

( : ()) = ()

3-7 ( +) 1-
:
( ) = 1

1 = +

( +) =
( +)

( +) = 1 ( +) +

11
( +) = ( +) +

= ( +) +

:3

:
()2

1
2
= 2

198

= 2 +

1
() - 2( )

() ) 1 - 2( = 2 1 -

( 1-)0 +

= 2 - +

:4
:
= 1
()
3 1+

= 2
()
2-3

= 1
()
3 1+
:
= 1
31+
= 1 ( 3 + )1 +
3
= 2
()
2-3
:
2
=
2-3
= 12 - 3 2

= ) 12 -( 2 ( 2 - 3) +
= - ( 2 - 3) +

:5

() = 2 1 +
-1

()

() = 2 1 +
-1
:
() = 1- 1 + 2
= -- 2 ( - 1) +
199

:6

() 1

1
3

()
0

2
() 1 3 = 1 13
1

3 + 1

= [ 13 ]

2
1

= ( 13 - 2 )1
= 1 2
3

3
() 3 + 1 0 = [ 13 ( 3 + 1)]

3
0

= ( 13 - 10 )1
= 13 10

1-7
( )1 :
() ( )2 -

() 3

() ( 2 )1 -

() ( - 1)3
() ( + 2 )1 -
) - 1(
()
() ( )1 -
) + 1(

() ( - 2)
() 1

( )2 :
() =

2
2

1+

() =
() = ( )1 +
3-1
() = ( + 1 )

() = ( 2 )
200

() = ( - 1)
() =
() =

()1 + 2

() = 2

 ( 1-)0 +

)3 () :
() () = 2

() () = ( 3 + 1)

)4 :
2
() 1
()
3

() () = ( 2 )1 - ( - 1)
1
() () =
1
() - 2

)5:
1
()
( - 1)

2
()
( 2 )3 +

2
()
( 3 )1 -
5

()
( 5 - 1)

1
( ) - 2
) (1 +
3
()
( 4 )1 -

1-

() 3( )1 +

)6 :
1 2
() 3
1
3
3
()
+ 1( 2)
12

()
3 - 2( 2)

2
() ) 1 - 1(
2
1
1
1() 2 + 1( 0)
2
2
()
2 ( 3 1 )1-

)7 = 0 =
2-7

)1 :
() ( )2 + ( )2 +
() 2
)2 () :
() () = ( - 1) ( - 1 )

() ( )1 + 3

)
() () = (
- 1

2
)3 = 2 2 .
2

.
)4 = 2
2

2

= 14 4.
)5 =
2

201

)6 :
1
3
() - 1( ) 2
() 4 ()
( 5 )1 -
-1( 4)
)7 2-:

() - 1(1-)
1-

()
( 3 2 )1 -

)8 2

)9 { ( + })1 + 2
1

( 0)1 + 2
4-7

= +

=
= =

( +) =

= 0

( ) =
: = 1

( ) =

:7
:
()
() 2
2
4- 1
() ( 1 + )
()

31-

202

0
() 3 - 1( 1-)

() ( 2) = 2

() ( 3 3 = )1 -

31-

() ( 4 - 1) = ( 4- 4 - = )1 +

4-1

2 1
() ( + ) = ( 2 + 2 + 2 -) = 2 2 2 -

2-

:8

:
6
() =
3

() = 2

() = 2 1 +

() = 2
= 2 () + ( 2)
= ( 2) + 2 2
= 2 2 + 2
6
() = 3 = 3 6
= 6 [ 3 - 3] + 3 [ 6 - 6]
= 3 - 6 6 - 6
3
3

= ( 3 - 6 2 + 6)
3

() = 2 1 +
= ( 2 + )1 + 2 ( 1 + )
1
= ( 2 2 + )1 + 2 ( 1 + )
= 2 2 1 + +
=

21+

21+

( 2 )1 +

203

:9

() :
() () =

( - 1 )
() () =

2-1

() () =
:
2- 1
() = 2 - 1 ( ) + ( )
2-1

= 2 - 1 2 -

2-1

= 2 - 1 ( 2 - 1)
( - 1)2
() () =

= ( - 1 )2

:
() =

- 1( - 1( + )2( )2 )

= - ( 2 -) - 1( + -( )2 )
= - - ( 2 - 1 +)2
2 - 2 1 -

5-7

:
( +) =

+ = + +

+ = + +
1
+ = + +

( ) =

= +

= +
204

= 1 +

: = 1
= +

:10
:
1

3
() -
()

