SQL

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SQL

SQL

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what is SQL?

SQL (Structure Query Language)

data

data

programming language

SQL

ANSI

(American National Standards Institute ) standard language

version
SQL statement

database

web page
ASP

data

server-side scripting language

visual

Basic

program

database

RDBMS(relational database management system )

language
(

modern database system

)

PHP or

SQL
MS
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SQL

Server,

IBM

DB2,

Oracle,

MySQL,

and

Microsoft

Access

RDBMS
DBMS

data
table

column

DBMS

column name

table

coloumns and rows

data type

column

row

column

records

table
database

data
data

system

server

Microsoft

SQL

Server

Express

Microsoft SQL Server Express

SQL syntax

Server installation
SQL Server
run

download

-->

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installation

server

connect

sql server

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SQL Server

Server

database and

table

sql query

data

database

database

right click

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Table Basic
Relational

database

system

table object
information

database

table
column

column name data

column
column

row
data

Database
database

table
table

table

records
kyawko

database
kyawko

object explorer

table
right click

data type

new

table

data type
data type
table dasign

name

)
data

table

column and row

type

table

column
table dasign

-->

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Table design

table

right click

data

table

Edit Top 200 Rows

data

execute sql

table

columns 5
database

row

row 4

record

database
Database name = Tutorial
Database table = Lesson
database
tool

sql server
sql code
table

sql

language

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SQL - Queries

Sql
query

query

question

database
language

language

query

query

database
database query

select query
(
action

action query

select query

table

query

data
data

and deleting

insert ,updating

SQL Statement

statement
semicolon (;)

semicolon

database system
Server

statement

MS SQL

(;)

SQL DML and DDL

Sql

database

data
Data

Manipulation Language (DML)

and Data Definition Language (DDL)

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Data Manipulation Language (DML)

DML

database

data
Query

update

comment

DML
SELECT - database

data

UPDATE - database

data

DELETE - database

data

INSERT INTO - database

data

Data Definition Language (DDL)

Sql

DDL

database table

create and delete

DDL statement

CREATE DATABASE - database

ALTER DATABASE - database
CREATE TABLE - database

table

ALTER TABLE - table

DROP TABLE table
CREATE INDEX table

(search key)

DROP INDEX table

SQl SELECT Statement

(

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Select statement

database

data
Select statement

language

statement

SQL

select statement

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
SELECT

table

column

table

FROM
table

table

database

table

Name column

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Select Name
from lesson
Name

(*)

sql language
table

column

shortcat

data

(*)

shortcat

Select * from

lesson

table

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DISTINCT Statement and Where clause

Column

data
column
DISTINCT

SELECT

Keyword

data
data
DISTINCT

DISTINCT

Keyword

column_name(s)

FROM table_name

table

country column

DISTINCT

SELECT DISTINCT Country FROM lesson

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Country column

dat

data

column

Where Clause
Clause

statement

queries

where clause

conditional statement

query
row

SQl
conditional stratement

true value
return

return

row
where clause

operator

single quotes or double quotes

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- numeric values

quotes

-->

where clause

SELECT

column_name(s)

FROM

table_name

WHERE column_name operator value

table

Name

column

where clause

where

clause

operator
database

name=turorial

,tablename

=lesson

SELECT * FROM lesson

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Where Name = 'kyawko'

Kyawko

Name column

WHERE Clause

row

Operators

Equal

<>

Not equal

>

Greater than

<

Less than

>=

Greater than or equal

<=

Less than or equal

BETWEEN
LIKE

Column

data

IN

data

select

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SQL AND & OR Operators

And

operators
record

operator

where clause

SELECT * FROM lesson

Where Name ='kyawko' AND Country ='myanmar'

code

Name column

Country column

record
record (kyawko)

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OR operator

record

table

table

SELECT * FROM lesson

Where Name ='warwar' OR Country ='Thai'

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And

SELECT * FROM lesson

Where Name ='warwar' AND ( Country ='myanmar' OR Country ='Thai')

