Professional Documents
Culture Documents
الكتاب كامــلا
الكتاب كامــلا
2017-2016
Some ConversionTables
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( -) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( +).................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( -) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( +)...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
( -) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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() .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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+ = ......................................................................................................................................................................................
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( +) ( +) ( +) ...............................................................................................................................................
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( +) - ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................
+ ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
+ ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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( ) ............................................................................................................................................
( ) ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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250
=1
Matrices
( ) :
[ ]
6 4 3
9 5 2
: =
:
11
32
.....
] [ =
..... 3 2 1( = ) ) ..... 3 2 1( =
:1 :
3 4
1 2
1
2
. ()2 2
. ()1 3
3 6 5
= 4 0 2-
4] =
[0
. ()3 2
. ()4 1
9
1
3 3
=
2 9 5
: 6 7 8 =
0 4- 2-
32 11
23
6=32 5= 11
33
0=33 4- = 23
Equality of Matrices
:
-1 = )
11
32
.....
-2 = .
:
2 5 4
3- 0 9
3
:1
2-
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
0
0
= 5
16
4
3
0 2-
5 = 0 =
:2 :
:
2 =8
=4
7= +
7= + 4
3=
+ = + 4 8= 8
=3 3+4
= 3 +
10
3- 0
6
3
=4
=13
Determinant Matrix
:
2
2
8
]1
3
0
4
6
3-
[3
9 8 2
3- 6 4
1
0
1
3
11
Types of Matrices
- 1 Null Matrix :
.
=
0 32
0 33
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
][0
11
-2 Square Matrix :
:
3 =
5-
22
2
4
0 5 4
= 5 0 3
5- 8 9
-3 Diagonal Matrix :
:
:
0=
0 3
5 0 =
22
0 0 2-
0 5 0
=
8- 0 0
33
12
33
= 3I
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
I
2
I
-5 :
:
:
:
0=
>
5 3 2
9 4 0
6 0 0
-6 :
:
:
:
0=
<
0 0 5
0 2- 8
1 3 9
-7 Symmetrical Matrix :
:
:
:
=
=
9- 4 3
8 2 4
5 8 9-
13
1
2
: :
:
8 = 2
4=
4=
4=
16 = 4
= 1 + 2
9 =
: =
=1 + 4 2
1- 2
3 =1-2
4 = 2
2=
:
:
-=
+ = 0
=
-8
= - :
2 3 0
2- 0 3-
4
=
0 4 2-
: .
:
- = 0 0 = +
14
3 - =
-=0
0 = +
8- = +
3 - =
=3-
+ 3
- 0
6-+
=3-
-3=03=
0=+ 311- =
8- = 3 +
-1
-1 :
=
2 8 8
4 3-
2 2- 1+
= = 2+
3-
.. -
0
1
3
1 = ........ ......0
- :
1- 2 2
3 5 = 3 1+
) -2 :
5
7-
3
2
2
2 8 9 7
= 3- 5 0 2-
7 0 2 6
) =
()=
15
-1 :
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
8 9
5 2
: 5- 4 = = 8 7
+ - + -
:
8 9
5 2
13 11
+ = 3 11 = 8 7 + 5- 4
...
:
+ -1 =
- -2 =
5 2 8 9
13 11
3 11 = 5- 4 + 8 7 = +
8 9
5 2
3- 7-
- = 13- 3- = 8 7 - 5- 4
5 2 8 9
3 7
13 3 = 5- 4 - 8 7 = -
=
: : +
5 2-
:
3 2
= 1- 1
2 2-
= 6- 3
16
1 4
5 2-
3 2
1- 1
:
+ =
= - :
] 4[ =
] [ =2
53-
24-
5
3
3- 4 2
4 2- 5
4- 2-
2 5-
= -
3
4
- 2 :
-
.
:
:
5 4 = 5- 3 :
2- 3
4
3 = 3
3
4
5- = 53
4 =
3
15 12
5
6- 9 = 2
5
25- 20-
10 15- = 2
= 5
4
2
3
2
25
22
25 2
1- 3
2
:
:
:
-1 =
( -2) =
=
:
17
:
=
5 2
1 4
0
1
2
24
5
3
.
:
3 = 2
I
3 2
2 5 2
= 24 1 4
0
1
5
3
= 3 4- 2
4- 2 5-
:
2
] 2 [5 2
14 =10 + 4 = 2 5 + 2 2
0
1 [5 2] = 21
5 =5 + 0 = 1 5 + 0 2
= 11
...
:
=
2 5 2
42 1 4
0
1
= 5
25 5 14
23 1 10
3 2
18
: :
= [3 4] Q
33
4 -
4
:
Q
= [3 4]
4 -
4
3 Q
344
-
Q
4433 =
4- = 4
4 =4
3- 4-
3 4
1- =
=1
: + 0
33
1
1
1
0
[ ]] [=] [+
[ ]=[ ]
3
3+
1
0
1
0
:
=0
3 + = 1
31=0+
= B
19
1
2-1
0 2
-1 3 1- =
-2
.
4 1
-3 ( 3 5 0 -
3 0
) = 2 2 1-+
-4 :
(-)
2
] 3 [1 0
( 3 2 1 2 4 -)
1- 2- 0 3 1
(3 - 2 1 4 5 -)
1 7 5- 6 2
0 1
1 1- .
-5 2 1 =
4 3
+ - :
2
+ ( .I) ( - ) - 2
+ ( .II) 2 + 2 2 +
20
()-
3 2 2- 1
4 1 6 3-
(-)
1
] 2 [3 2 1
3
2- 3
-6 1 4 =
4 5
7 2- .
- ( ) = .
- 2 - 3
0 0
-7 0 1 =
- 3
2
-8 :
21
= 0 1
1 0
21
Determinants
:
:
5
1
7
4
3
6
2 9
2 4 5
2- 3 1
9 6 7
:
=
" = - "
)( - ) ( =
: :
( 4 3 )1
2 5
:
)45( )23 ( -1
= 20-6
=14 -
))2 -( 4( )63 ( -2
= 8 + 18
= 26
4
10 =
: :
3 2
3 10 = 8 -
3 = 18
=
18
3
=6
22
( 2- 3 )2
6 4
: :
:
-1 :
:
- 1 .
- 2 :
" = - "
: .
=
5 2 3
2- 4 3
4 5 0
24 30- 0
:
=
2 3 5 2 3
4 3 2- 4 3
0 4 5 0
5
6
3
2
4 0 2
0 0
3
-=
2
7 3
4 5 0
2 0 0
=
75 0 48
2 7 3
4 5 0
2 0 0
30 = 2 5 3 =
2 6 3
: 0 2 4
0 0 3
12 - = ) 3 2 2 (- =
23
1
- 2
:
- "
"
-
+ - +
.
- + -
+ - +
- = .
: :
=
:
6
.
5 2 - 3
4 - 2 0
2
1 3
:
5 2-
4- 2
5 2-
4- 2 3+ 2 1 )0( - 2 1 3 =
)10- 8 ( 3 + 0- )4+4( 3 =
= )6 -( +24
18 =
:
5 2-
2 1 0 =
5 3
2- 3
1 3 )4-(- 2 3 2 +
)6+3 ( 4 + )15-6( 2+ 0 =
= )36( +18-
18 =
24
- 1 =).
:
5 3
4 2-
2- 3
4 5
-2
= 22
:
4 5
6 2-
22 =
38 =
6 2-
1 2 4 5 :
38-
-3 ( )0= :
[ [ .
[ [ .
[ [ .
[ [
.
: :
0 9 3 = -1
0 3 2
0 18- 5
:
3 0 =
= -2
5 2- 3
3 1- 5
2- 1 2
0 = 3+ 1 = 2 :
2 5 6
1 2 3
= -3
3- 1 9-
25
2 5 2
1 2 1
3
3- 1 3-
:
3
3= 1
)0( 3 =
0=
:
:
:
2 7 2
0 = 1- 5 1-
88-
0 3
0=
3= 1
3=8
= 11
- 4
.
3 9 5
2 8 4
1 7 2-
: =
:
3 9 5
2 8 4 2 = 2
1 7 2-
3 9 10
2 8 8
1 7 4-
:
=
=
.
-5
.
:
+
+
26
0 + 0
1-:
2 0 3
9 0 3- =
4- 1 2
9 5 4
6 3- 2 =
4 1 8
: - 1
4- 5
8 9 =
2 3
4- 5 =
: - 2
3- 2 5
4- 10- 6- =
6 4 2-
22
6 u3
3 4 =
0 0
0
9 12 3
5 1- 0 =
3 4 1
0 0 2-
0 3- 5 =
4 3 2
: - 3
2- 7
5 1 6
6 3- 3
2 5 7
10 8 S
3 4 12
12 9 7
4 u
5
3 10 t
1 2- 7
1 9 5
3
6
) iii(
1 2 4
6 3-
7
1 =
3
2- 1- 2
0 =
u 6 3
5 5 5
-- 33
=
: - 4
2
55 2
: - 5
27
26 =
5
1
1- 2
3- 1 )ii(
4 3
0=
22
9
4
1
)iv(
3- 1
2 1
10 = 3
2
1- 0
4 )i(
1 2
1 2
2
)iii(
1 +3
0 = 1 3 5 4
6
3 6
)i(
)ii(
=2
28
Trigonometric Identites
1-2
1
2 = 30 ()30+30 30 1
. 1 90 60
30 = .
. = = .
30 ( ) 30 + 30 60
( +)
( +) ( ) ( +) ( -) ( +) ( )
1-2-2 ( +)
1-2
( ) = 90
= 1 ( ) =
()1 - 2
.
=
= = = 1
= =
( +) = 1
= +
= +
= +
... ( +) = +
29
2
2-2-2 ( -)
2 - 2
= 90 1
()2-2
( ) =
. .
=
= = 1
= =
= =
... ( ) = ( -)
( -) = 1
=
=
=
... ( -) = -
1-3-2 ( +)
()2 - 1
= =
= =
( +) =
1
= -
= -
= -
... ( +) = -
30
2-3-2 ( -)
()2-2
......
......
......
= =
= =
( ) =1
= +
= +
= +
... ( -) = +
1-4-2 ( +)
( +) = + )1( ..............
( +) = - )2( .............
( )1 ()2
+
= -
( +)
( +)
+
( +) = - 1
( )
( +) =
+
- 1
:
( ) =
-
+
2-4-2 ( -)
=
( ) =
-
+ 1
-
+ 1
.
( ) =
( ) =
( ) =
. .
.
31
:1
( ) 210
() 420
() ( + 180) < 0 < 90
( ) ( -) < 0 < 90
=
01
=
( ) ( ) = ( 0)
= 0 + 0
:2
= 5
13
4
5
( +) ( ) ( +)
:
( ) i .
( )ii .
.
.
13
12
3-2
32
( ) i ( +) = +
= 4 12 + 3 5
5 13 5 13
= 48 + 15
65
= 63
65
( ) = +
= 4 5 + 3 12
5 13 5 13
= 20 + 36
65
= 56
65
( +) =
+
1
4+5
3 12
4 5 -1
3 12
63 9 21
16 = 4 12
( )ii
( +) = +
= 4 12 + 3 - 5
5 13 5 13
= 48+15 -
65
33
= 65
( ) = +
( +)
= 4 5 + 3 - 12
5 13 5 13
= 20+36 -
65
= 16 -
65
+
= 1
4- + 5
= 12
3
4 - 5 -1
3 12
9 11
= 14 12 -
= 33 -
56
33
2
2-1
) (1
() ((30 - 45
( ) ((45+30
( ) ((45 +30
() ((45+30
( ) 105
() 165
() 15
( ) 15
() (( 60-
() 105
() ((165-
() ((45-
) (2 :
( ) 15 + 24 15 24
() 55 + 40 55 40
() 33 21 33 21
( ) 50 - 20 50 20
+ 1 20
()
- 1 20
+ 12 15
()
-1 12 15
) (3 :
( ) 7 + 23 7 23
( ) 75 + 45 75 45
() 73 - 28 73 28
() 75 - 45 75 45
+ 13 32
()
-1 13 32
()
- 85 25
+1 85 25
) (4 :
()
()
1
2
3
2+
()
2 -
()
1
2
1
2
+ 3
-1
3
) (5 = 35 = 125
:
)
( ) ( -
() ( -)
12
( )6 = 4 - =
5
13
:
( ) ( +)
() ( +)
() ( +)
() ( -)
) (7 ( +) = 2 = 1 .
4
) (8
34
+
-1
3 + .
3
( )9 = 3 = 12 :
5
13
( ) ( +)
() ( +)
() ( -)
( )10 0 360
()
( ) = ( )30 +
() ( )30+ = 0
+ 1
- 1 = 2
( ) 7 = 4 ( - 45)
5-2
:
2 3 2
( +) 2.
2 = ( +)
= +
= 2
2 = 2
2 = ( +)
=
2
2
=
2
2 = - 2
2
2
+ = 1
2
2
2
= - 1 2 = - 1
2
2
2
2
= 2- 1 2 = - 1
2 = -1 ( - )
2
2 = 2 1 -
2
2
2 = ( -1 ) -
2
2= 2 -1
+
..... 2 = ( +) = -1
=
2 =
2
-1 2
....
-1 2
2 = 2
2 = 2 -
= 2 2 1 -
= 2 - 1 2
2
2 =
-1 2
35
3 3 = 2 + :
3 = ( 2+)
= 2 + 2 2
3 = ( 2 - 2) + ( 2 )
= 3 4 - 3
:
4 = ( 2 2 +) .
6-2 ()
2 = 2
2 =
= 2
:
= 2
2
2
2 = 2 - 2
2
2
= - 2 2
2 2 -1 = 1 - 2 2
2
2
2 = 2
-1 2
-1
2 = 2 2
=
2
2
2
2
1-
= 2
2
2
= 2-1
2
2
-1
-1 2
= 2
36
2
=
-1
+-
( )4 - 2
1
2
-1
()4 - 2
- 1( = 2 2( + 2)2)
4
2 + 1 = 2 + 2
2 2
+ 1( = 2 )
2
=+1
:
2
2
=
+1
2
-1
=
2
+1
2
2
= - 1
2
7-2
... + .... () -
..... + () -
....... + +
:
=
=
:
2
( 2 + 2 = ) 2 + 2
2
= 2
:
2
2
= +
+
37
+ 2 2 ( ) - =
:
- + 2 2 () +
+ + 2 2 () +
- + 2 2 () -
.
:3
:
( ) 5 12 +
() 2 -
: 360 0
( ) 5 12 + () -
=
5 + 212
12 =
= 13
67.38 =
5 ... 12 + 13 = ()67.38 -
( ) - 1 1
5 12 + 13 13
5 12 + (1 = )67.38 -
0
67.38 = 00 -
(67.4 = )
38
5 + 12 (1 - = (67.38 -
180 = 67.38 -
( 247.4 ).