()

21-

-1
2

()

() 3 = 13 3 +
1
()( - ) = ( - -) = + - +
() 2 1 - = 12 2 + 1 -
()

1 -1
2

= 2 - 1 +
1

= 2 - 2 - + 1 +
1

= 2 - 2 -1 +

:11
1

0 2 - 1

:
1

0 2 - 1 = [ 12- 2 - 1]

1
0

= [ 12- - 1 -]1
= 1 ( 12- -)
= ( 21 ) 1 -

)0.368 - 2.718( 12
1.175
205

3-7

)1 :

()

() 4

()
2 1

() -

()

21+

()

2-

1
() ( - )

()

3-1

)2 () :
() () = 2

() () = ( )1 + 2

1+

() () =

)3 :
3

() =

2 +
() =

() = 2 1 + ( )1 +

2-

)4 :
()

() 2

()

()

21+

() 2 +

1
2

3-

1
()( + )

-1

)5 ():
2

() 2
0

() 2 -

() - 3( 3
2
0

)6 = - + = .0

)7 = - =

4-7

)1 :
() 2 -
206

3-

3 -
()
2

() 2 ( - 3-)

() ( )1 -

() 3-1

() 12 - 3

)2 () :
() () = 2 -

2
21-
() () = ( - ) 12 - 6 () () = 2 +
-

:
)3
2
( )1 -
2
() =
2
-1
() =

- 2

() () = ( 2 - )

() = 1 -
2

2
)4 = ( + 1) 5 25 + 10 - 2 = 0
)5 = 3 = .1

= 1 .
)6 = 2 + 2- .
)7
= +

( ).
= 1 - = 1 360

:12

2 ( 2 )1-
2

0
1

( 2 ( 2 = ))1 - 2 ( 2( + )2 )1 - 2 ()2
= 2 2 2 + 2 ( 2 )1 -
= 4

1
1 2 = 1
4 2
0
0
4
1
2
= 1
( 2 0 )1-
4

207

= [ 14 - 2])1 -( 0
= [ 14]1 + 2

:13
= ( ) . .

= 2 = 0 2

= ( )
1
= ( - ) = -
= -( - )
= - ( ) +

= = 2
2 =

2 =

2 2 - = 0
( 2 2 0 = )1 -
2 = 0
= 0 2 = 0

2=3
= 2 0
2 2
= ( 0 )
4

= = 2 0
2
:

( 4 2 - ) = [ - 2
2
0

= [ ( ) -

4
( - ( ))0

2 4
0
2

= ( ( - )0 - 12 ) 12 - 1
= - 1 - 2 1 + 1
2
= - 12 2
208

)1

:14
2
= (
1+

= 2 - ( )1 +
1
1
= - 1 +

:15
= [ ( ])1 +

= + ( )1 +

1
1
= + 1 +

:16

= ( + 1)

= 5 ( + 1)
5
+ 1 =

)2 ( : +) 1 -
1
= +
()

()

= 1

( +)

1-

)3

( +) +

( +) +

() () =

() ( ) =

() ( +) =

209

)4

() = +
1
() = +
1
() + = + +

:
)1
)2 .


.

.

.

)1
)2 < 0 :
1
( -) =

|| = 1
0
1

1

=
1
+

210

 )3

1
> 0
=
1
1
= = 1 = .

.
()

1
=

()1 1

1-7
()
2

( )1
1

2 1
( )
( )2

( 1 )

2 +

1
()
()3

(2 + 1 )4

1
( )

(1 ( )5 )

1
() ( 1 ) = 1 -
)4 =
( !)


:
=

1 + 3
7
9
211

5-7

)1 :
() ( 2 3 - 2) ( 2 )1 -
()2 + 2
()
() 2 2
() 2 3
() 3 - 2
() ( - 1) ( - 1)
)2 :
-1
() = ( + 1 )

() =

1 - 2
1 + 2

() = ( 3 + 2 )4 +
() = 2
)3
() 2
3

()

)6 = 2 = .0

.

)7 ()
() /
- 1( 20 = .)
:
() = 2
() () = 0 = .2
( )8) 0 =
.
() -
2
1 .
( )9) :
-2
( )1
4
( 5 - 1( )2)
( )3 ( 5 )2 +
( )4 2

() = 2 1
1-

( 2 )1 -
3
3 - 1( 5)

4
()
( 4 - 3)
1
2
() ( 2 - )
2
( )1 -
() 1 -

)4 = 2 3 +

212

)5
= = = .2



360
.