ORDER BY Keyword

Order by keyword

sql query

result

record
DECS keyword

-->

SELECT

column_name(s)

FROM

table_name

ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC

lesson

table

database

name=turorial ,tablename =lesson

SELECT * FROM lesson

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ORDER BY Name

ORDER BY DESC
record

DECS keyword

SELECT * FROM lesson

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ORDER BY Name DESC

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SQL AND & OR Operators

And

operators
record

operator

where clause

SELECT * FROM lesson

Where Name ='kyawko' AND Country ='myanmar'

code

Name column

Country column

record
record (kyawko)

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OR operator

record

table

table

SELECT * FROM lesson

Where Name ='warwar' OR Country ='Thai'

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And

OR

SELECT * FROM lesson

Where Name ='warwar' AND ( Country ='myanmar' OR Country ='Thai')

ORDER BY Keyword

Order by keyword

sql query

result

record
DECS keyword

-->

SELECT

column_name(s)

FROM

table_name

ORDER BY column_name(s) ASC|DESC

lesson

table

database

name=turorial ,tablename =lesson

SELECT * FROM lesson

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ORDER BY Name

ORDER BY DESC
record

DECS keyword

SELECT * FROM lesson

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ORDER BY Name DESC

Insert Into Statement and UPDATE Statement

Insert Into Statement

table
data

Data

column name

Data

column name

data
insert

table

new
data

(
(

data(row)
numeric

)
)

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quotes

(1)
INSERT INTO lesson
VALUES (5,'Khnie',0936258,'yangon','myanmar')

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(2)

row

column

data

column
-->
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)

(2)

table

data

INSERT INTO lesson (P_id ,Name ,Address )

VALUES(6,'Zin Mar',092581472)

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(3)

UPDATE Statement
SQL UPDATE

table rows
command

syntax

where clause

clause

record

UPDATE
where

records

update

where clause
records
where clause

SET

update

data

column name

conditional

statement
-->
UPDATE

table_name

SET

column_name=value,

column_name=value2,...

WHERE column_name

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table

record

update

UPDATE lesson
SET phone=09258978, Country ='malaysia' ,Address = kuala lumpur
WHERE Name = 'thuthu'

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SQL LIKE Operator and DELETE Statement

Like operator

column

data

Like operator
like

SQL wildcards
operator

wildcards

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name LIKE pattern

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Wildcards %
data

wildcars %

data

where clause
data

column

table
table

country column

data

SELECT * FROM lesson

WHERE Country LIKE 'm%'

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data
wildcard

% char %

character
table

table

SELECT * FROM lesson

WHERE Name LIKE '%hin%'

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Wildcards _
( _ )

data
table

khnie

select

SELECT * FROM lesson

WHERE Name LIKE '_hine'

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Wildcard [charlist]
[] wildcard

data

Name column
or

or

eiei

select

[]

table

wildcard

SELECT * FROM lesson

WHERE Name LIKE '[mqe]%'

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[ ] wildcard

[^ charlist]
server

version

Microsoft SQL Server Express

[^charlist]

[! charlist]

select

SELECT * FROM lesson

WHERE Country LIKE '[^msc]%'

DELETE Statement

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DELETE Statement
where clause

table

row

conditional statement

where clause

table

rows

-->
DELETE

FROM

table_name

WHERE column_name
table

row

DELETE FROM lesson

WHERE Name ='eiei'

SQL Execute

row(eiei)

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BETWEEN Operator

Between operator
data

data

select

database
between

operator

-->

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name
BETWEEN value1 AND value2

table

database
table

name

between operator

select

--

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SELECT

FROM

lesson

WHERE

Name

BETWEEN 'kyawko' AND 'koko'

sql server
warwar

1.

kyawko

select

database

kyawko

koko data

data list
AND

operator

database

select
kyawko

koko data

data list
operator
3.

kyawko

data list

Name
between

AND operator

database

Name
between operator

data field
2.