67.38 + 180 =
()
2 - () -
+ =
=
=
2
26.57 =
2 ...... - 5 = ()26.57 -
...... 2 - 5 5 -
2 - (1 = )26.57 -
90 = 26.57 - :
26.57 + 90 =
= ( 116.6 )
2 - (1 - = )26.57 -
270 = 26.57 - :
26.57 + 270 =
( )
= 296.6
=21 + 22
8 - 2 + =
:4
3 4 + 1 = 360 0
3 4 + () -
=
- =
- =
( = ) +
5 = 24+ 23
4 =
3
53.13 =
3 4 + 1 =
5 (1 = )53.13 -
1
(5 = )53.13 -
39
:5
4 2 - 3 = 360 0
4 2 - () -
= 20 = 22 + 24
2
=
4
26.57 =
20 (3 = )26.57 -
3
(= )26.57 -
20
: + =
+ =
( = ) +
:6
( ) 2
() 2
() 2
( )
2
2 =
- 1 2
2
= 2 =
-1
() ( ) 2 = 2
2
-1
( (5 - 2
2
2 =
2
+1
() =
( (6 - 2
+1
= 2
2
40
= + 1
1-
+1
2
2
2
-1
2 - 5
+ =
2 + 1
= 2
2
1
+1
2
= 2
+1
2
1
=+ 2
1+
1
2
+1
+1
:7
()6 - 2
0 360
( ) 6 = 1
() 3 = 2 ( - 45)
() 3
= 2
( ) 6 = 1
2( 3 ) = 1
3 2 = 1
2 =
1
3
() 3 = 2 ( - 45)
- 1
3 = + 1 2
3 + 2 = 2 - 2
3 2 5 + 0 = 2 -
( 3 ()1 - 0 = )2 +
1
= 3
= 198.4 18.4
= 2 -
= 296.6 116.6
3 2 2 = 1 -
3 2 2 - 0 = 1 -
( 3 ( )1 + 0 = )1 -
.....
= 1 -
3
= 1
9-2
( = 2)1 + 2 + 2 .1 + .
-1
2
2
2
2
-2 + + 1 1 = =
+ 1 = 2 2 - 1 = 2 2
-3 2 2
-4 =
= ..... 1
:8
:
+ + =
( ) + + = 180
( + +) = 0
( +) + ( +) = 0
+ + - = 0
+ + =
:9
3
+ 2 =
:
3
2
=
=
2
42
( + 2)2
2
( + 2)1 = 2
+
+ =
2
+ =
:10
( +) + ( -) =
( +) - ( -)
- + +
( +) + ( -)
=
+ - +
( +) - ( -)
2
=
2
=
( +) + ( -) =
( +) - ( -)
:11
+ 1 + 2 =
2
:
+
2 + 1 2
=
1 + 2 1 -
1
+
=
2 2
2
1
2
1
2
2
= 2
2 + 1 + 2 =
43
2
2-2
) (1:
() 21 - 25 2
( ) 2 21 21
2 32
()
- 1 322
( ) 2 - 18 2
- 1 102
() - 18 218 2
()
() 2
() 2 2 2 1 -
2 10
2
() - 1
()
( ) 2 15 15
() 21 - 15 2
2 22 1
2
()
- 122 1 2
2
) (2 :
() 2 75 75
()
) (3
- 22 1 22 1 2
2
2
=
4
5
()
112.5
- 1 112.52
()
( )
( ) 2
() 2
() 2
) (4
( ) 2
() 4
1
5
:
() 2
( ) 2
) (5 = :
()
( )
() 2
) (6 :
( ) ( + 90 ) = -
() ( + 90) =
()
- 1 2
+ 1 = 2 2
()
()
( +) - 1
( -) = -
() ( + ) 2 2 = 1
44
1 +
1
2
( -)
() =
() + = 2 2
() 2 =
() - = 2 2
()
1 + 2 + 2
= 2
1 +
2
) (7 360 0
( ) ( 0.6 = )20
() ( = )20 +
)(8
1
2
() + ( 0 = )40 +
40
0 360 :
() 7 3 + 2 = 0
( ) 12 = 2
() ( 6 = )45 +
() 2 = 3
( ) 3 5 2 = 0
) (9 360 0 :
() ( 2 = )45 -
( ) 3 2 5 + = 4
) (10 :
() ( +) = -
( ) ( +) =
1
2
) (11 = + :
=
( )12 :
( ) 2
() 2
( ) 3 2
() 3
5
3
( )13 5 12
:
( ) 2
() ( -)
() 2
( )14 = :
( ) 2
() 4
() 2
( )
1
2
( )15 360 0 :
( 3 = )30 ( )30 +
( )16 :
( ) 3 +
() 2 3 -
() 3 4 +
( ) 3 4 -
() +
() -
45
) (17 0 360
( ) 7 3 +
() 3 +
() 5 -
()
3 4 -
3-2
) (1 2 = 2 0 360 .
) (2 180 0 :
5 2 23 - = 0
) (3 360 0
() 5 2 + = 11
( ) 2 2 - = 3
( ) ( +) ( )
() 2 2
) (6 = = 2
) ( (7 )
()
( +) - ( -)
( +) + ( -)
( +) = -
5
12
( ) =
3
4
( +) ( +) ( ) ( )
) (8 2 = 2 2 = 2
) (9 3 3
) (10 = 8 = 35 -
:
15
( ) ( +)
() 12
) (11 2 2 = 53 :
()
( ) 2
1
( ) 2
()
( )
) (12 :
2 + 2 1 +
2 + 2 -
( + 45)
=
3 - 2 = 15
) ( (13 ) + 2 = 2 .
() = 5 = 6 = 2 = 3
. 45
46
( )14 :
- 1
( ) 2 =
2
+ 1
2
() + 2 = 2
() - + + =
( )15 360 0
( ) ( 2 0.8 = )15 +
() ( 2 1.483 = )15 -
( )16 360 0
( ) 3 4 + 5 =
() 4 3 - 2 =
() 3 + 1 =
( ) 3 5 + 4 =
( )17 0 360:
( ) 21 2 +
() 2 5 -
( )18 360 0
( ) ( + )60 +
() ( 3 + )
:12
= 1 = 2
= 3
= ( - 180 +)
+
( +) = 1 = 3 - =2 x 1 - 1
1+2
)( -180 +)) =
- 180 ( +)
+ 1 180 ( +)
- ( +) ( ) 0 =180
= ) 3 -( -
= 3
:13
( 2 = ) + ( ) -
+ 2 = 2 +
2 - 2 = -
( 2 - = ) ( 2 - )
2 -
=
2 -
2 -
=
2 -
47
1
( ) =
( ) =
( ) =
1
2
2 = 2
2 = 2 - 2
= 2 2 1 -
= 2 - 1 2
2 = 2
-1 2
3
.
2
2
= + ( ) =
= + 2 2 ( ) =
2-4
( 1 ) = 2 3 5+= 24+
() - 2 2
1
: 1 + 2 = 67 2
2 0 360
:
( ) 4 2 2 + = 3
() 2 = 3
( 3 ) 3 = 4 3 3 -
2 3 8 - 3 0 = 5 +
() =
( )2
( )1 ()45 +
48
( -)
4 ( +) = 3 5 = 2
= 2
:
() 2
()
( ) ( +)
5 360 0
:
( ) 5 0 = 2 +
() 2 = 2
( 6 ) 360 0
4 6 + = 5
()
+
=
1 -
= 3 = 2
( )2 ( -)
( )1
( 1 3 ) = 13
( 7 ) 360 0
4 3 - = 1
()
( )2 4
( )1 2
( )2
( )1
() 8 -2
)
( )4 (45 +
( )3 2
5
= =
( 8 ) 360 0
4 2 + 1 =
() ( +) = 34 :
( -)
= 7
5
5
+ = 45 +
( 9 )
4
5 = 180 < < 90 =
5
13
270 < > 180
2 - 8
( )1
= 20 10 +
( )2 2
( )1 () -
( )2 ( ) -
( )3 2
= 16
() 3 + ( ) -
( )3
2
3 + 2 = 360 < < 0 2
1 4 360 0
( 1 0 ) 360 0
24 7 - = 12.5
( ) 7 42 - = 5
() =
() 4 =
8
() 2 =
( )2 2
( )1
( )3 ()45 +
( -)
5
= 7 =
( 1 5 )
( +)
( 1 1 ) 360 0
8 15 + = 10
() 4 = (( 1-= ) + ) 9 -2 = 2 = 4 =
3
= = .90
90 < < 0 :
( )1 7 =
( ) +
( )2
:
( )3 + 2 2 2 2
( )1
( 1 2 ) 1 2 9 +
( )2 = 3
( ) - .
:
( )1 12 9 + = 11
( )2 12 9 +
() 3 ( 2 +)
2
3 = 43 3 -
180 0
3 2 + = 0
2-9
49
( 1 6 ) = + = -
( )1 - 2 2 = 2 2
20
( )2 + 2
( )3
() 3 + () -
( )1 3 +
( )2 3 + 1= 360 0
2
( 1 7 ) = ( = ) -
( )1
1
( )2 ( ) + = = 1
2
() 360 0
( 21 ) ( =) + 45
() 0 180
2 2 + = 0
() 11 - 2
= 1 = 2 = =
. .
1
( )1 ( 2 = )30 +
( )2 + = 1
2
( 1 8 ) 8 4 + ( ) -
. :
( )1 8 4 + =5
( )2 8 4 +
360 0
() = :
( )2 2
( )1
() :
5 ( + )45 + ( = )45 +
( 19 ) = :
( )2 2
( )1 2
()
1
10 - 2
50
11 - 2
( )1
( )2 ( ) -
( )3
( )4 = 2.15
( ) 360 0
2 = 3
() 2 + ( ) -
2 +
360 0
. 360
0 2 + = 0
= 2 +
0 . 360
( 22 )
10-2 = = = 1
= 7
+ + = ( 8 6 + )
( )1
+ + = 9
( )2 + +
360 < 0
3 - .2 =
()
(2
4
2
4 = 8 - 1 8 +
12-2
2)
12 - 2
+ = 45
( +) .
( 23 )
()
( -)
( +)
7
3
25
13-2
13- 2 = 12 = 5
= 90
=
90 < < 0
( )1 = () -
:
( )2 = 3
( )3 .
( 24 ) 63 16 +
( ) + :
( )1
63 16 + = 50
( )2
63 16 + = 0
() 3
( 2 +)
:
3
3 4 3 -
360 0
3 + 2 = 0
12
14 - 2
12
14 - 2
= 5 = 12 =
= .
( ) = 5 12 +
() ( ) +
. 8 =.
()
= 169 120 + 2
4
()
26
15-2
( ) 15 - 2 .
= 8 = 7.
( )1
= 16 30 +
( )2 = ( ) +
.
( )3
.
( )4 = .20
() = :
( )3 3
2
( )1 2 ()2
51
-1 :
16 - 2
:
.
( ) = 2
( )3 = 2
( )1 = )2( =
( )4 = 2 )5( = )6( 2 = 2
( )8 = ( - 1 ) 2
( )7 = ( + 1 ) 2
() :
( )1 2 = 2
( )2 2 = 2 1 - 2
2
( )3 =
+ 1 2
:
( )1 2 - 1 = 2
( )2 2 = 2
2
( )3 =
- 1 2
2
= 2 - 2 = 2 - 2
= 2 - 2 2
52
-2 :
2
1
3
1
17 - 2
. .
.
( ) = 3
:
( ) = =
() =
() = 2
() = = 2
() = 3
() = 3
= 4 = 3 3 - 3 .
= 3 = 3 4 - . 3
53
=3
54
54
1-3
Further Differentiation
= 25 + 3 2 +
6 = .5 + 2
.
)( ()
2
6( :12 = )5 + 2
6( = )( )5 + 2
2
12 = 2:
.
2
12( = ) 2( )
12 = 2:
.
2 2 ( ...33 )... .
2-3
= .
= )1( .......
.
( )1 ()2
+ = ( +) ( +) )2( .......
= ( +) ( +) -
= ( +) ( +) -
= + + + -
= +
+
55
55
) =
(
( ) =
0
( ) =
0
= ()
.
( ) = 0
()
= +
( : ) = + .
= +
.
:1
= (3 4)1 +
:
= ( )1 +
= 3
= (4 )1 +
= 32
+
( )
=
( = 3( 4)1 +( + )24 )3
= ( (3[ )1 + 4 + )1 +]
2
= (2 7( 3)1 + )3 +
= (2 7( 3)1 + )3 +
56
56
( 3)1 +
: 2
(5 ( )3 + )1 - .
2
:
= ( + 2) ( )2 +
( = ( 3)2 + + 2) ( + + 2) ( )2 +
= ( 2( 3)2 + ( + )1 + + 2) (3 )2 +
= ( ([ 2)2 + 2( )2 + (3 + )1 + + 2)]
= ( 2[ 2)2 +5 + 2 3 + 2 +3 + 2]
= ( 5(2)2 +8 + 2 )2 +
( = 5(2)2 +8 + 2 )2 +
1-3
:
3
( ) ( ()1 + )2 +
3
() ( ()1 +)1 - 2
3
() ( 2(2)3 + )1 -
() + 2(3)
() ( - 1()2 )2 +
3
() 4 + 1( 2)
57
57
3
() 8 + 1(3-)
1
() (2 - 1)
2
() ( - 1)( 4) 2 + 1
1
2
() 2( 2 ( 2 )1 -) (3)1 + 2
1
6
2
)( - 1)
+
(2
()
() (3 - 1) + 1( 2)
3
2
2 :
() ( ( )1 +2 + 2 )1 +
1
() (3 92 - 3)( 32)
( :
)
2
() (32 + 2 )1 -
() 2(3 - 1) 3
3-3
58
58
() ( - 1 )2 -
() ( - 1) + 1( 2 +)2
() + 1( 2 1)
2
() (3( )1 - 2)1 + 3
3
() ( + 3)2
3
() ( + 2) ( )1 -
2( )1 +
2
3 2 + 1 - .
5 6 -
.
:
= )1( ........
: .
+ = ++ )2( ........
+
( )1 ( )2 = + -
u = + - -
( +)
u = -
( +)
-
=
( +)
-
( +)
! (0 ) =
! ( 0 ) =
( ) =
!0
-
=
2
-
( ) =
2
-
=
:4
1+
= 2 ... 1 -
= 1 + = 2 1 - =
=
=
)2 ) (1 - ) - (1 + 2) (1 + (1 -
)2 (1 -
)2 ) - (1) (1 - (2) (1 +
2
)2 (1 -
= 2 2 - 1 - 3 - = 2 -
2
)2 (1 -
)2 (1 -
59
59
3
:5
2
) - 3( .