( )10) .
()
= 5 - 5 1 -.
10
:
( )1

( )2

( )3


() =

= 1

() = 2 3

( )11) = 1 + =

4 2

( )1
( )2 .
() := (2 + 2) : > .0

5 = 12.

() = 3 - 2
= .32
( )12) = 2 .
0 .

() < 0 < 2

= 3 .
()
= 2 -.
)13 2-7
= . 2 +12
:
()
()

360 .

= 12
2+

2-7
( )14) :
(10 4 )1

2 21+

2
1
3 2 -
(1 )2

7
4

1
( 4 1 )3 3 -
()
= 3 + 2

= 3 = 360 6
( )15) :
2

(1 - 1( )1
) 3 1 -
1

8
( )2
3 02+
2

( 1 )3

1
2 -

()
()
/ = 4 - 4
( )1 = .2
( )2
( )3 () = 2
12

213

)16

3-7
3-7
= 2 = 3 .:
()

()
= + 1

)17

4-7
4-7 = + 1 .
.
( ) = + 1 .

.
()

1
= + 1
= 2 = 360 3 .

() = ( - )
2 - = .

214

( )18)

5-7

5-7 = 2 +12
.
:
( )1 .
( )2 .
() () /
3 - 2 27
=
( 2 )1 +
:

( )1

( )2
( )3 = 1
2

215

=8

216

Vectors

" " ( )1778-1857
17
.

" . ."

.

.
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

1-8

60

Representation of Vectors

( )060 .

.
( ) ( )

. =

217

.

.

. .
. :

21- =

0 =

= 23
2
= 0

3-

23- =
1

2- =

= .2- .
= .

2-

= 3-
2

= 3 -

= -

218


( ).

-
( ).

: 1

= 21
2
=

0 =
= 0

2-

2-

(=) :

3- 2- 11

123-

:2
:

3
2
1

:3

3-
1
2- = 4 = :
() -

()

() 2- - = -
1-

= 2

= -
3-

=4-3 = 4 -
219

 8
8 :
- 1 :

3
2
1

- 3 :

1 3- 2- 1-
12
3-

- 2 : - 4 = 4- = 2-
:
()
()
() ( )

() ( ) ( )

()

220

3
2
1

3- 2- 1-
123-

()

() -

1
32

- 5 0 = 4- = 3- =
:

()

()

()

.
5
3
2
+ = 2 = 1- + 3

.
.
.......

.
.

5 +.

= 1-
3-= 1

+ .
:
1- 3
2
- = 4 = 1- - 3
1- 3- 2
-( +) = 4 = 1 + 3

- = -( +)
.

-( +)

221

 8
.

.
.
=
=
= + +

( ) ( ) . +

= +

+
=

+
=
+ =

:4

()
.
.
( + )i
( )ii +
() + = +

:
() ()i

()ii

()
3
+ = 3 3 = +
+ =+

.
222

 :5

() .
.
( + ( )i) +
(( + )ii ) +
() ( + ) ( + = + ) +

:
() ()i

( + )

( )ii ( ) +

+
( +
) +

( ) +

( +

) +

()

( + ) 1 = +

( + 1 = ) +

+ ( ) ( + = + ) +
.

223

 8
:6

2 =

() -

() -

= 3- = 0 .
() + -
( - ) +

1
2

+
+

()

=

0 3- 2
() - = 3- 2
= 0
= 1-

1-
5
3
2
1
1
1
() 2 - = -
( - ) 0 + 3- - 2 = +
2

= 2

=
5

:

= +

= +

=
+

( ) .

224

 :7

= 12

3-

= 4 .

= +
1

3-

= 4 + 2
2-

= 6
:8

4-

2
= = 5
3-

= +
2

4-

2-

= 5 + 3- -

= 5 + 3

= 28

8
-1

.
() +
() +
() +
( ) -

( - )

( ) -

-2

.
() + +
() + +
() + +
() - +

( + ) -
() - -
225

 8
4

1-

- 3 3- = = 0 = 5
() +
() +
( - )
() +
( ) -

( ) -

- 4 1 =
() + +

() - +

( ) - -

(- ) -

- 5 :

2-

() +
=

() +
()
=
+
( )
-
=
(= - )
=
( )
() + +
=

( )
=
+
+

226

= 5 = 1
() + -
( + ) -

- 6

1
()
= 3-
1
1
5
()
8 = = 3
3
2
()

= 1-= 4
85
( )

9 = 5- =
-4
1-
( )

2- = 4- =
3
3
()
3 =
= 7-
0
6
7()
=
=

= 9
17
5 1- 4( ) =7 = 5 = 7-

- 7 : = = =
()

()

- 8 = = =

 2-8 ( )
3

1 =

() 2

31 2 =2
6
= 2

2
2

1 2- =2- :
6= 2-

. 2-
.
2 - 2
.