koko

select
koko data

Name
between operator

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AND

operator
select

select
database
database

SQL Joins

Joins keyword

table

table
table

table

key column

key column

row

key column

data

key column
column

primary

column

secondary

primary column
data
primary
table

row

column
table

primary

server

tool

SQL Query
create database

table

data type
server

primary column
primary

column
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table -> design >

column

right

click -> primary

table

table

inner join ,left join , right join and full join

table
table

primary column

table

primary column

P_id column
table

list table

lesson

O_id

list

P_id column

lesson table
Lesson table

Darabase =tutorial ,Table name= lesson ,primary column = P_id

List table

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Database =tutorial , tablename = list , primary column = O_id

table

data

table

INNER JOIN Keyword

INNER JOIN Keyword

table
row

INNER JOIN

row
primary key
-->

SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
INNER JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name= table_name2.column_name

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select

table

column
color

SELECT lesson.Name,lesson.Country,list.NRIC
FROM lesson
INNER JOIN list
ON lesson .p_id= list.p_id

table

table

result table

LEFT JOIN Keyword

table
row
(

row
table

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inner join

left join and right join

primary column
table

row

left join

table

row
table

row

table

table

left join keyword

-->
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
LEFT JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name

table name test

SELECT lesson .Name ,lesson .Country ,test2.NRIC

(

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FROM lesson
LEFT JOIN test2
ON lesson .P_id =test2 .P_id

table

NRIC

NULL

table

row
--

RIGHT JOIN KEYWORD

table

row

table

table

keyword

left

right join

right

table
(

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SELECT lesson .Name ,lesson .Country ,test2.NRIC

FROM lesson
RIght JOIN test2
ON lesson .P_id =test2 .P_id

FULL JOIN Keyword

Full join keyword

table

row

result table

primary

key

row

SELECT lesson .Name ,lesson .Country ,lesson.Phone ,lesson.Address ,test2.NRIC

FROM lesson
full JOIN test2

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ON lesson .P_id =test2 .P_id

table

row (4)

table

full join

row (6)

row
NULL

CEARTE DATBASE and CREATE TABLE

Server
database

tool
table

sql

primary column

statement

data type

-->
(

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CREATE DATABASE database_name

CREATE TABLE table_name
Creat table
column

table

column

data type

data type

column
(

comer)

data type
table

-->

CREATE TABLE test3

(
K_No int,
Name varchar(255),
Phone varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
Country varchar(255)
)

Table

column
data

column

INSERT INTO , UPDATE

statement
SQL

constraintions

NULL
Table

column

null
data

NULL
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column

data

data

SQL server
record

NULL
table

table

NULL

IS NULL
IS NULL

table

Select

table

NULL

column

table

NULL

SELECT

SELECT k_no ,Name,Address FROM koko

WHERE Address IS NULL

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IS NOT NULL
NULL

data

select

SELECT k_no ,Name,Address FROM koko

WHERE Address IS NOT NULL

SQL constraintions
Constraints
data type

table

data
table

NOT NULL
(

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UNIQUE
PRIMARY KEY
FOREIGN KEY
CHECK
DEFAULT
NULL constraint
Table

column

null
not null constraint

not

null

null

column

not null

column

row

CREATE TABLE kyawko

(K_No int NOT NULL,
Last_Name varchar (30) NOT NULL,
First_Name varchar(30));

table

column

lastname

, K_No

data

row

null

not null
row

data
column

column

not null

not null
table

Not Null

column

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INSERT INTO kyawko (Last_Name, First_Name) values ('ma','Khine');

INSERT INTO

values

sql server

message

SQL Constraints

Unique constraint

database table

recod

)
unique

unique
unique constraint

constraint

primary

key

constraint

primary key constraint

unique

primary key

CREATE TABLE student1

(
P_Id int NOT NULL unique,
Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);

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P_id
column

data

unique

P_id

error message

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SQL PRIMARY KEY Constraint
Table

column

column

row
columns
table

primary key

primary key constraint

table

key constraint

primary key
column

primary

primary key

key

NULL

constraint
table

Database Engine

primary
(

primary key column

unique index
primary key

unique index

data

primary key constraint

sql server

data)

primary key constraint

data
queries

unique

server
-->

CREATE TABLE Student

(
P_Id int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstNama varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
Country varchar(255)
)