2
+1
(]
) - 3
+ 1
) + 1 - 3) (2( - 3) - 2( + 1) 2(2
) + 1 (
2
) + 1 - 3)(2)(2( ) - 3) - (1-( )2(
=
2 2
) + 1 (
2 2
- 3) 2( ] - 1- - ) - 3([
2
46 + 3
2
2.
) + 1 (
2 2
= - 3) 2( )3 - 1-(
2 2
) + 1 (
)2 3 + 1)(3 -(
=
2 2
) + 1 (
2
3
4 6 + = 23 +2 4 .3 +
2
2-3
- .
:
3
() ( 2 -)
2 1 +
4 1 +
() 1 -
3 2 +
() - 1
() 2 +
+1
() + 1
3
() 2 - 1
2
()
2 + 1
() + 2 3
3 - 1
() 2 + 1
60
60
2 1 +
3
() ) + 1(
()
-1
+1
2
2
- .
()
2 + 1
() + 1
2
() ) - 1(
2
-1
1 + 2
2
() ( + 1)
3 - 1
() + 1
+1
()
2
) + 2(
3 2 +
() 1 +
() ) + 1(
+1
) - 1(
() + 1
1
() ) - 1(
4-3
- 2 1 = 2 = + 1( )2
.
+ 2 2 - 2 + 7 - 0 = 1 +
. .
:
.
:6
2 - 22
=1
2 - 21 = 2
.
u
( 4 - )2 = 0
( 2 = )2 ( )
2 u 4 - = 0
u
u
2 4 =
= 4 = 2
2
61
61
3
.
.
:7
2 3 - = .
2
2(3( - )2) =( )2
4 2 = 3 -
2 3 - 2 =
2
4 = (2 + 3)
4
2 + 3 =
:8
2 - =
3
:
2 - = 3
2( ) ( -( = )3)1( .......... )2
2
2( ) = 2( ) 2( +)2 = 2 + )2( ..........
()2( )1
62
62
2 2 + -(( = )3)2
2 2 + 3 -2 = 2
(2 3 -2 = )2 2 -
)2 -(
=
2
2 3 -
2
2
:9
- - 0 = 2 + :
2
.0 =
( ) = +
- -0=2+
2 2 - )1( ..... 0 = -
()1
u ( - 2
(2) 2 + 0 = 2 - ) 2
2
2
= )2( ..... 0
- ) 2
2 + 2)( 2( - 2
2
0 = ( )2:
=0
2 - 2 2 - 2
2
2 + 1( = 2) 2
)3( ........ 2 = 2
2 + 1
u
0 = ( )1 = 0
2
= 0 - - 0 = 2 +
+ 2 0 = 2 -
2
( ( )2 + 0 = )1 -
= 2- 1
0 = = 0 = 2- 1
( 2 )3 = 2 - 2
2
3
3
63
63
3
:10
= .1
2 + 2 0 = 3 +
2
2
2 + 2 )1( ........................ 0 = 3 +
2 2 + 2 + )2( ..................... 0 =
2( u 2 +) 2- =
2u
2) = 2 +( = +
= 1 ()1
2 + 1 0 = 3 +
u
2 = 4-
u
= 2-
= 1 = 2- )3( ....... 1 = 1- =
1 + 2 .
()2
) = 0
(2( ) 2 + ) 2 + ( + (2) 2 +
2
2
2
u
=0
2 +
(2 ) 2 + 2 + 2 2 +
2
=1
= 1 = 2-
2
4 - 2 + 2 +0 = 2
2 + 22
2 - 6 = 0
u
2
= 3
2
u
2
64
64
3-3
- :
() - 22 = 2
() - 3 - 2 0 = 3 +
() = 22 - 2
() 2 0 = 2 -
() 22 + 3 = 0
() + 22 + 2 0 = 1 -
() 2 + 2 3 +1 = 2
() 1 - 1
=1
() - = 1
() 2 - 2 +3 + 2 0 = 2 -
2 .0 =
- - 210 + 2 5 - 0 = 19 +
= .1-
- + 2 0 = 2 +
2
2
5-3
.
= () .
.
( ) .
1 - .
:11
1
2
= 4 2 + 1 - = .
2
2 1
1
1
= = 1 - ) 2 (2 + ) 2 (4
2
=1
= 12 ( )1 12
= 42 + 2 1 -
8 = 2 +
u
( 6 = 2 + ) 12 ( 8 = )1 1
2
65
65
3
( )1 12 .6
:
- = 1 ( -)1
( 6 = 1 - .) 12 -
6 = 1 - 3 -
u
u
6 - 0 = 2 -
. 1 -
6
( 1 - = 1 - ) 1 -
1 2 1 6
u
6 - = 1 - 12 +
12 2 - = 12 - 1 +
2 u 12 + 0 = 13 -
:12
= 3 - 2 3 + 1- . .
= 3 - 2 )1( .......... 3 +
2 = 3 -
2 = 2
2 1 - = 3 -
( )
=1
= 1 ()1
= 3 + )1( 3 - 1
=1
()1 1
:31
( )2 1 ( )14 7 = 6 - 2 7 +
.:
()
()
. .
66
66
() =
12
2 = 6 = 21--14
= 7
= 6 - 2 7 +
2 = :
2 = 6 -
2 2 = 6 -
=4
= 7 + )4( 6 - 24
= ()1- 4
= 1-
() 1 -
2
: = 1 - +
2
= ()1- 4
+ )4( 12 - = 1
= 1 = 2 + 1-
: = 12 - 1 +
= 6 - 2 7 + = 1 - 1 + .
2
6 - 2 12 - = 7 + 1 +
u
u
2 12 - 2 + 0 = 2 - 14 +
211 - 2 0 = 12 +
(2 ( )3 - 0 = )4 -
= 3 ( 4 )
2
=1 =1+)3 (1 -
4
2 2
= ( ) 14 1 12
4-3
( )1 :
() = 34 - 2 3 + = 2
() = - 2 1 - = 1
2
() = 23 - 2 1 + = 2
() = 35 + 2 2 + = 1-
() = 3 4 +
= 2-
() = 27 - 3 = 2
67
67
3
( )2 = 92 - 36 + 2 2 - .
( )3 = 4 - 3 + 2 ( ) 3 .
( )4 = ( 3 + 2)2 - ( .)3 2
.1-
( )5 = ( ( )1 - )2 - . .
. = .0
( )6 = + 3 + 2 ( )5 0( )0 1-
= 0 = .1
( )7 ( )7 4 = 6 - 2 .15 +
. .
( )8 = 221 - 378 + 2 98 -:
() ()1 3
() (.)1 3
( )9 = 2 4 + = .2
.
= 1 ( .)2 0
(.)2 0
( )10 (3 = 2 )2 - = .5
5-3
( )1 = 2 = ( 14)
5
( )2 = ) - 3 (2 = .2
.
( )3 = 4 1 +
.
( )4 = + 3 2 .1
( )5 ) ( 4 = 2 5 + ) ( . 2:
3
() ) (
()
() .
68
68
( )6 ( )8 4 = 5 - 2 .12 +
() .
()
( )7 ( )3 1 = + 3 .1 -
.
( )8 = + 2 = .
.
= 4 .
( )9 ( )4 1 = + 2 + .8
1
( )10 = 1 + 3 + 2 .
3
() .
() = .1
( )11 2 - 2 18 = 2 (.)0 3
:14
+ = 9 (.)4 2
3
:
33 + 29 = 2 9 +
(39 - 2) 9 = 3 -
( )4 2
9 3 -
39 - 2
2
)2(3 - )4(9 =
)2(9 - 2)4(3
= 4 = 24
5 30
( )4 2 :
( 4 = 4 - )2 -
5
5 4 = 20 - 8 -
5 = 4 12 +
69
69
3
:15
=
4-
:
2
= 4-
.
...
) = 2) (4 -( -(1) 2
2
) (4 -
2
= 28 - 2 -
2
) (4 -
= 8 - 2
2
)(4 -
0 =
8 - 2 = 0
( 0 = )8 -
= 0 8
= 0 ... = 0
2
8
= 16
= 8 =
8- 4
( )0 0()16 8
-1 = 3 - 42 + 3
= ()
2
3
12 = 3 - 2 +
[ ()]
36 = = )( 6 - 2 [ ()]
[ ()]
72 = = ) ( 6 -
2
-2
=
= +
= +
70
70
= .
-
=
2
=
)
(
2
4
2 +1 = 2
.
u
2( ) ( +0 = )2
(2( ) 2 +2 + )0 =
u
2 2 +2 + 0 =
u
u
(2 +)2- =
= +
:
( )1
( )2
( )3
( )4
71
71
:
- 1 :
() = () = () ().
()
.
()
.
() .
( 2) .
()
2
-2 + 20 = 4 + 2
2 2 + 0 =
- =
-3 () = () () ()
= .. + . . +.. .
)()(
-4 )( +)( .
.
:
= 2() ()
() = () ().
-5 :
( . +. . )
() () = +
() = 2 - .
()
.
() = . 2-.
()
() () = -
2
()
() = 10 .4
:() ()
(.) = .
-6
72
72
6-3
()1
= 1
( )2
= + 1
2 +
= ( 3)2 + 2
()
( )3
() 2
:
1 2
( 2 + 2 + 1( )1 +)
-= +
2
( )8 = 2 - 8
()8 2
() 222 + 3 0 = 3 +
( )4 2 - 26 + 2 3 - 0 = 18 +
2
( )5
:
+ 2 6 - 8 - 0 = 16 +
( )10 ( - 7 )5+
+3
2 - 1
(( )11) =
= 1-
2 = 1
2
( )6
=
2 -
2
= 4 - :
2
( 2 )2 -
() 2 .
()
() 2 + 10 = 2
( )9 = 2 3 +
1-
.
.
() (3 = 3 )2 -
2 0 =
( )7 = .
1-
( .)1 12 3
. 14 -
. 1 - .
4
4 + = 0
. .
.
(( )12) :
2
( )2 (3 + 1)
( + 1 )1
()
2 = 2 8 + 17 -
= 4.
73
73
3
() :
(( )13) + 3 = 3
.
+ = 2 5 + 2 +
2
= .4
() = 2-
2+
- =
2
2 ()2-
:= .4
=
2-
() ( )2 1
+ 38 - 3 0 = 7 +
(( )18)
2
= 3
1+
( )
23 + 35 + 3 0 = 3 -
()1- 2
(( )14) 31 - 2
()
+ 25 + 2 4 - 0 = 7 +
( ) 19
+ 28 - 2 4 + 0 = 2 +
()
(( )15 )
4
11+- = 5
=
( ) - 3 + 3 = 1
( )20 3 ( 2 - 1( = ) 1 +) 2
2- 1
.
()3 4-
(( )16)
.
2
(2 )1 3 - 12 )2( 3 +
4-
() .
( 3 = 2)2 -2 + 2 (.)2 6
36
(( )17) =
(2 )3 -
()4 3
()
= 7.
(( )21)
3
(2 )1 5 - 25 )2( 1 -
5+
()
2 + 2 = ( 16 + 3 )3 -
( )22 ( )6 2
-12 + 2 = .0:
()
( )
74
74
(.)2 1
4
J
Application of Differentiation
1-4
. 3 = 3 1
.
2 =
2
2 /.
1.5 - =/2 :
= .
:
:1
1 / . :
() .
()
5.
:
() 3
3 4 = 2
3
.2 4= 1/
1= /.
3 =
2
4 =
5=
( )
100/3
5.
() 4 =
8 =
75
75
...
x 40 = (1) )5( 8 = /2
5 =
2
40 /
5.
:2
5 15
10 / 3 :
() 4
() 4.
( )
()
1-4 .
5
15
1-4
:
=
3
76
76
5
15 =
5
= =
15
2 3 =
1
2
)3( 3 =
3
=
27
2
=
9
2
4
10 = /3 = x 9 = 10 4
45
= 8 = 24 x 10/.
1
45
/.
() = ( 2 )
2
=
9
3 =
2
=
9
x =
45
45
)4( 2
8 = 4 = =
8 x
9
5 = / 2
5/2 4.
:3
0.01 .
3 10.
0.01 -/
( 0.01 - = )
:
3
=
2
3 =
x =
10=
= 0.01 -
)0.01 -( 2)10(3 =
= 3 -/ 3
3/3 10.
77
77
1-4
( )
( )1 2/ . 8.
( )2 2/ .
()
()
10.
( )3 100/3 .
5.
4
( = )3
3
( )4 20/2 15 . :
()
()
2
( = 4 )
4 . 0.5 /
( )5
10.
3
( )6 4 /
. 4.
( )7 . 50 .
3 2 .
0.01 / 5000 .3 .
( )8 2-4 = 2 ( .)0 1 - ( )0
. .
()0 1 -
2-4
5 = 4.
78
78
( )9 = 240
= 60 5 .
.
2-4
( )1 4 0.5/
.
( )2 1.8 3 1 .
.
( )3 12 / 4
12 .
( )4 12/3 .5 = .
( )5 2 = 212
0.5 /
10 0.096/2
( )6 .
18 /.
4 5 .
79
79
2-4
) =
: (
(
).
.
.
:4
= 4.0 4.01
:
= 0.01 = 0.4
1
2
= =
=
1
2
1
2
1
2
= 4 = 0.01
0.0025 = 0.01 41 2
.0.0025
80
80
:5
5 5.01
.
:
0.01 = 5 =
= 2
0.1
0.1.2
:6
= 1 + 5
2
3
4.99
= 0.01 - = ( 5 )
2 =
2
3
1 + 3
2
= 5 = 0.01 - )0.01 -( 2)5(2
0.5 -
( 0.5 - .)0.5
81
81
:7
4
3
4 = = .
5 % 2
:
() .
() .
2
% 2
2
100
() 100 = = 5.
4 =
=8
) 52 ( )5( 8
100
4
2 = 5 =
100
% 100 =
= % 100 2)5( 44
=%4
.% 4
()
= 5 =
4 =
4 =
10
10
4
)5( 3
% 100
% 100
=%6
.% 6
82
82
5x2
) 100 ( 2)5( 4
2
100
:8
=
1
2
4.01
4 .4.01 = 0.01 = .4
1
= 2
=
= 4 = 0.01
= 4
1
2
1
2
)0.01( )4(2
1
2
0.0025
2 = 4 = 2
2=
4 4.01 0.0025
3-4
2.0025 2 )4.01(
4
5 ( 5.02
( )1 =
).
( )2 = 2 9 ( 9.01
).
( )3 % 2 . .
( )4 10 8 .
0.02 ( . )
( )5 = + 12 2 2 2 (1.99
).
( )6 = ( - 1 3)2 = 2 1.08
( . ).