2-

: 9
2-

2 = = 3 = 1- .
() 2 +
() 3 + 2 -
() 3 -

2-

() 2 + = 3 2 + 2
3- 4- 1
= 8 = 6 + 2
0
1
() 1- 3 - 2 = 3 -
1
= 5 = 3-0 - 12
1

2-

() 3 + 1- 2 - 3 3 + 2 =2 -
0
1
6= 2- - 9 + 2
5= 13

227

 8
: 10

4 +5( 12 ) 14 ( 2 )

4 +5( 12 ) 41 ( 2 2 + 52 = ) 12 - 2

= 2 + 2 + 52 12 -
= 3+ 9
2 2
= + 3( 23)

: 11

.

() 2 +

() 3 -

:
()

() 1 -2

()

3-

: 12

3-

()
32 -

12 -2

12
2

()

2
2-

( 3 - 1 )

1
2

- 1

, 2 = = 3- = = 3 + .

= 3 +

+ , 3- = 2 3
5 +
3
3- = 6
= 3 6=3 - 5 +
= 9= 2-
228

 : 13

: = 3 : 1
= = 4

() ( )
()

()
= : + +
= 4 - 4( 12 + + )

4
= 4 - 2 + + = 2
() = 34 ( : = 3 : 1 : = ) 4 : 3
= 4( 34) = 3

() = +
= 3 2 ( + ) = +

8
1

- 1 1- = =
3-

= 0

() +
() -
() 2 -
(2 ) 3 +

( + 2 - 3 ) ( - 8 + 5 )

- 2 :
() ( 2 + ) -
() 2 - ( 5 - 3)

- 4 //
3= = 6 = 2

()
()
( )
()

- 3
:
() + 2

() 4 - 3( 23) 3 - 2( 12 +)

() - 1
2

() 2 -

(4 ( 1 ) 4 ( 3 - ) - ) -

( )

( )

() 3 - 4( 23) 2 -
(2 - ( )) 2 + 4( 3 -)

3-

- 5 = = 5 2 =
2 = -

( 23 ) 12 -
229

( - 6) 3
= 2+

3

( - 8) : = 3 : 1
. 4
= 4

:
() ()

() .

( ) .

2-

10

= , = =

3
4
( )i 1 3 + .

()
()

()
()

( ) 7
= 42

- 9 = =

()ii - = -

() .
.
() .
.
()
.

() :

-10

3-

4-

2- = = 7 = 1 = )

() :

( )i 3 + 2
( - )ii

() + = 2 .
230

 8-4 :
()

3 =

"".

3+24

=
= 25
= 5

=
=+ 2 2

: 14

3 = = 1-

3+25 =

= 34

= 5.83 ( ).

)1-(+ 22 =

= 5

= 2.24 ( )

231

 8
: 15

= 4 ( :) 2

() 2 = 4
6
=8

() 2-

() 2

() =2

()2 - = 4
6= 8-

8 + 26 =2

= 25 2
= 5 2
= 10

)8-(+ 2)6-( =2

= 100

= 100

= 10

= 10

4 + 23

= - = .

: 16

2 = :

() ( 3)8- )( 5

() 2 3 =3

= 6

()5

5

=2 5

= 10

++

: 17

(8- )

2 =

3-

() +

() +

() 2 -

= 5 :

( ) -

() +5 + 2)3-( + 22 + 21 =

232

= 34 + 5
= 5.831+2.336
= 8.07

8
=2 8
= 16

( )

() + =

7 = , 5 + 2
1

2-

3-

= 7 + 2)2-(

= 53
= ( 7.28 )

3-

() 2 2 - 5 2 =-
71
6= 8 = 2 - 10

22 --

28 + 2)7-( = -

= 113
= ( 10.6 )

(2 )2 = -
=5 - 43 2
2.236 )5.831( 2
= 9.43 ( ).

2 + 21 - 25 + 2)3-(

: 18

= 2- 5 = ()
:
= +

= 3 = 5 + 2-

3 + 24 =

= 25

= 5

233

 8
: 19
3

= 4- = . :
()
()

:
() //
6

= .