SQL FOREIGN KEY Constraint

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Foreign key
column

column

table
table

) column
data

link

foreign key constraints

table

table

foreign key

primary key

column

column
link

sql server

table
column

table

link
foreign key

-->

CREATE TABLE list

(
O_Id int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
NRIC int NOT NULL,
P_Id int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES lesson(P_Id)
)
join table

table

lesson

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List table

P-id

lesson table
list table

primary key

P_id

O_id

lesson table

list table

foreign key

P_id

SQL CHECK Constraint

Check constraint

column
Check constraint
valid

valid

logical expression (true or false )

expressin

false

column

column

logical
data insert or updatae

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ALTER table statement

-->

Column_Name Datatype (size) CHECK (Logical_Expression)

p_id column

check

p_id column

( integer)

data

CREATE TABLE Persons

(
P_Id int NOT NULL CHECK (P_Id>0),
Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,
phone varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
Country varchar(255)
)

SQL DEFAULT Constraint

Default constraint

columne

default
column
default

new record
(

default
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--

column

table

column
default
default value

data
value

-->

CREATE TABLE student

(
P_Id int NOT NULL,
Name varchar(255) NOT NULL,

Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255) DEFAULT 'TaungDwingyi'
)

City
City

edit

default value
NULL

column
sql query

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default values

table

SQL CREATE INDEX Statement

Insex
index

user

index

statement

statement

data

table

query
-->

CREATE

INDEX

index_name

ON table_name (column_name)

databasename= tutorial , tablename= lesson

CREATE INDEX namelist

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ON lesson (Name)

Column

inxed

column name

(,)
DROP Statement
Drop statement

database , table ,column and index

Table

index

-->

DROP

INDEX

table_name.index_name
Table

--> DROP TABLE table_name

Database

--> DROP DATABASE database_name

Column

-->

DROP COLUMN column_Name (alter statement

ALTER Staement
Alter statement

table
(

Columns

column

)
-->
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name data type

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stdent table

column
data type

table

Name column

ALTER TABLE student

ADD Name varchar

table

name column

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Column

datatype
data
data

type

data type
ALTER

data type

statement

-->
ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype
student1 table
column

Name column

data type

data
data type

data type
ALTER TABLE student1
ALTER COLUMN Name Text

DROP COLUMN
(

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table

column

DROP

DROP

-->

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name
databasename=tutorial ,tablename=stdent1
ALTER TABLE student1
DROP COLUMN Name

SQL CREATE INDEX Statement

Insex
index

user

index

statement

statement

data

table

query
-->

CREATE

INDEX

index_name

ON table_name (column_name)

databasename= tutorial , tablename= lesson

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CREATE INDEX namelist
ON lesson (Name)

Column

inxed

column name

(,)
DROP Statement
Drop statement

database , table ,column and index

Table

index

-->

DROP

INDEX

table_name.index_name
Table

--> DROP TABLE table_name

Database

--> DROP DATABASE database_name

Column

-->

DROP COLUMN column_Name (alter statement

ALTER Staement
Alter statement

table
(

Columns

column

)
-->
ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name data type

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stdent table

column
data type

table

Name column

ALTER TABLE student

ADD Name varchar

table

name column

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Column

datatype
data
data

type

data type
ALTER

data type

statement

-->
ALTER TABLE table_name
ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype
student1 table
column

Name column

data type

data
data type

data type
ALTER TABLE student1
ALTER COLUMN Name Text

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DROP COLUMN
table

column

DROP

DROP

-->

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name
databasename=tutorial ,tablename=stdent1
ALTER TABLE student1
DROP COLUMN Name

L Date

Date

table column

timestamp

SQL timestamp
SQL
standard

timestamp

date

database table

data and time

DATE - format YYYY-MM-DD

DATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
SMALLDATETIME - format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
TIMESTAMP - format: a unique number