( )7 + 1 = 2 2 ( 1.99 3
).
83
83
( )8 % 2 :
()
() .
4
2
3
( 3 = .) 4 = :
( )9 16 . .2 :
.)8 + ( 4=
4 4.02 ( .)
( )10 = 2 - 8 .5 + 4
2 + 2 .
( )11 =4 12- 5 + .2 = 6
% 2 .%
( )12 = 2
10
1.6 . 1.7
( )13 . 5 8 . .
3
25 =
192
8
3-4
4 ( 4.08
1
.) 2 3 =
84
84
3-4
.
= () 0 =
.
+
+
+
--
+
+
+
5-4
4-4
4-4 .
.
.5-4
.
. .
.
= ()
6-4
85
85
= () 6-4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
7-4
.
.8-4
.
.
+
+
7-4
86
86
+
+
--
--
8-4
:9
= 2 - + 2 +:
()
.
() .
2
()
= 2 - 3 + 2 2 +
3 =4 - 2 1 +
0 =
34 - 2 = 1 +
(3 ( )1 - 0 = )1 -
= 2 - 3 + 2 2 +
= 1 = 2 4
27
3
= 1 = 2
1
3
4 1
.)2 1( )2 27
( 3
() ( .)2 1( )2 4 1 .
27 3
1
( 3 <
13 1 -
1
3
(3 ( ) 1 - ) 1 -.
) 3 1 - .
= 3 1 3( 0 = 1 - ( ) 1 - 0 = ) 1 -
3
( 1 > 1
) 3 1 - .
3
3
1 1 - .
3
(3 ( )1 - ) 1 - .
( )2 1 :
> 1
< 1
1
>
3
1
3
1
<
3
( )2 4 1 .
27 3
( )2 4 1 .
27 3
( )2 1 . ( )2 1
. ( )2 4 1 ( )2 1 .
27 3
87
:10
= 1 + 3 .
:
= 1 + 3
3 =
0 =
30 = 2
= 0
:
< 0
+
< 0
+
0
0
( )1 0 .
( )1 0 .
2
2
( )9-4 .
.
. .
X
0 =
88
88
0
9-4
X
0 =
10-4
2
2
= ) (
2
2
0 =
10-4 0 = :
.
2
. 0 =
2
.
2
= .0
2
9 .10
.
2
2 .
:11
= 2 3 + 12 - 12 -
.
3
.
.
= 23 + 312 - 2 12 -
:
:
6 =6 + 2 12 -
0 =
66 + 2 0 = 12 -
+ 2 0 = 2 -
( ( )1 - 0 = )2 +
= 1 = 2 -
89
89
= 1 = 23 + 312 - 2 12 - = 19 -
= 2 - = 23 + 3 12 - 2 12 - = 8
12 = 2 6 +
( )
2
= 1
2
= 2 -
2
0 = = 1
:
2
= 1 : 19 -
2
2 = 2- : .8
0 == 2-
:12
= ( 4)2 - = .2
.
= ( 43)2 -
( )
0 =
= 2
= 2
= 2 :
< 2
+
= (4)2 -
2
0
> 2
-
( 4 = )2-
= .2 = .2
90
90
2
( 12 )2 -
=
2
= 2:
2
= 0
2
.
2
4-4
( )1
( )2
.
() = 1 + 2
() = 3
() = 2 - 3 + 2
( ) = 2 - 41 + 2
3
() = 24 + 1 2 -
4
() = 2 ) - 1(
() = - 2
() = - 2 2 -
( ) = 3 - 3 1 +
1
() = +
1
() = 16 + 2
1
2
() = +
2
:
3
1
+3 - 2 -
() =
() = 1 - 4
3
3
() = 6 - 3 2 +
() = 2 -
1
() = ) ) ( - ) (2 - (2 +
() = ) + 1( 2
2
= - 2 3 .
= + 2 3 . .
= - 2) 1 -( 4 . .
4
91
91
4 - 4
.
.25
.
.
=
.
+ = ( 25 )25
= - 25
= ) - 25(
2
= 25 -
.
= 25 -
2 - 25 =
=0
2 - 25 = 0
= 12 2
2
2 - = 2
:
= 12 12
= -25
1
= 12 12 - 25
= 12 2
= 12 1
2
1
1
12 2 12 2
12 12
= 12 2
92
92
1
4
156
()
() = ( ) ( )
= ( )
()
.
= () ( )
:
() 0 = .
.
2
0 < 2 .
()
2
0 > 2 .
() .
:13
1000.
. .
.
11-4
11-4
= = . = )2 - 1000(
2
.
= ) 2 - 1000(
2
= 1000 2 -
4 - 1000 =
0 =
4 - 1 000 = 0
= 250
93
93
= 4 - : 2
: 2
2
2
= 250
250 500
:14
100
. .
12-4
100
() . =
() 2 ) - 50( =
() .
() 2 - 100
= 2 -100
()
94
94
100
2 -
2 2 =
1
100
= ( 2 2 )2 -
()
= - 50
= ) - 50 (
2
- 50 =
2 - 50 =
2-
= 0
0 = 2 - 50
2 = 50
25 =
25 = 2 - = 2
25 =
2 = 2 - 100
=
25
2
2=
2
:15
2
13-4
. 2
. . 720
3
2
3 360 = 6 -
.
= 720
12 720 = 4 +
12 - 720 = 4
3 - 180 =
2 =
2
= 2 3 - 180) 2(
360 = 6 - 2
0 =
720 = 18 -
720 18 -0 = 2
) 18 - 720( = 0
= ( 0) 18 - 720 = 0
18 = 720
= 40
95
95
720 = 18 - 2
2
= 36 - 720
2
0 = = 40
2
( 720 - = 2)
= 40:
3
2
(40) 6 - (40) 360 =
= ( 192000 )
3
192000
5-4
16
60 .
100 . .
3
288 .
( . )
2
+ = .8 =
.
( 14-4)
( 14-4).
( 14-4)
96
96
( 14-4)
= 30 = 5 = =
=
= ) (1 -
2
()7
.
( )8
3.2
4 3( = - ) 4
3
.
( ).
+
( ( )9 ) - 0 = +
.
() = 4 +1) 2( (.)12 2
( )10 15-4 = ) - 4( = 12.
( )0 > 0 > 3 12 .
15-4
.
()11
16-4
97
97
600 . 3
.16-4 .
2
( )12 150 .
=
.
2
75
()1
6-4
8
17-4
17-4 8 5
. 3
. .
( )2 1 . :
= .
)4(1-
8
()3
18-4
98
98
.
.18-4 :
( 2 + 2 +)2.2
+ = 10
[ [ :
=
1
2
= () - 180
()4
19-4
19-4 9 4 .
.
+ .
( )5 20-4 .
20-4
26 = .3 + 4
()6
x
x
6
21-4
99
99
1 6 .
.
3/ 4/.
.
()7
22-4
60 .22-4
.
:
2
- 2 - 60 =
2
1
2
.
( )8
. = - 12
2
( ) . :
() : % 45.5
5-4
100
. = 0
23-4
. . = 4 10
. = 4 = 8 = 8 = 20
. 12 = .20 :
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
2 4
23-4
= ) (6 + 4 + 10 = 20
= 20
=
20/
= 20
= 1/
20 12
.
=
12/
=
20
= 6/
10
( )
101
101
24-4
24-4 .
.
.
= () :
=
25-4
25-4 .
. .
.
= ()
= ( )
. .
.
102
(
)
5+
2 +/
1 +/
6+
4 +/
1 -/
5-
2 -/
1 -/
5+
2 -/
1 +/
( + .
)
= 2/
2
5
= 1/
26-4
5 . 2/ .
1/ 1/ .
2
= 1-/
= 4/
27-4
4/.
2 6
1-/ . .
.
= 2-/
= 1-/
28-4
2/
5
2
( ) 1-/ .
( )
2- = /
2
= 1-/
29-4
103
103
2/ .
2 5
1/ .
:16
: = 9 + 2 6 - 3
() .
() 4 3 2 1 0 =
.
() 4
= 9 + 2 6 - 3
() :
= = 12 - 6
=9 + 12 - 2 3 =
9 + 12 - 2 3 = :
: = 12 - 6
() 0 4 :
3-
12 -
6-
12
() 0 = 9/
2
12/ . . 1 = 4 ( 4 )
.2
. 6/
1=
=4
0 =
30-4
0=
=0
9 =
3/
2 = 2
.
104
6/
= 3
=2
=2
=3-
=3
=0
31-4
9/
= 4 4
12/
=4
=4
= 9
2
32-4
7-4
( )1 :
= 5 - 2
3
( )2 = - 2
3
.
()
()
()
( )3 = ) - 3(
.
:
()
()
() 3
() 4
105
105
( )4 .
= .2 10 - 30.
() /.
1
() 2.
.
()
() .
() .
( )5 .
2
= . (3 - ) :
()
.
()
() 3 .
() .
() .
() .
...
( )1 :
= )( .
.
( )2 :
= ()
:
106
( )3
= )(
.
( )4
= )( 0 = .
. .
()
33-4
--
+
+
+
0
33-4
()
.
+
+
+
o
0
34-4
107
107
() :
( . )36-4 35 - 4
+
+
+
++
35-4
--
36-4
--
2
() 0 =
.
2
2
() 0 =
.
2
2
()
= 0
2
.
.
( )5
()
= )( .
() 0 =
()
() = )(
.
108
( )6
= ) (
/ .
= )(
/.2
.
:
( )1
()
.
()
.
.
()
()
.
()
( )2 = )( :
1 - ).2 = (0
() ()
() ) 2 - = (1- )( < 1-
= 1- < 1-
() )( > 2 < .2
) 0 = (2 )6 = (2
.0
() )(
( 0 = )0 (1 = )0
109
109
.2
() ()
( 0 = )2 (3 = )2
() ( = )1- (0 = )3
() > 0 < 1-
() < 0 > 1- > 3 < .3
( 4 = )1- (.2 = )3
( )3 = )( 0 =
0 =
=
2
3
1
)
=
( )4
0 =
.
.
( )5
x
37-4
( ).
110
.
.
8-4
( )4 39-4 = : ) (2 -
) (11
( .)02 .
2
( )1 : = 2 6 +
( )7 2 : 2 + = .11
.
()2
( )11
=-
( )02
x
()02
39-4
0
38-4
( )5 = . 2 2 +:
38-4 = 1 -
( )02:
()
()
.
( )3 ( )43
= 3 12 - 2 .13 +
0 = 3 +
()
() 2 + =
( )6 = +
.
) (11 1 ).(21 1 4
2
()
()
= .2
111
111
()
( )7
= 3 7 - 2 2 +
= 5
( )8 = 4 8 +
( )122
.
.
( )9 ) - 3 .6(2:
40-4
()
()
2
()
()
= 2
( )10 = 2 5 - 2 3 + .:
()
()
= 2
( )11 = .2
2- .3
:
()
() .
.
( )12 40 -4
4
3 /
=5
2
()13
()02
= 4
2
41-4
41-4 4 = 2.
. ( )02
:
2
3
=
8
1-
0.2 .
112
6 = .
( )14
2
= . (6 - )
.
= .:
()
() = 0
()15
() :
0.3/
= . 6
( )16
.
2
2
. 4 =
16 .
0.8
1 = 5
()17
42-4
42-4
.
. .
4
3 .
1 5003
()
2
()
12 = 3000 + 2
16
30
20
43-4
43-4
20 = 16
= .
= 30 .
.
.
3
12 =.2
60/ 3 = . 10
113
113
( )21 3
:
( )18
2
= ) 2 .32 - (4 +
3
50 / :
= 3 + 22 - 3 13
() = .16
= .
()
:
0.8/
()
0
()
()22
( )19
3
3)] 0.05 = [8 - (2 +
3
()
0.081 /.
() = 0.95
( )20
.
1 = (2 + ) 8 - 4:
() .
()
0.125/.
() 3.5.
114
44-4
.
.
100/ 3.
13/ 3 3
10 :
() .
() .
( )23 45-4
6 .
.3 23 + 2 6
= :4
6
( )02
2
3
1 - 8 =
= ( )6 +
45-4
()
250 3 .
() %
2.3 % .
()0 2
= 4
2
46-4
( )24 : = 3 2 -.2
= 5
%
17 .%
7
( )25 = 3 -
1
3
0.9
( )26 = 4 - 6 5 + 2
3 3
100 :
()
() .
1
( )28 = 3 - 5
4
25
:
() .
()
( )29 = )3 (1 +
1-
= .3
3 + 3 .
( )30 = 5. 8 +
2
( )27 46 -4
4 = 2 .
115
115
2 + 2
( )31 =3+3 2
2 % .
() 3 :
450 = 28.8 -.3
() .
.
( )32 = 3 8
() 4 + 4
() 1 - 1
:
( )33 100 .
.
2
:
= 33 - 100) + 2
4
16
( )34 47-4
4 .
6
5 5 .
5
2
450
2
() 2.4 - 45 =
116
47-4
()35
48-4
()
.
.
.
450
3 .
()
= )4 - 2(
3-
( )36 49-4
.
2
.
27 3 .
2
54
1
3
8+
50-4
()38
:
() .
() :
.
(()37)
= 16 24 + 1 + .
2
() 50 -4 = 90
= 5 = 13 .
.
= =
: =
49-4
5 - 60
51-4
51-4
.
.
. 4
3 .
1500.3
()
() 2
= 123 000 + 2
12
117
117
0 5
.
:
()
()
( )39 ( 52-4)
( 52-4) .
. 2 .
2
1400 .
2
()
52-4
()
:
3
3
350 == - 2 -
2
(( )40) =
= ) - 6( .
.
118
= ( - 6)
()
53-4
50
80
54-4
54-4
= 50 = 80
.
. =
2
:
2
= 40 - 2000 +
.
( )41
= . 2 + = 15
.
()
(( )43) 57-4
.
100 :
55-4
.55-4
2
240 . 5
. .
2
1440
10 = . + 300 +
57-4
( )1
.
( )2 .
2
5
2
() = 3 -2 + 3 -
. ( )44
:
3
2
= -
+ 216 3
(( )42) =
.
()
3
10
3000
.
.
56-4
( )56-4
.
= = . 100
2
:
= 100 2 - -
2
119
119
()45
2
62.5
40
58-4
2 .
. .
2
= 2) 10 45 - 3 250 + 2(
2
3
2 45 - 250 +
.
.
58-4
62.5 40
.
.
120
121
=5
122
5
J
Applications of Integration
1-5
( 1-5) =() .
. ()
.
( + +)
. .
( 1-5)
.
( 1-5) . .
( 1 - 5)
<
<
< < .
123
< < ( +)
:
< < +
0 0 +
+
= () = ()
:
() = () + ( )
= () + )1( ......................