4- =
3
6
4- =
2=
6 = 3
=4-

= )2( 4 -

=8-

() = 8-

)8-( + 26 =
= 100

= 10

: 20

= : 2 =

2 - = =
()

()

() .

2 =
() 2 - =
// = 2 =
= 1 = =
2

() .
() =
=-
234

=-

2 -

1-

= 1 :
()

-1 3 =
()

() 2

(3- )

( ) 1
2

(3- )

() -

() -

() +2

() +2

()
()

. 4 = 3.52 = 4
//

:
() .
() .

5 8 = = :
()
() =

( )i ( )ii

)iii(

4 = 12 = - 3 //
:
() .
()

= 4 =

3-

2
13 = = 8-

- 9
13 =

1
4-
= .
2 =
7 = 10
10.5
() 3 +

//
()
()
.

()
7
:
= 6-8
2 =

()
//
.
()
2

8-

6 = 4- = 6 :
()
() 2 =

= 4 = 8- = 8

() 2 + .

()

() //
235

 8
- 11 =
2= 2 -= : 2=
() .
()
( )

4-

- 12 = 3 = 5 =
( )i

( )ii 3+2

( )iii 2=-
() :
= 2 6= 2=

( )i

( )ii .

( )iii
( )vi .
- 13 = 2

3 -= =
()
() .

236

( )3 2

()1 3
( )1- 4

23 =

= 1

1- = .
() ()3 2

() ()1 3

() (.)1 - 4

: () .
.
.

( ) = () .
. :
=

()

= +
= - +
= +-
=-
= -
= -

()

= = :
=
=

: 21

)0 7( = 2 .

0 =

. = +
7

= 2 + 0
10
. (.)2 10
= 2
237

 8
:22

1
( )12 10( )3 4 = 2

() ( )
( ) () .
:
1

() - =
() = 2
1
=
10
4
3
= - 12

3
2
6
= 3 = 9 13
= 69

+
=
( )
4

= 6 = 3 + 3
: 23
:
)1 0( ( )31( )2 2 - .

.) (

=
0
2-

= 2 - 1
2
=
1-

= 3 -
1 -
= 3 -

1 -
2
3 - = 1-
3 = 1- - 1 = 2 -

= 3

2 =

(.)2 3

238

( )31

()

)1 0(

()2- 2-

1
- 9=
= 4

2-

- 3 ( )118( )3 4
1
. 3 =
:
()
()

( -) ( ).

()i

() .

9-

15

- 11 = = 10 = 8-
() ( )i 2 )ii( +

1
- 4 () 4- =
( .)1 - 2 -

() = + .
() .
2
2
( ) 1 = 1- =
.
- 10 )1 1( :
35
= =
2
4
()
()
( )
.

1 )1 6( =
3

- 2 )0 2 -( ( )4 5 -
2
=
3
()
() .

.
- 5 ()
)21( )1 2-(
.
- 6 = 8-6
()
() )37( .
() // 1 =
2
.

3-

2 = 4 = = - 12
4() .
() ( ) -2
( ) .
- 13

6-

7 = 8

()

()

( ) )3 7(
7

- 8 = 1 5- =

() .
() )6 ( )0 2 -(
( )i .
( )ii //
( )iii =

6 == 2-

() :

( )i

( )ii

() 9 = = .

239

 8
6-8 :

: 24

= = :
( )
()

()
:

() = -
() 34 =
= 34 -
( ) = +
= ( 34 + )-

= 34 + 14

= 3 + ( 14)

34 =

: 25

9 =
= 6 23 =
:1 : 2 = :
() :

( )i

( )ii
( )iii
( )iv

() // :

( ) :

( )ii) (i

() ( )i =
-

= 6 9 -
= 2( 3 ) 3 -

240

( // )ii =
= = 6
23 =
= 6( 23)= 4

= +
= 4 + 9


( )iii
=

=9
1 : 2 = :
23 =
= 6 =) 9( 23
= +
= 6 6 +
= +( 6)

( = )iv -
= ( 6 + 6) 4 + 9( -)
= 2 3 -

() = 2 ( 3 ) 3 -

= 3
//

( )i( ) 3 =
= 3
//
1 =
3

( )i i
2

=

1 =2 1
9 3

: 26
= =
12 = 2 = :
() :

( )i

( )iv

( )iii

( )ii

()

( ) :

( )i

()ii

241

 8
:

() ( )i
=-

( )ii 12 =
: 3 =
:

2 =

=
+

: - = 3 +
- 3 =

1 =

2 =

()iii


( = )iv +
= ( - 3 ( 13 + ) -)

= 13 - + -

= 23

() 23 =
= 23
//

()

=
()i

3
1
= - 3 ( 3)

2
1

2
1

2
1

1
2

( // )ii

2

=
2 2

= 3

242

= 4
9

3 : 2 .