Sql

server

built_in
SQL

function
Query
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table
built_in function

built_in

function

date

function

row

date

timestamp

GETDATE() function
GETDATE() function

sql

server
date

date

and time
2012-12-05

02:26:45.443

--

table

clss

datetime column
table

getdate() function
row
datetime

date

datatype

CREATE TABLE student

(
No int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
Name varchar(50) NOT NULL,
class datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT GETDATE()
)

Table

data

INSERT INTO student4(st_no, Name) VALUES (3,'War War')

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Datepart() function
Datepart() function

table
(

datepart ()function

date
)

arguments (

--> DATEPART( datepart,date)

1. Datapart = date expression

2. Date = argument (column name)

date expression

datepart() function

datepart

Abbreviation

year

yy,yyyy,year

quarter

qq,q
(

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month

mm,m

datofyear

dy,y

day

day,

week

wk,ww

Weekday

dw,w

Weekday

dw,w

hour

hh

minutes

mi,n

second

ss,s

millisecond

ms

microsecond

mcs
datepart

select

SELECT
DATEPART(YEAR,'2012-5-12') AS 'OrderYear'
('2012-5-12' )

Year

select

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table

date

select

table

datepart() function

student4 table

SELECT DATEPART(YEAR ,class) AS Year,

DATEPART(MINUTE ,class) AS Month,
DATEPART(DAY ,class) AS Day,
Name FROM student4
WHERE st_no=1

table --

DateADD() function
DateADD() function

table
DateADD() function

date
argument

--> DATEADD(datepart,number,date)

1. Number =

(-)
2012

2014

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SELECT DATEADD(year, 2, 2012-5-12) AS AddoneYear;

table

date

select

table

2012

student4 table
student4 table

code

dateadd() function
date

2016

SELECT st_no,DATEADD(YEAR,4,class) AS OrderPayDate

FROM student4

DateDIFF()function

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dateDIFF()function

date

time
-->

DATEDIFF(datepart,startdate,enddate)
SELECT DATEDIFF(yy,'2012-05-12','2011-08-05') AS betweenDate

SQL Function

SQl server
(

data

return

built-in function
Aggregate Functions

Scalar Functions

sql function type

1. Rowset Functions
2. Aggregate Functions
3. Ranking Functions
4. Scalar Functions

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Aggregate Functions
Aggregate Functions
Aggregate
Functions

function

--

1.AVG() - Returns the average value

2.COUNT() - Returns the number of rows
3.FIRST() - Returns the first value
4.LAST() - Returns the last value
5.MAX() - Returns the largest value
6.MIN() - Returns the smallest value
7.SUM() - Returns the sum
AVG() function
AVG() function

column
book table
AVG()

SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name

Book

table

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SELECT AVG(Price) AS bookAverage FROM Book

customer name

operator

column
where clause

book

table
SELECT * FROM Book
WHERE Price>(SELECT AVG(Price)FROM Book)

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Count () Function
Count () Function

table

Row
Count () Function

NULL

SELECT COUNT(column_name) FROM table_name

Table

row

(*)
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name
price column

500

SELECT COUNT(price) AS CustomerNilsen FROM book

WHERE Price='500'

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SQL COUNT(DISTINCT column_name)

column
Name

column

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Name) AS NumberofBookcustomer FROM book

FIRST ( ) function

column

SELECT FIRST(column_name) FROM table_name

LAST ( ) function

column

--> SELECT LAST(column_name) FROM table_name

Max() function
Max() function

column

char
Price column

SELECT MAX(Price) AS LargestOrderPrice FROM book

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MIN() function
MIN() function

column

char
Price column

SELECT MIN(Price) AS smallestOrderPrice FROM book

SUM() Function
SUM() Function

column

SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name

price column

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SELECT SUM(Price) As Pricestotla FROM book