()1
( 1-5).
.
()0
( )0
( 1-5)
= = 0
= -()
( )1 = 0() +
(.)1
= () -())2( .............
.
( 1-5).
.
124
()2
: = () -()
=
() = [()]
= () -()
2-5
= )(
= =
= ()
2-5
)(
)(
.
)( )(
)( .
2-5
3-5
.1-5
. :
.
.
.
125
3-5
:1
= 1 4 + 2 = 1 = 2
4
.
4-5
= 144 + 2
= )
1
=
=
=
126
7
12
3
4+
12
8
12
- 8+
( 4 + 2
1
12
4+
4-5
:2
= 1+2 = 2
= 3 .
:5-5
= 1 + 2
3
2
1
5-5
= 1 + 2
3
2
= ) (1 -
1
2
1
2
= ( )1 - 1
2
( 2 )1 -
=
=
3
2
3
( 22 )1 -
3
3
= ) (1 -
= )1( 23 -2)2( 23
2
2
3 - ) 2 2( 3
)1 - 2 2 ( 2
3
3
2
)1 - 2 2 (2 .
3
127
( )
( ) .
.
.
:3
= ( ( )1 - )3 + .
:
6-5
= ( ()1 - )3 +
= (2 + 2 )3 -
= 2 + 33 - 2
3-
6-5
.
0
= 3- =
3-
=-0
81
4
)2 + 33- 2(
2
27
2
- 18 -
128
3-
11 1
= 0 = 0
=
)2 + 33 - 2(
2 + 43 - 3
2
3
1
=
4
3
2
0- +
712
= 127
7
1
12 + 11 4
11 56
:4
= - 83
:
= 0 = .9 .
3
=-8
= 0 = 8
:
8
7-5
3
-8=0
= 0
=2
3
-8=9
= 9
=1-
.
( + ) ( ).
:
=
0
1
3
-8
- 8 = 3
) - 8( 3
=
=
1
) - 8( 3
4
( - 8) 3
)1-( 4
3
=9
= 8
4
- 8( 3)34
16 3
4
= )- (0
1-
7-5
= 12
129
8
9
1
-8) 8( 3
4
- 8) 3(3
34
0 -
3
= -
4
3 ( ).
4
= 12 34 = 34 + 12
10-5 9-5 8-5
8-5
.
.
8-5
9-5 :
- .
9-5
130
10-5 :
-
10 - 5
:5
= 6 -
= .
= 6 - 2 =
.
2
= 6 -
=
6 - = 2
5 -0 = 2
( - 5) = 0
= 0 = 5
11-5 .
131
=6
= 5 = 5
= 5 = 5
11 - 5
-
5
1
=6) 0 - (2 (5) (5) -
2
=
=
3 - 2
25
2
5 3
125
- 75
3
= - 41 2 - 75
3
25
2
1
2
12
= 20 5 .
6
= 20 5 .
6
1-5
( )1
: :
() = 12 = 1
() = = 1
() = 1 + = 1
() = 4 -
() = 6 - 8 +
() = 4 -
1
= 1
() =
2
132
= 2 = 0
= 2 = 0
= 2=0
= 0
= 0
=0
=0
= 2=0
() + 1 = 2 = 0 = 0
() + 1 = 2 = 0
( )2 :
.
.
() = 2 = 4
() = 3 = 0 = 1 = 8
() = 1 + 2 = 0 = 5 .
() = 4 - 2 = 0 = 0 .
() = 2 = 0 = 2
() = 2 = 0 = 9
() = 1 + 2 = 5
( )3 12-5 = ( - 4) = .
.
12-5
= ) 4 (
( )4 13-5 = - ( )5 + = - .
. .
.
=-
13-5
= - ) (5 +
133
( )5 = 3 - 2 + .14-5
.
= 3- 2 2 +
14 - 5
( )6 = 1 + 3 = .9
( )7 = .8 - 3
= ( - 4) = 2 .
( )8
( )9 = - ( )4 + = 3
1
10
1
2
( )10 ( )2 2 2 ( )1 9 3 =
365 .
( )11 = ( 2 )2 - .15-5
.
= ()2 -
()0 4
()31
15-5
134
3-5 :
16-5 =() . .
.
= ()
)0
)0
16-5
17-5
17-5
.
.
0 .
( )
=
0=
= )(
.
0=
.
135
.
: .
.1-5
.
:6
= 1 + 2 = 2 = 4
.
:
18-5 2
= )2( :
4
= 2 2
= 1 + 2
1
= ( 2 )1 -
4
4
1
2 = ( 22 2)1 -
2
3
( 2 )1-
=2
3
2
=2
=2
18-5
3
23
3
2
1
3
2
2-
3 3x2
3
=2
-3 2
2-
3
2
2
3
)0.6667 - 3.464( 2
)2.797( 2
5.59
5.59 .
:7
= 2 - =
2
: = = 2 - 2 .
= 2 - 2
136
3 - 2 = 0
( 0 = )3 -
= 0 = 3
: = 1 = 22 - 2
. 19-5
:
= ( - 1 )2
= 0 = 3
=
2
2
2-
) - 1(2
19-5
=( - 1 )2
3
= {0 ( - 2 - 2)}
3
= -( 3 + 2)
0
-3 + 3
27
= + 9-
2
4 1
2
4 2 .
137
:8 = = 4 - .
2
= 4
24 - 2 = 0
2 ( 0 = )2 -
= 0 = 2
.
:
(4 - - )24 = 2 2 -
(4 2 - )2 .
2
4
=
20-5
2 :
4) 2 - (2 = 22 - 2
2
0
22
3
-8
2
3
16
3
0 -
2-5
( )1 = 2 - 2 =
( )2 = 2 = 4
2
( )3 = 2 = 10 -
= ( ( )1 + .2)1 -
( )4 21-5
.
.5 : 11
138
21-5
( )5 = 2 .
3 12 .
( )6 ( )8 2 = 3 .
. 3:1
.
( )7 = 3 = 4 ( ) > .0
. .
( )8 = ( )3- = ()
.22-5 .
= (
)3 -
22-5
( )9 = 4 - 2 = 2.
139
4-5 .
23-5 (( )0 )0 .
. 360
2
( )- ) ( x .
23-5
24-5 = =
1
360 3 2
.
24-5
= ()
25-5
140
25-5 . = ()
)) (0 (0 .
. .
( ) ( + +)
.
. .
.
26-5
.
26-5
:
= 2
= ( +) 2
2 < ( < +) 2
<2
2
< ( +)
=
0 =
= 2
141
= 2
= 2
= ()
= 2
.
27-5 = () = .
( )
= = .
( -)
= (
27-5
27-5
( -).
142
: = ( -) 2 = 0 =
:
( -) 2
= = > :
2
= ( -)
:9
:
= 1 = 0 .
3
= 4
2 +
28-5
42 + 2
3
28-5
= 0 2
1
2
= 34 0 2 + 2
4
9 1
= 3+ 16 4 + 2
0
= + 5 x16 4 + 3
1
0
143
9
0- 4+1+
=
5 x16
9
5
=
80
9
5 80
=
9
5 80
:10
= = 0
= 1 = 2 .
2
29-5
= 2
2 1
=
1
= 12 - 2
1 12
1 1 .
2
144
:11
= 2 = 1 = 2
.
=2
30-5
.
.
.
1
2
4
2
1
=
2
1
2
1 12 .
:12
= 1-
= 2 .
2
145
= 1 - 2
1
31-5
= 1- 2 = 2 .31-3
.
2
= 2
1-
= 1 - 2
= 2 1 +
2
( = )1 +
1-
= - )2 + 2(
1
=
2
:13
1-
1
2
= + )4(
11
2
4
1
2
= 1 + 2 = 2 360
= .2 .
146
= 1 + 2
=2
( - 2 )1 +
2
32-5
2 = 1 + 2
1 = 2
= ( 1 )
2
= ( - 2{ })1 + 2
( - 2{ 0 })1 + 2
= - 2( )1 - 2
2
( - 1 )2
( 2 - 1 + 2 )4
= -
=-1
8
=
15
15
+
0 5
1
2
+
5
3
8
15
147
3-5
( )1
/
.
.
() = 2 = 0 = 2
() = 1 + 2 = 0 = 0 = 2
() = 3 = 0 = 2
1
() = = 0 = 1 = 2
() =
= 0 = 2 -
= 1-
( )2
/ .
() = 3 = 0 = 1
() = 2 = 0 = 2
() = 2 = 0 = 2
() = ) + 1( ) - 1( .
( )3
. .
() = 2 = 0 = 1 = 1
() = - 2 = 0 = 2 - = 2 -
() = 4- 2 4 + = 4 = 4
= ) - 2( .
( )4
. .
( )5 =
1- 2 = 1 180 .
( )6 = 1 + = 1 = 2
. .
( )7 = - 1 2 .
.
( )8 = +
1
148
= 1 = 3 .
( )9 = 2 + 2 = .6
.
5-5
( )
( )
=
= =
2
2 .
= ( ) )(
() .
)( -).(0
:14
. /
1 + 4 = :
() .
() 4 5.
() .
() 1 + 4 = =
(1+ 4) =
= + + 2 2
(1+ 4)=
( )
= 0 = 0
( = .)0
149
= 0
=2 +
= 2 + 2
2
() = 4
= 5
= 55 = 5 + 50
= 36 = 4 + 32
55
4 5 36
.
() ( 5) ( -
4)
= 36 - 55
= 19
:
5
5
5
]
2
[
=
)1
+
(4
4
4
. 5 =0
= ()4 + 32( - )5 + 50
5 = = 4 =.5
= 19
2
:15
/
4/
212 - 2 = .
:
()
() 2 =
()
2
()
0=
2 = 0 - 2 =
= 2 /
() 12- 2 =
( )
150
E 2 =
+ 3 4 - ( )
4/
+ (0) 4 - (0) 2 = 4 E
= 4
4 + 3 4 - 2 =
2 =
4 + 3(2)4 - (2)2 =
= 4 + 32 - 4
= 24 -/
2 = 24 -/
() 4 + 3 4 - 2 =
= + 4 + 4 - 2( 1 1)
= 0 0 =
0 = 1
4
2
=4+ -
4
= - 2 + 4
4 -
:16
= + 2 .
2/ .2 81
. .
= + 2
= 2 +
= 0 2/.2
+0=2
= 2
2
= 2 +
4
4
( = 3 ) 2 + 2
= [] +
3
64 9 ( - 16 + )9 +
= 3
= 9 - 9 13 + 16 - 21
= 12 13 7 +
151
81
12 13 81 = 7 +
12 13 = 74
=6
4-5
74
1
12 3
= 6
=2
= 6 = 1 = .0
( )1
= 2 -1 = 0 = .0
( )2
= 3 2 = 2 = 0 .
( )3
= 0 = 0 .
( )4 2 = 2 = 0
2
= 1 = 0 = 0 .
( )5 24 = 2
( )6 / 2 = 2 - 2
8 / .
( )7 = (1 + /
)6 2 3.
( )8 /
.2 - 2 3 =
.
()
() .
( )9 /
1 + 2 - 29 = :
() 2 =
() .
( )10 15/ ( )4 - 10 / 2
. :
152
() 3 =
()
( )11 / 2 4 - 9 = :
1
.
:
.
()
() .
( )12 /
.2 - 3 =
:
.
()
() .
5-5
( )1 / 2 = . 4 -23
12/ . / 2 = 4 - 5
( )2
.
: . 4 =
1
4
/ 2
( )3 20/
.
:
() . 4 =
() 6 .
( )4 / = + 3
. 2 =
3
4
2 .
1
( )5 2 8 + 17/
.
:
2
() 2/ .
() .
153
8 / 2 - / .
( )6
/ 2 = + .
9 . .
2
:17
33-5 = 6 - 2 = 3.
36 .
()9 3
=
3
= 6 -
33-5
= 6- = 2 ) - 6(
= 0
0
E ( - 6) =
= 0 6
= 6 -
2
6
6
2
=
6
(
2
0 3
0
63
= 3 - 2
3
3
6
3
= - 2)6( 3
= 36
3
= 6( 0 - 3 - 2)
3
= (3 - )2
154
= 3 -
2
2
)3( 3
=
2
3
3
3
0
: = 4 12
31 1 = 4 1 - 36
2
2
31 12
E :
= 1
2
=1
:4
7:
31 1
2
:18
() = 8:
() 4 ()
0
] () [1 +
()
0
3
() ()
3
:
3
() 4 () = 4 ()
=84
= 32
3
1
() [ () ]1 + = () +
0
3
0
0
]
[
=+ 8
0
3
= 11 = 3 + 8
()() = - ()
3
0
=8-
155
:19 4 34-5 .
=8
()4 2
=
2
34-5
= 2 8 = 2
4 0
4
4
= -
8
0
2 2
= - 2
=4
0 5 X 64
5
2
4
4
320 - 2
0
= 4.8
4.8
:20
/ - 12 =
:
() 20 =
()
() .
() 20 =
() 20 = 0 =
2
- 12 =
2 - 12 = =
2
() 20 = 28 - = )20( 2 - 12 = /
() 0 =
0 = 2 - 12
0 = 0 = ) -12( 12 =
( 0 = ).
2
156
() = = 12( - )2
12
= 0 = 0
E = 0 = 6 - 2
3
= - 6( 2 )
= 0 - 6
3
= 18
() = 6 - 2
=0
= 20 = 20 - 2)20( 6
3
= 266 2 -
3
266 2 .
3
() .
:
0
=
= 288 12
2
288
266
= 18
= 12 = - 2)12( 6
35-5
12
3
= 20
= 288
E = 0 = 20
2
+ 288 x 2
3
...
20
266
20
2
=
3
842
=12( - )2 = -
0
0
2
3
266
157
( )1 = ()
= =
36-5
= ()
36-5
( )2
= () = =
37-5
= ()
37-5
( )3 38-5
() - ()
{ () - ()}
158
()
()
38-5
( )4 = ()
39-5 + (
.
)
= ()
39-5
( )5 40-5 .
:
=
()
=
=
()
40-5
( )6 41-5
= 2
()
41-5
159
( )7 42-5
= 2
42-5
( )8 43-5 =
:
2
( = -)
0
=
()
43-5
( )9
:
() = :
() : =
160
2
2
()
=
0
() =
1-
= =
:
( )1
( )2 ( )
( )3
( )4 ( )
. : .
( )1
() () = ()
()
-() = -
()
()
() [() - ()] = () -
() () () () ()
()
() + () =
()
( ) 2 () = 0
( ) 3 I() = I I() I
() .