5 = = 1 : 2
= .

3 = =

()

( )iv

( )ii

()

() )iv) (iii(- .

( )i
=
( )iii

: .

()
()

- 2 = = =

3 ( )

1 = =

2 :1 .
()

()

4 = =

243

 8
- 6 = 2
=
3 -= .

()

( )ii
( )iii
( )i

() .

() .

- 16

= 4. 4 +
()
() = . 2 -

() :

()i

( )ii
( )iii

9

. 2 =

4 = = 4

()

= 5 = .

244

()
)i(:

( )iii

()
()

()ii

() :

()i

( )ii

( )iv

( :) (( )i) ()iv

= 3 =

-8 = 4 4 =
() = . 14
.

10

5 = = = .
() :
( )i

() := + 4 ( 25)

()i

()
()
()
()

( )ii () ( )
.
( )iii

()

() :

( )i

( )ii
( )iii

12 = = . 2 =

() :

( )i

( )ii

2-

( )ii .

()i
( )ii

() 2 ( +) 2 -
( )iii 2 : +
() : = = 3 = .
2 = =

() =
( )i .

( - 11) = 2- = 9 = 3-

- 4 =

( )ii

( )iii

. 2 -

() 7 = 8 =
= 57:
( )i .
( )ii .
( )ii .

245

-1
... .
....
-2 .
-3 .

-4 - .

-5 .

=+

-6 :
() = .

() ( )i >

( )ii <

-7 ( ) = () .

-8 () : = =

: = - = . -

-6 = = + 2

246

1-

=2

= 0

4=

6
2=

= +
= 1 +

1
1 1
12 = 22 = 4 2 =

3 4

1 2

4
3
2
1

4 1 1
0 2 + 4 =
3
4=

= -

1
= 2 - 3
2 4
1
= 2 22
3
6
12 = 1 = 2 12 =

= +

=1 +

2
16
= 2 12 + 2
5 12
= 3

247

= -

3
5 21
=1 - 3
2 21
= 2

=
= //



.

- 3 ( . )2

() ( 2 + ) - 2

(- 1) .
( )i

( )ii

2
1

1 2

12-

2- 1-

1() 3 = .

- 2 .
:

() +

() 4 + 3 +
( 7( - ) ) 5 +
( ) 2 - 3 -

.
()

() .

() -

24
0

=
- 4 5 1- 3 =
.
() 3 +

248

- 6 )4 6( ( )5 3

4-

9- =

.
()

()

3-

() 2 + .

() .
( )

1-

4.5-

2- = 4 = - 7 =

( - 9) = =
= =

( )i
.
()ii

4
6
() 1- 3
7 ()
6

[ ] :

( )i

()iii

()ii

: 13 =

() = 12

( ) 6- =
3
() = .
4

()

2=
= 2 .

()

( )iii

( )i

( )ii

( )v( )iv

() :


( (i ) )ii
249

 Answers

250

 Answers

( -1) 8
2 1-
=4=3=2=1
() 1 )( 1

-2

()i( )

3 7 - 5

7
9
8
2

()i i i

20
5
3-

()i i

6
2
0
7

21

-1

0
3-

-2 = 5- = 10 = 2 = 5-
3
17 115

-3

0
0

5-

( -4) ( 3)
() .
+ -5 =

2
2

)i i( -6

14- 111- 16

-7
-8

2
5

15

()

- =

0
4

10 4 4
0 4- 1

(13 )

2
3

0 0
0 0
2
7
1
7

3
7
27

33- )vi( 362 )iii( 76 )ii( 22- )i( -1

( -2) ( 24) 0 )( 0 )( 0
)i( -3 = 8- = 3- = 1
( )iii( 7 = )ii = 8 = 9 = 2
-4

17 =

)i( -5 = )ii( 8 2- = )iii( 10 = )vi( 1 = 2 3-

251

 Answers

252

253

 Answers

254

255

 Answers

256

257

 Answers

258

259

 Answers

260

261

 Answers

262

263

 Answers

264

265