Scalar Functions
Scalar Functions

data
Scalar

Functions

UCASE()Function
UCASE()Function

data
SQl server

Uppercase
UPPER()
SELECT UPPER(column_name) FROM table_name

table

Name

column

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SELECT UPPER(Name) as Name FROM student3

LCASE()Function
LCASE()Function

data
SQl server

lowercase
LOWER()

UPPER

Lower

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SELECT lower(City) as myNativetown FROM student3

MID() Function
MID() Function

characters
--

server

MID()

function

SELECT MID(column_name,start[,length]) FROM table_name

Column_name =
Start = characters

characters

column
( 1)

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Length=

characters

student3 table

Name column

characters

SELECT MID(Name,1,4) as myfriendsname FROM student3

LEN() Fucntion
LEN() Fucntion

data
SELECT

LEN(column_name)

FROM table_name
stdent3 table

Address column

SELECT LEN(address) FROM student3

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ROUND()Function
ROUND()Function
-- >
SELECT ROUND(column_name,decimals) FROM table_name
1. Decimals=

(
book table

price column

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SELECT Price, ROUND(Price,3) as UnitPrice FROM book

SQL Data type

Microsoft

SQL

server
database table

data type

column

data

type

column
data type

data
data type
memory

int

colum
(

char

column

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data type
data type

Character data type

Character data type

Zip code
character

fixed-length character string

variable length character string

fixed-length character string

user

character

char(10)

10

char(10)

char
memory

character string

variable length

character
char
table

memory

character

fixed-length

data type
variable length

Character String
Data type

Description

char(n)

Fixed-length character string

Storage

. characters

8,000
varchar(n)

Variable-length character string

characters

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8,000
varchar(max)

. characters

Variable-length character string

1,073,741,824

text

. Maximum 2GB of

Variable-length character string

text data

Unicode String
Data type

Description

Storage

nchar(n)

Fixed-length Unicode data type

characters

4,000
nvarchar(n)

Variable-length Unicode data type

. characters

4,000
nvarchar(max)

Variable-length Unicode data. characters

ntext

Variable-length Unicode data type

536,870,912
. Maximum 2GB of

text data

Integer data type

Integer data type

numeric data

int data type

int

Data type

Description

Storage

tinyint

Allows whole numbers from 0 1 byte

to 255

smallint

-32,768 and 32,767

int

-2,147,483,648

2 byte
and 4 byte

2,147,483,647
float

-1.79E + 308 to 1.79E + 4 or 8 bytes

308.

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-10^38 +1 to 10^38 1.

Decimal(p,s)

5-17 byte

Date type
Date type

combination date

time value

table
time

Data type

Description

Storage

datetime

January 1, 1753

December 31, 9999

time

8 bytes

3.33 milliseconds
datetime2

January 1, 0001

December 31, 9999

time

nanoseconds

bytes

smalldatetime

January 1, 1900

June 6, 2079

date

January 1, 0001

December 31, 9999

time

6-8

time

nanoseconds

4 bytes
3 bytes
3-5
bytes

datetimeoffset

The same as datetime2 with the addition of a time zone offset

8-10
bytes

timestamp

timestamp
table

binary number
timestamp variable

Binary data type

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Binary data type

True/False, Yes/No, and On/Off values

Binary data type

0,1 and

NULL
Data type

Description

Storage

bit

Allows 0, 1, or NULL

binary(n)

Fixed-length binary data. Maximum 8,000 bytes

varbinary(n)

Variable-length binary data. Maximum 8,000 bytes

varbinary(max)

Variable-length binary data. Maximum 2GB

image

Variable-length binary data. Maximum 2GB

Group By statement

Group By statement

aggregate function

query

result
-

-- >

SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)

FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
(

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customer
group

sum()

function

SELECT Name,SUM(BookPrice) FROM book1

GROUP By Name

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Book1

table

column

SELECT Name,orderDate,SUM(bookPrice) As price FROM book1

Group By Name,orderDate

500
Count() function

name column

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SELECT name, COUNT(*) as "Number of book"

FROM book1
WHERE BookPrice > 500
GROUP BY Name

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