() 4
:
() = . +
( -)
-
( +)
161
( )5 :
+
+
+
()
+
-
() +
-
-
+
()
+
+
-
()
+
-
(- )
-
+
() +
-
+
() -
-
-
(- )
( )6 :
() = 0
() = 0
() = 0
( )7
4
3
( )8 =
3
6-5
.
(( )1) ()
:
4
() = 0
0
5
() 1() = 4:
5
( 2 51 )1() .
([ 1 )2() ]3 + .
1
( 5 )3() .
[ 51() + ] = 28
2
( )2 0() = 2() = 5:
3
() 0()
() 20() 23 +()
() 4{2() }2 +
162
0 ( -) = ()
2-
()
( )3
= 2 4
4
12
< .12
2 < 6
12
()4
()0 2
44-5
()0 1-
44-5 = 2 - 2 +
2
.:
() .
()
.
5 4 - 1 -2 =4
- 1 - 2 0 .4
.3 1
( .)4 2
.
1
= -
()0 2
48-5 = ( )3 -
9
( )9 0 (.)1 4
.
() .
() .
() .
() .
() ()
.
7 46-5 = . 2 1
4= 1- ( ) 14 2
( .)0 1 = 4
.
.
46-5
()9 0
48-5
10 49-5
= 2 5 + 2= 3 1+ 2
( .)13 2 .
= 2 5 +
2
()13 2
(2
()0 1
()1 4
= 3
)
= ( )3 -
1
4
=4
()0 2
45-5 = -
( )0 2:
47-5
45-5
4=1-
()1 1
1+
49-5
8 47-5 = ( 2)2 -
( )1 1 ( )0 2
5
12
.
163
(5)11
( )13 =
)2
52 - 5
50-5
50-5 = 12 - 3 +.
52-5 =
= .:
2
:
() .
() .
0.288 .
()14
(( )12) ( )1
= 212 = 1 = .3
( )2 = 12
= 2 = > 2
()
= ( )1 -
51-5
51-5
2
= ( )1- + = 3 = .3
:
( )1
( )2 .
()0 2-
53 - 5
53-5 = 6 + 7 .2
:
=3
164
3.6 . .
() .
() .
()15
=2
( )0
54-5
()0 1
54-5
= 2 4 = 1 =
12.4
.
16
55-5 .
10
=
19 58-5 = . 2
=3 1+ ( )1 0
( .)4 1 = 1
( .)1 2 360
.
=-7
1 7
=31+
()0 5
55-5
= 21-
( .)1 2
( 360 )56-5 .
=
1
2
()1 2
()1 2
58-5
()1 0
2 0 59-5 = 6
= 2 .
360 .
2
= 2 1 -
4=1-
=1
4
2
()0 1
56-5
18
()4 1
()0 2
1
=
2
=4
=
=2
(2
()0 1
1
4
57-5
1
.2
57-5 =
=6
2
59-5
4 = 1-
(1 2
4
) ( )0 1
= 4
.
360 .
165
( )21 60-5 = - 4 .
= 3 ( .)3 1
360 .
2
( )24
12
()6 2
=3
()2 6
()3 1
=-4
63-5
60-5
()22
10 = 2 -
12
.
63-5 =
( )6 2 ( )2 6
:
() .
()
360 .
( ) 25 64-5 = 4
( )0 0 (.)8 4
.
61-5
= 4
61-5 10 = 2- 2
= 2 .
360 .
( )23
()13 2
64 - 5
= 31 + 2
62-5
= 25 + 2
62-5
= 3 1 + 2 ( .)13 2
360
.
166
()8 4
= 25 + 2
=2
( )26
= 2 = 360 2 .
( )27 65-5 2 = 2
= 2 2-
360
2 = 2
= 2 2-
( )31 /
= + 6 + 3
= 2
16 32/ .2:
() .
() .
( )32
/ :
= 3 30 - 2 72 +
5 65
()0 1
( )28
/ 2 :=4 16-
30/
()
= .3
() = 3
( )29
= 4 + 28 5 - - 2 3
.
2/ / 2
:
= 6 - 2 .
( )30
/ :
:
= 2- .2
() .
() .
() .
() .
.
()
() .
() : = 0 = 7
( )33
/ :
= 6 - 2 .5+
.
:
() .
() .
() 5
.
( )34
/ 2 =-6
. .
:
() .
()
() .
( )35 25 .
0 25 /
= 0.75 0.03
:
()
() .
167
( )
. :
= 2 .
= 2 .
( )
.
.
= () .
= ()
()
168
5 66
= = = 0 .
() .
( ) = =
.
= 2 ()
=
...
:
2(
)
:
()
()
()
67-5
= 2 . () .
:
: () 2 :
:21
360
= 6
18
=2
= 6 2-
68-5
169
= 6 2 -
3
2 )6 2 - (2
= 0
2
.
.
6) 0 22 -2 (3
3
=- 36 2
3
-3
= 2 2
2
= 27
0
3
0
27
:22
69-5
.
()4 2
=
()1 8
69-5
2-
= 4 = 1
=
4
8
= 2 1 ) (2 -
4
= 2- 8) 1 2(
= 8 2-4 2
1
= 18
170
18
2-
()1 2
( )1 .
( )2
= 1-
= ( 2)2 - = .
= 4 2 - 2
( )3
=42
70-5
( )4 6-5
171
=6
172
6
J
1-6 .
0
164 235 (
) .
850-780
()
.
.
( )alchwarizmi(al-
)karismi( )algoritmi()algorismi
( )algorism( )algorism
1857
()algoritmi de numero indorum
.
... :
1-6
1-6 .
= ( )
=
=
< < .
1
12 2 < 12 2 < 2 2
1
2 2
1
< 1 <
1
1
.1
1
1 .
.1
173
= .1
0
=
1
= 0
1
=
= 1= 1
=1
() .
.
2-6
= )1( ..........
.
+ = ( +) )2( ..........
( )1 ()2
= ( +) -
u
= 2 ( ) 2 + ) ( 2
[ - = 2
+
2
2- [
2 ( 2 + ) ( 2 )
( + ) ( )
2
2
( ) 2
= ( ) 2 +
2
174
( ) 2
( + )
2
= =
3-6
( ) =
= )1( .........
.
+ = ( +) )2( .........
( )1 ()2
= ( +) -
u = 2 - ( + ) (
2
( - = 2 - + - )
2
2 ( ) 2 + ( ) 2 : =
( ) 2 + ( ) 2
=
u
= - ( + ) ( ) 2
2
- ( ) 2 +
0
= - =
0
( ) = -
175
4-4
.
( ) = ( )
( ) - ( )
=
2
+
=
2
2 + 2
=
2
1
= 2 = 2
2
( ) =
5-4 ( +) ( +) ( +)
= ( +)
= ( +) ( +) [ [
= [ ( +)]
= ( +)
( +) = ( +)
( +) = - ( +)
( +) = ( 2 +)
:1
:
() 2
() 5
() 4
1
2
() ( 3 - 1)
() ( 5 +1)
:
() ( 5) = 5 5
176
() ( 2 )1 -
() ( 2) = 2 - 2
() 4(
1
2
)=
1
2
1
1
4 2 = 2 2 2
2
() [ ( 2 = ])1 - ( 2 2( )1 - )1 -
= 2 ( 2 )1 -
() [ ( 3 - 1)] = - ( 3 - 1) ()3-
= 3 ( 3 - 1)
() [ ( 5 + 1)] = 5 + 1( 2) ()5
:2
= 5 5 + 1( 2)
:
2
() 3 2
() 3
:
2
() 3 ( ) =
3 ( 2) - 2 3()
( 3)
3 ( 2 2) ( - 2) ()3
=
92
=
6 2 3 - 2
92
2 2 - 2
=
32
() 3( 2)= 2 3() 3 + ( 2)
= ( 2) ( 3 + )3 ( 2 - 2)
= ( 3 2 2 - 2)
6-6 .
.
. :
:3
+ 2 = 0 .
177
+ 2 = 0
( 2 + ) - 2 0 =
( 2 - ) - =
= u
2 -
2
=
2 -
2
:4 3 = .
3 =
.
3 3 + = 2
.
3( u - 2) 3 - =
3 = u
3 -
2
7-6 2:
( ) = -
- = + ( )
:
= - +
( ) =
= +
( ) = 2
( )
( )
2 = + ( )
178
8-4 2
= -
( )
- = +
- = 1 +
( 1)
+
u = -
( 2)
:
=
( )
= +
= 2
2 = 1 + ( )
:5
() 2
() 3 2
() 5
() 2 4
2() 2 =
2
( )
[ - 2 2 2()
2 {
2
+} = 2
-( 2) = 2 2[
5
() 5 =
5
( )
3
() 3 2 =
3
() 2 4 = 2 44 + ( )
+( )
4
=
2
+
179
9-6 ( +) ( +) ( +)
2
( +) [ ( +)].
[ : ( +)] = - ( +)
- ( +) = ( +) +1
- ( +) = 1 ( +) +2
u ( +) = - 1 ( +) +
( 1)
( 2)
( )
: ( +) = ( +)
u ( +) = 1 ( +) +
[ ( +)] = ( 2 +)
u( 2 +) = 1
( +) +
( )
( )
.0 = 0
.
.
:6 :
() ( )2 +
() 5 +1( 2)
() ( 2 - 1)
() ( 3 )2-
() 3 ( 2 )1 +
:
() ( )2 + = - ( + )2 +
( )
() ( 2- 1) = 12 ( 2- 1) +
( )
() ( 3 )2 - = 13 ( 3 + )2 -
( )
() 5 +1( 2) = 15 ( 5 +1) +
( )
() 3 ( 2 )1 + = 32 ( 2 + )1 +( )
180
( +) ( +) ( 2 +)
:7
= [ ]
= -
1-6
=1-0
=1-
( )1 :
() 3
() 2
() 3 2
() ( 2 )1 -
() ( 5 )1 +
() 2 ( 3 + 1)
1
() 2 ( )3 -
2
() 2 ( 3 )2 -
3
() 1
4
() 2
1
() 2 4
() ( )3 +
() ( 2 - 1)
() 1 ( 6 )1 +
3
() 3 ( - 1)
( )2 :
() 2
() 2
1
() 2
() - 5
() 5 2
()
3
() 3 3
() - 2
3
() ( 2 )5
() ( )5 +
() 2( 2 )3 +
() 4 ( )1 -
() 3 ( 3 - 1)
() 3 ( 4 - 1)
4
() 3 ( 6)1 +
() 2 -
() ( +1)
() 2 - ( + 1)
181
() 20
()
() 2
() 40
() 3
3
() 3 3 2
()
() 2
0
2
() 2 12 2
2-6
( )1 :
()
() 3
() 2
() 3
() 4 1
2
() 2
() 3- 2
()
() ( 2 )1 +
() 2 ( - 1)
() ( 2 )1 +
()
() 1
2
() 2 3
() 3 4
( )2 :
()
() 2
2
() + 1
()
1
() 3 ( = )
()
2
182
() 2 ( =
3
()
2
( )3 :
() ( )1 +
0
() ( + 1 2)
0
() 0
() ( 0 - )
( ) 0 2
()
4
10-6
.
( ) = 1 -( )
= 1 - ( )
= 1 -
( ) = 1 - ( )
= 1 - ( - )
= - 1 -
( ) = 1 ( )
= 1 ( 2)
:8
= 1 2
:
() 2 3
() 3
() 5 4 3
() 2 3
()
( ) 2 4
() ( 3) = 3 2 ( )
= 3 2
() 2( 3) = 2( 3 2) ( ) = 6 2
() ( 5) = 54 ( )
= 5 4 (- ) = 5 - 4
183
() ( ) = 3 ( )
2
= 3 2 2
() 5( 4 3) = 5( 3 4 2) ( 4)
= 15 4 2 ( 4 4)
= 60 4 2 4
() ( 2 4) = 4 2 3 ( 2)
= 4 2 3 ( 2 2 2)
= 8 2 3 2 2
:9
:
()
()
() 2
() ( 2- 1)
()
( ) = ( ) + ( )
= ( ) + ( - )
= 2 - 2
= 2
() =
( ) - ( )
( ) =
2
( - ) - ( )
=
2
2 - 2=
2
= ( 1- 2 + 2)
2
=1 -
2
184
= - 2
()
2
( 2) - ( )
( ) =
2
2
( 2 ) -
=
2
() :
[ ( 2 - 1)] = ( 2 - 1) ( ) + [ (2 - 1)]
= ( 2 -1) + [ - ( 2 - 1) (])2 -
= ( 2 - 1) + [ 2 ( 2 - 1)]
= ( 2 - 1) 2 + ( 2 - 1)
:10
0
2 :
2
.
0
.
2=
90
( ) =
90
90
90
:11
2 2 2 2 2
:
:
2 = 2 2 1 -
2 u 2 = + 1 2
2 2 = ( + 1 2)
= + 2 + ( )
2
:12
( 4)
4
3
( 4) = 4 3
185
4( ) =
( 3 ) = 1 4 +( 1 1)
4
4
( 40 3 ) = 1
4
= ( 14
3-6
( )
1
2
4
1
) 16 = 0 -
( )1 :
() 3
() 3
() - 3
2
() ( )1 +
() 3 16 2
() 4
() 2 4
() 2
2
() ( - 2 )
( )2 :
()
() 2
0
()
( )3 :
1
() 2 3 ( : = )
() 16 3 2 ( : = )
() - 2
() 6 - 2 3
( ) 4
1
()
3 2 3
( )4 = 3 =
( )5 12 ( 2)
1 ( 6
3 0
( )6 2 2 2
( )7 = = .
186
( )8 + 1( 2)
( )9 4 2 +2 -4 .
( )10 ( ) = 2 3
4 = 2 2 - 2 1 +
2
2
.
( )11 = 1
2
( )12 =
:13
0 2 = ( + 1 ) :
= ( + 1 )
= ( - ) + 1( + )
= + 2 - 2
= + 2 - 1( - 2)
= 2 2 + 1 -
= ( 2 ( )1 - )1 +
0 =
( 2 ( )1 - 0 = )1 +
2 0 = 1 - 0 = 1 +
= 1
= 1 -
2
=
= 3 53
( + 1 ) = 53 3
( )
187
(( )1 ) =
( ) = -
( ) = 2
( )2 = - +
= +
2 = +
([ )3 ( +)] = ( +)
[ ( +)] = - ( +)
[ ( +)]= ( 2 +)
( )4 = -
=
= 1 +
2
( )5 ( +) = - 1 ( +) +
( +) = 1
( +) +
( +) = 1 ( +) +
2
0
(( )6 ) = 1 -
( ) = - 1 -
( ) = 1 - 2
188
:
( )1 ( )
= 1
( )2
0
( )3 ( 2) ( 2) .
4-6
(( )1) - 1
() :
2 3
()1
0 3
(( )2 )
2
( )2 =
= 0 2
( )3
= 2 = 1
=0=
( )4
= = 2
= 0 = 12
3
(.) 2 3 ( )0 0
( )5
= + > 0 > 2
( )6 3 ( 2 +) :
3 = 3 4 - 3.
3
( )7 :
( + ) = + 1 2
:
( 2 + ) 2
2
189
2
( )12 3 = 1
2
.
( )8
= +
+ = .6
= 0
2
2
+ 2 = 12
( )13 2 =
( )14 :
() 4
() 2
() () 3+12
(( )9)
= 3 2 2 = 1
3
() = 3 +
0 =
.
( )10
()
= 12 ( 3)
2
()
() ()
() ()
() = 6
( )11
()
= 2 + 1-
:
() ()
()
() .
190
() 3 4
(( )15)
2( - 2) = 2
() = 3 5 +
0 2
.
(( )16) :
( )1
31-
()2
( )3 2
() + 2 = + 1
.
.
() = 13 3 -
= 3
() ( )
(( )19) 3-6
= = 2
= 2
=
.
( ) =
()17
()
( )1 2
( )2 2
( )3
( )4 2
( )1
() =
- 2
.
2 0
0.5
=
6
(( )18) : = ( .)1 +
= 0
( )2
()
= 2 0.5 - 0 .2
()
= 2
3-6
()
)) /
= 15 13 :
( )1 10/
( )2 = 0
( )3
(( )20) ( 2 3 3 + ) 2
6 2-6
() :
( + ) + 1 2
2
2-6 =
= +
= 2
= 4 = 2
191
5-6 = 2
() 4-6
= ( 3 .) -
6
.
= 2 2
= ( 3) -
4-6
(( )21)
( )1
0
5-6
( )23)
3 = 3 4-
3
3
0
()
(( )2 - 3)
0
()3
0
() .
= = 4 = 3
.
( )22) 3( : 2 + 2)
() 2
192
3 2
() 2 2 2
3
2 2 12 2
1
6 -
6-6
6-6 = .
360 .
)24 7-6
= = .
() .
()
() 2
.
()
= -
7-6
)25 ( : - ) = - 1 2
2
8-6
8-6 = - .
193
=7
194
Differentiation and Integration of Logarithmic
and Exponential Functions
.
.
.
-1 =
-2 = +
-3 = -
-4 () = ()
-5 () = ()
-6 1 =
1-7
=
+ = ( +)
+
= (
1
= ( + 1 )
= ( +)
= (+ 1
= (+ 1
1
1
: = =
:
1
= 0 ( + 1)
= ( + 1)
1
= ( + 1)
= 1
{( + 1) }
{( + 1) } 2.718 .
195
1
=
1
( ) =
2-7 :
.
1
( )1 ( + 1)
{( + 1)
( )2
> 0
> 0
=
1
=
()
1
:1
:
() ( 3 )1 -
()
1+
() ( 2 ) 1-
() 3 3
( ) =
5 2
() ( ).
() ( + 1 )
() = ( 3 )1 - = 3 1 -
= 3 =
=
= 1 3
3
= 31-
{ ( 3 3 = })1 -
31-
() =
=
= - =
196
1 = ( - )
=
= -
( ) = -
() { ( { = }) 1 + ( - )1 + ( 2 })1 -
2 1-
2
= - 1
) 2) (1 + (1 -
= ( 2 ( 2 - )1 - )1 +
( 2( )1 + )1 -
3=
( 2( )1 + )1 -
() ( 3 3) = ( 3 3) ( + 3)( )3
3
= 3 ( 3 ) ( + 3) 3
= 3 + 2 2 3
)1 ()( )( )
.
.
)2 ()( )( )
.
() { ( + 1 5{ = } )2 ( + 1})2
2
= + 1 ( 5) 2
10
2
= +1
() { ( )} ={ + }
= + 1
1
= +
197
:2
() () = ( + 1 )
() = ( + 1 )
1
() =
( + 1 )
=
+ 1
( : ()) = ()
3-7 ( +) 1-
:
( ) = 1
1 = +
( +) =
( +)
( +) = 1 ( +) +
11
( +) = ( +) +
= ( +) +
:3
:
()2
1
2
= 2
198
= 2 +
1
() - 2( )
() ) 1 - 2( = 2 1 -
( 1-)0 +
= 2 - +
:4
:
= 1
()
3 1+
= 2
()
2-3
= 1
()
3 1+
:
= 1
31+
= 1 ( 3 + )1 +
3
= 2
()
2-3
:
2
=
2-3
= 12 - 3 2
= ) 12 -( 2 ( 2 - 3) +
= - ( 2 - 3) +
:5
() = 2 1 +
-1
()
() = 2 1 +
-1
:
() = 1- 1 + 2
= -- 2 ( - 1) +
199
:6
() 1
1
3
()
0
2
() 1 3 = 1 13
1
3 + 1
= [ 13 ]
2
1
= ( 13 - 2 )1
= 1 2
3
3
() 3 + 1 0 = [ 13 ( 3 + 1)]
3
0
= ( 13 - 10 )1
= 13 10
1-7
( )1 :
() ( )2 -
() 3
() ( 2 )1 -
() ( - 1)3
() ( + 2 )1 -
) - 1(
()
() ( )1 -
) + 1(
() ( - 2)
() 1
( )2 :
() =
2
2
1+
() =
() = ( )1 +
3-1
() = ( + 1 )
() = ( 2 )
200
() = ( - 1)
() =
() =
()1 + 2
() = 2
( 1-)0 +
)3 () :
() () = 2
() () = ( 3 + 1)
)4 :
2
() 1
()
3
() () = ( 2 )1 - ( - 1)
1
() () =
1
() - 2
)5:
1
()
( - 1)
2
()
( 2 )3 +
2
()
( 3 )1 -
5
()
( 5 - 1)
1
( ) - 2
) (1 +
3
()
( 4 )1 -
1-
() 3( )1 +
)6 :
1 2
() 3
1
3
3
()
+ 1( 2)
12
()
3 - 2( 2)
2
() ) 1 - 1(
2
1
1
1() 2 + 1( 0)
2
2
()
2 ( 3 1 )1-
)7 = 0 =
2-7
)1 :
() ( )2 + ( )2 +
() 2
)2 () :
() () = ( - 1) ( - 1 )
() ( )1 + 3
)
() () = (
- 1
2
)3 = 2 2 .
2
.
)4 = 2
2
2
= 14 4.
)5 =
2
201
)6 :
1
3
() - 1( ) 2
() 4 ()
( 5 )1 -
-1( 4)
)7 2-:
() - 1(1-)
1-
()
( 3 2 )1 -
)8 2
)9 { ( + })1 + 2
1
( 0)1 + 2
4-7
= +
=
= =
( +) =
= 0
( ) =
: = 1
( ) =
:7
:
()
() 2
2
4- 1
() ( 1 + )
()
31-
202
0
() 3 - 1( 1-)
() ( 2) = 2
() ( 3 3 = )1 -
31-
() ( 4 - 1) = ( 4- 4 - = )1 +
4-1
2 1
() ( + ) = ( 2 + 2 + 2 -) = 2 2 2 -
2-
:8
:
6
() =
3
() = 2
() = 2 1 +
() = 2
= 2 () + ( 2)
= ( 2) + 2 2
= 2 2 + 2
6
() = 3 = 3 6
= 6 [ 3 - 3] + 3 [ 6 - 6]
= 3 - 6 6 - 6
3
3
= ( 3 - 6 2 + 6)
3
() = 2 1 +
= ( 2 + )1 + 2 ( 1 + )
1
= ( 2 2 + )1 + 2 ( 1 + )
= 2 2 1 + +
=
21+
21+
( 2 )1 +
203
:9
() :
() () =
( - 1 )
() () =
2-1
() () =
:
2- 1
() = 2 - 1 ( ) + ( )
2-1
= 2 - 1 2 -
2-1
= 2 - 1 ( 2 - 1)
( - 1)2
() () =
= ( - 1 )2
:
() =
- 1( - 1( + )2( )2 )
= - ( 2 -) - 1( + -( )2 )
= - - ( 2 - 1 +)2
2 - 2 1 -
5-7
:
( +) =
+ = + +
+ = + +
1
+ = + +
( ) =
= +
= +
204
= 1 +
: = 1
= +
:10
:
1
3
() -
()
()
21-
-1
2
()
() 3 = 13 3 +
1
()( - ) = ( - -) = + - +
() 2 1 - = 12 2 + 1 -
()
1 -1
2
= 2 - 1 +
1
= 2 - 2 - + 1 +
1
= 2 - 2 -1 +
:11
1
0 2 - 1
:
1
0 2 - 1 = [ 12- 2 - 1]
1
0
= [ 12- - 1 -]1
= 1 ( 12- -)
= ( 21 ) 1 -
)0.368 - 2.718( 12
1.175
205
3-7
)1 :
()
() 4
()
2 1
() -
()
21+
()
2-
1
() ( - )
()
3-1
)2 () :
() () = 2
() () = ( )1 + 2
1+
() () =
)3 :
3
() =
2 +
() =
() = 2 1 + ( )1 +
2-
)4 :
()
() 2
()
()
21+
() 2 +
1
2
3-
1
()( + )
-1
)5 ():
2
() 2
0
() 2 -
() - 3( 3
2
0
)6 = - + = .0
)7 = - =
4-7
)1 :
() 2 -
206
3-
3 -
()
2
() 2 ( - 3-)
() ( )1 -
() 3-1
() 12 - 3
)2 () :
() () = 2 -
2
21-
() () = ( - ) 12 - 6 () () = 2 +
-
:
)3
2
( )1 -
2
() =
2
-1
() =
- 2
() () = ( 2 - )
() = 1 -
2
2
)4 = ( + 1) 5 25 + 10 - 2 = 0
)5 = 3 = .1
= 1 .
)6 = 2 + 2- .
)7
= +
( ).
= 1 - = 1 360
:12
2 ( 2 )1-
2
0
1
( 2 ( 2 = ))1 - 2 ( 2( + )2 )1 - 2 ()2
= 2 2 2 + 2 ( 2 )1 -
= 4
1
1 2 = 1
4 2
0
0
4
1
2
= 1
( 2 0 )1-
4
207
= [ 14 - 2])1 -( 0
= [ 14]1 + 2
:13
= ( ) . .
= 2 = 0 2
= ( )
1
= ( - ) = -
= -( - )
= - ( ) +
= = 2
2 =
2 =
2 2 - = 0
( 2 2 0 = )1 -
2 = 0
= 0 2 = 0
2=3
= 2 0
2 2
= ( 0 )
4
= = 2 0
2
:
( 4 2 - ) = [ - 2
2
0
= [ ( ) -
4
( - ( ))0
2 4
0
2
= ( ( - )0 - 12 ) 12 - 1
= - 1 - 2 1 + 1
2
= - 12 2
208
)1
:14
2
= (
1+
= 2 - ( )1 +
1
1
= - 1 +
:15
= [ ( ])1 +
= + ( )1 +
1
1
= + 1 +
:16
= ( + 1)
= 5 ( + 1)
5
+ 1 =
)2 ( : +) 1 -
1
= +
()
()
= 1
( +)
1-
)3
( +) +
( +) +
() () =
() ( ) =
() ( +) =
209
)4
() = +
1
() = +
1
() + = + +
:
)1
)2 .
.
.
.
)1
)2 < 0 :
1
( -) =
|| = 1
0
1
1
=
1
+
210
)3
1
> 0
=
1
1
= = 1 = .
.
()
1
=
()1 1
1-7
()
2
( )1
1
2 1
( )
( )2
( 1 )
2 +
1
()
()3
(2 + 1 )4
1
( )
(1 ( )5 )
1
() ( 1 ) = 1 -
)4 =
( !)
:
=
1 + 3
7
9
211
5-7
)1 :
() ( 2 3 - 2) ( 2 )1 -
()2 + 2
()
() 2 2
() 2 3
() 3 - 2
() ( - 1) ( - 1)
)2 :
-1
() = ( + 1 )
() =
1 - 2
1 + 2
() = ( 3 + 2 )4 +
() = 2
)3
() 2
3
()
)6 = 2 = .0
.
)7 ()
() /
- 1( 20 = .)
:
() = 2
() () = 0 = .2
( )8) 0 =
.
() -
2
1 .
( )9) :
-2
( )1
4
( 5 - 1( )2)
( )3 ( 5 )2 +
( )4 2
() = 2 1
1-
( 2 )1 -
3
3 - 1( 5)
4
()
( 4 - 3)
1
2
() ( 2 - )
2
( )1 -
() 1 -
)4 = 2 3 +
212
)5
= = = .2
360
.
( )10) .
()
= 5 - 5 1 -.
10
:
( )1
( )2
( )3
() =
= 1
() = 2 3
( )11) = 1 + =
4 2
( )1
( )2 .
() := (2 + 2) : > .0
5 = 12.
() = 3 - 2
= .32
( )12) = 2 .
0 .
() < 0 < 2
= 3 .
()
= 2 -.
)13 2-7
= . 2 +12
:
()
()
360 .
= 12
2+
2-7
( )14) :
(10 4 )1
2 21+
2
1
3 2 -
(1 )2
7
4
1
( 4 1 )3 3 -
()
= 3 + 2
= 3 = 360 6
( )15) :
2
(1 - 1( )1
) 3 1 -
1
8
( )2
3 02+
2
( 1 )3
1
2 -
()
()
/ = 4 - 4
( )1 = .2
( )2
( )3 () = 2
12
213
)16
3-7
3-7
= 2 = 3 .:
()
()
= + 1
)17
4-7
4-7 = + 1 .
.
( ) = + 1 .
.
()
1
= + 1
= 2 = 360 3 .
() = ( - )
2 - = .
214
( )18)
5-7
5-7 = 2 +12
.
:
( )1 .
( )2 .
() () /
3 - 2 27
=
( 2 )1 +
:
( )1
( )2
( )3 = 1
2
215
=8
216
Vectors
" " ( )1778-1857
17
.
" . ."
.
.
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1-8
60
Representation of Vectors
( )060 .
.
( ) ( )
. =
217
.
.
. .
. :
21- =
0 =
= 23
2
= 0
3-
23- =
1
2- =
= .2- .
= .
2-
= 3-
2
= 3 -
= -
218
( ).
-
( ).
: 1
= 21
2
=
0 =
= 0
2-
2-
(=) :
3- 2- 11
123-
:2
:
3
2
1
:3
3-
1
2- = 4 = :
() -
()
() 2- - = -
1-
= 2
= -
3-
=4-3 = 4 -
219
8
8 :
- 1 :
3
2
1
- 3 :
1 3- 2- 1-
12
3-
- 2 : - 4 = 4- = 2-
:
()
()
() ( )
() ( ) ( )
()
220
3
2
1
3- 2- 1-
123-
()
() -
1
32
- 5 0 = 4- = 3- =
:
()
()
()
.
5
3
2
+ = 2 = 1- + 3
.
.
.......
.
.
5 +.
= 1-
3-= 1
+ .
:
1- 3
2
- = 4 = 1- - 3
1- 3- 2
-( +) = 4 = 1 + 3
- = -( +)
.
-( +)
221
8
.
.
.
=
=
= + +
( ) ( ) . +
= +
+
=
+
=
+ =
:4
()
.
.
( + )i
( )ii +
() + = +
:
() ()i
()ii
()
3
+ = 3 3 = +
+ =+
.
222
:5
() .
.
( + ( )i) +
(( + )ii ) +
() ( + ) ( + = + ) +
:
() ()i
( + )
( )ii ( ) +
+
( +
) +
( ) +
( +
) +
()
( + ) 1 = +
( + 1 = ) +
+ ( ) ( + = + ) +
.
223
8
:6
2 =
() -
() -
= 3- = 0 .
() + -
( - ) +
1
2
+
+
()
=
0 3- 2
() - = 3- 2
= 0
= 1-
1-
5
3
2
1
1
1
() 2 - = -
( - ) 0 + 3- - 2 = +
2
= 2
=
5
:
= +
= +
=
+
( ) .
224
:7
= 12
3-
= 4 .
= +
1
3-
= 4 + 2
2-
= 6
:8
4-
2
= = 5
3-
= +
2
4-
2-
= 5 + 3- -
= 5 + 3
= 28
8
-1
.
() +
() +
() +
( ) -
( - )
( ) -
-2
.
() + +
() + +
() + +
() - +
( + ) -
() - -
225
8
4
1-
- 3 3- = = 0 = 5
() +
() +
( - )
() +
( ) -
( ) -
- 4 1 =
() + +
() - +
( ) - -
(- ) -
- 5 :
2-
() +
=
() +
()
=
+
( )
-
=
(= - )
=
( )
() + +
=
( )
=
+
+
226
= 5 = 1
() + -
( + ) -
- 6
1
()
= 3-
1
1
5
()
8 = = 3
3
2
()
= 1-= 4
85
( )
9 = 5- =
-4
1-
( )
2- = 4- =
3
3
()
3 =
= 7-
0
6
7()
=
=
= 9
17
5 1- 4( ) =7 = 5 = 7-
- 7 : = = =
()
()
- 8 = = =
2-8 ( )
3
1 =
() 2
31 2 =2
6
= 2
2
2
1 2- =2- :
6= 2-
. 2-
.
2 - 2
.
2-
: 9
2-
2 = = 3 = 1- .
() 2 +
() 3 + 2 -
() 3 -
2-
() 2 + = 3 2 + 2
3- 4- 1
= 8 = 6 + 2
0
1
() 1- 3 - 2 = 3 -
1
= 5 = 3-0 - 12
1
2-
() 3 + 1- 2 - 3 3 + 2 =2 -
0
1
6= 2- - 9 + 2
5= 13
227
8
: 10
4 +5( 12 ) 14 ( 2 )
4 +5( 12 ) 41 ( 2 2 + 52 = ) 12 - 2
= 2 + 2 + 52 12 -
= 3+ 9
2 2
= + 3( 23)
: 11
.
() 2 +
() 3 -
:
()
() 1 -2
()
3-
: 12
3-
()
32 -
12 -2
12
2
()
2
2-
( 3 - 1 )
1
2
- 1
, 2 = = 3- = = 3 + .
= 3 +
+ , 3- = 2 3
5 +
3
3- = 6
= 3 6=3 - 5 +
= 9= 2-
228
: 13
: = 3 : 1
= = 4
() ( )
()
()
= : + +
= 4 - 4( 12 + + )
4
= 4 - 2 + + = 2
() = 34 ( : = 3 : 1 : = ) 4 : 3
= 4( 34) = 3
() = +
= 3 2 ( + ) = +
8
1
- 1 1- = =
3-
= 0
() +
() -
() 2 -
(2 ) 3 +
( + 2 - 3 ) ( - 8 + 5 )
- 2 :
() ( 2 + ) -
() 2 - ( 5 - 3)
- 4 //
3= = 6 = 2
()
()
( )
()
- 3
:
() + 2
() 4 - 3( 23) 3 - 2( 12 +)
() - 1
2
() 2 -
(4 ( 1 ) 4 ( 3 - ) - ) -
( )
( )
() 3 - 4( 23) 2 -
(2 - ( )) 2 + 4( 3 -)
3-
- 5 = = 5 2 =
2 = -
( 23 ) 12 -
229
( - 6) 3
= 2+
3
( - 8) : = 3 : 1
. 4
= 4
:
() ()
() .
( ) .
2-
10
= , = =
3
4
( )i 1 3 + .
()
()
()
()
( ) 7
= 42
- 9 = =
()ii - = -
() .
.
() .
.
()
.
() :
-10
3-
4-
2- = = 7 = 1 = )
() :
( )i 3 + 2
( - )ii
() + = 2 .
230
8-4 :
()
3 =
"".
3+24
=
= 25
= 5
=
=+ 2 2
: 14
3 = = 1-
3+25 =
= 34
= 5.83 ( ).
)1-(+ 22 =
= 5
= 2.24 ( )
231
8
: 15
= 4 ( :) 2
() 2 = 4
6
=8
() 2-
() 2
() =2
()2 - = 4
6= 8-
8 + 26 =2
= 25 2
= 5 2
= 10
)8-(+ 2)6-( =2
= 100
= 100
= 10
= 10
4 + 23
= - = .
: 16
2 = :
() ( 3)8- )( 5
() 2 3 =3
= 6
()5
5
=2 5
= 10
++
: 17
(8- )
2 =
3-
() +
() +
() 2 -
= 5 :
( ) -
() +5 + 2)3-( + 22 + 21 =
232
= 34 + 5
= 5.831+2.336
= 8.07
8
=2 8
= 16
( )
() + =
7 = , 5 + 2
1
2-
3-
= 7 + 2)2-(
= 53
= ( 7.28 )
3-
() 2 2 - 5 2 =-
71
6= 8 = 2 - 10
22 --
28 + 2)7-( = -
= 113
= ( 10.6 )
(2 )2 = -
=5 - 43 2
2.236 )5.831( 2
= 9.43 ( ).
2 + 21 - 25 + 2)3-(
: 18
= 2- 5 = ()
:
= +
= 3 = 5 + 2-
3 + 24 =
= 25
= 5
233
8
: 19
3
= 4- = . :
()
()
:
() //
6
= .
4- =
3
6
4- =
2=
6 = 3
=4-
= )2( 4 -
=8-
() = 8-
)8-( + 26 =
= 100
= 10
: 20
= : 2 =
2 - = =
()
()
() .
2 =
() 2 - =
// = 2 =
= 1 = =
2
() .
() =
=-
234
=-
2 -
1-
= 1 :
()
-1 3 =
()
() 2
(3- )
( ) 1
2
(3- )
() -
() -
() +2
() +2
()
()
. 4 = 3.52 = 4
//
:
() .
() .
5 8 = = :
()
() =
( )i ( )ii
)iii(
4 = 12 = - 3 //
:
() .
()
= 4 =
3-
2
13 = = 8-
- 9
13 =
1
4-
= .
2 =
7 = 10
10.5
() 3 +
//
()
()
.
()
7
:
= 6-8
2 =
()
//
.
()
2
8-
6 = 4- = 6 :
()
() 2 =
= 4 = 8- = 8
() 2 + .
()
() //
235
8
- 11 =
2= 2 -= : 2=
() .
()
( )
4-
- 12 = 3 = 5 =
( )i
( )ii 3+2
( )iii 2=-
() :
= 2 6= 2=
( )i
( )ii .
( )iii
( )vi .
- 13 = 2
3 -= =
()
() .
236
( )3 2
()1 3
( )1- 4
23 =
= 1
1- = .
() ()3 2
() ()1 3
() (.)1 - 4
: () .
.
.
( ) = () .
. :
=
()
= +
= - +
= +-
=-
= -
= -
()
= = :
=
=
: 21
)0 7( = 2 .
0 =
. = +
7
= 2 + 0
10
. (.)2 10
= 2
237
8
:22
1
( )12 10( )3 4 = 2
() ( )
( ) () .
:
1
() - =
() = 2
1
=
10
4
3
= - 12
3
2
6
= 3 = 9 13
= 69
+
=
( )
4
= 6 = 3 + 3
: 23
:
)1 0( ( )31( )2 2 - .
.) (
=
0
2-
= 2 - 1
2
=
1-
= 3 -
1 -
= 3 -
1 -
2
3 - = 1-
3 = 1- - 1 = 2 -
= 3
2 =
(.)2 3
238
( )31
()
)1 0(
()2- 2-
1
- 9=
= 4
2-
- 3 ( )118( )3 4
1
. 3 =
:
()
()
( -) ( ).
()i
() .
9-
15
- 11 = = 10 = 8-
() ( )i 2 )ii( +
1
- 4 () 4- =
( .)1 - 2 -
() = + .
() .
2
2
( ) 1 = 1- =
.
- 10 )1 1( :
35
= =
2
4
()
()
( )
.
1 )1 6( =
3
- 2 )0 2 -( ( )4 5 -
2
=
3
()
() .
.
- 5 ()
)21( )1 2-(
.
- 6 = 8-6
()
() )37( .
() // 1 =
2
.
3-
2 = 4 = = - 12
4() .
() ( ) -2
( ) .
- 13
6-
7 = 8
()
()
( ) )3 7(
7
- 8 = 1 5- =
() .
() )6 ( )0 2 -(
( )i .
( )ii //
( )iii =
6 == 2-
() :
( )i
( )ii
() 9 = = .
239
8
6-8 :
: 24
= = :
( )
()
()
:
() = -
() 34 =
= 34 -
( ) = +
= ( 34 + )-
= 34 + 14
= 3 + ( 14)
34 =
: 25
9 =
= 6 23 =
:1 : 2 = :
() :
( )i
( )ii
( )iii
( )iv
() // :
( ) :
( )ii) (i
() ( )i =
-
= 6 9 -
= 2( 3 ) 3 -
240
( // )ii =
= = 6
23 =
= 6( 23)= 4
= +
= 4 + 9
( )iii
=
=9
1 : 2 = :
23 =
= 6 =) 9( 23
= +
= 6 6 +
= +( 6)
( = )iv -
= ( 6 + 6) 4 + 9( -)
= 2 3 -
() = 2 ( 3 ) 3 -
= 3
//
( )i( ) 3 =
= 3
//
1 =
3
( )i i
2
=
1 =2 1
9 3
: 26
= =
12 = 2 = :
() :
( )i
( )iv
( )iii
( )ii
()
( ) :
( )i
()ii
241
8
:
() ( )i
=-
( )ii 12 =
: 3 =
:
2 =
=
+
: - = 3 +
- 3 =
1 =
2 =
()iii
( = )iv +
= ( - 3 ( 13 + ) -)
= 13 - + -
= 23
() 23 =
= 23
//
()
=
()i
3
1
= - 3 ( 3)
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
( // )ii
2
=
2 2
= 3
242
= 4
9
3 : 2 .
5 = = 1 : 2
= .
3 = =
()
( )iv
( )ii
()
() )iv) (iii(- .
( )i
=
( )iii
: .
()
()
- 2 = = =
3 ( )
1 = =
2 :1 .
()
()
4 = =
243
8
- 6 = 2
=
3 -= .
()
( )ii
( )iii
( )i
() .
() .
- 16
= 4. 4 +
()
() = . 2 -
() :
()i
( )ii
( )iii
9
. 2 =
4 = = 4
()
= 5 = .
244
()
)i(:
( )iii
()
()
()ii
() :
()i
( )ii
( )iv
( :) (( )i) ()iv
= 3 =
-8 = 4 4 =
() = . 14
.
10
5 = = = .
() :
( )i
() := + 4 ( 25)
()i
()
()
()
()
( )ii () ( )
.
( )iii
()
() :
( )i
( )ii
( )iii
12 = = . 2 =
() :
( )i
( )ii
2-
( )ii .
()i
( )ii
() 2 ( +) 2 -
( )iii 2 : +
() : = = 3 = .
2 = =
() =
( )i .
( - 11) = 2- = 9 = 3-
- 4 =
( )ii
( )iii
. 2 -
() 7 = 8 =
= 57:
( )i .
( )ii .
( )ii .
245
-1
... .
....
-2 .
-3 .
-4 - .
-5 .
=+
-6 :
() = .
() ( )i >
( )ii <
-7 ( ) = () .
-8 () : = =
: = - = . -
-6 = = + 2
246
1-
=2
= 0
4=
6
2=
= +
= 1 +
1
1 1
12 = 22 = 4 2 =
3 4
1 2
4
3
2
1
4 1 1
0 2 + 4 =
3
4=
= -
1
= 2 - 3
2 4
1
= 2 22
3
6
12 = 1 = 2 12 =
= +
=1 +
2
16
= 2 12 + 2
5 12
= 3
247
= -
3
5 21
=1 - 3
2 21
= 2
=
= //
.
- 3 ( . )2
() ( 2 + ) - 2
(- 1) .
( )i
( )ii
2
1
1 2
12-
2- 1-
1() 3 = .
- 2 .
:
() +
() 4 + 3 +
( 7( - ) ) 5 +
( ) 2 - 3 -
.
()
() .
() -
24
0
=
- 4 5 1- 3 =
.
() 3 +
248
- 6 )4 6( ( )5 3
4-
9- =
.
()
()
3-
() 2 + .
() .
( )
1-
4.5-
2- = 4 = - 7 =
( - 9) = =
= =
( )i
.
()ii
4
6
() 1- 3
7 ()
6
[ ] :
( )i
()iii
()ii
: 13 =
() = 12
( ) 6- =
3
() = .
4
()
2=
= 2 .
()
( )iii
( )i
( )ii
( )v( )iv
() :
( (i ) )ii
249
Answers
250
Answers
( -1) 8
2 1-
=4=3=2=1
() 1 )( 1
-2
()i( )
3 7 - 5
7
9
8
2
()i i i
20
5
3-
()i i
6
2
0
7
21
-1
0
3-
-2 = 5- = 10 = 2 = 5-
3
17 115
-3
0
0
5-
( -4) ( 3)
() .
+ -5 =
2
2
)i i( -6
14- 111- 16
-7
-8
2
5
15
()
- =
0
4
10 4 4
0 4- 1
(13 )
2
3
0 0
0 0
2
7
1
7
3
7
27
17 =
Answers
252
253
Answers
254
255
Answers
256
257
Answers
258
259
Answers
260
261
Answers
262
263
Answers
264
265