Cold Flow Model of Dual Fluidized Bedshrestha2016

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53 (2016) 15291548
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser
Cold ow model of dual uidized bed: A review

Siddhartha Shrestha, Brahim Si Ali n, Mahar Diana Binti Hamid
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 16 September 2014
Received in revised form
24 May 2015
Accepted 17 September 2015
Available online 10 November 2015
Gasication in dual uidized bed gasier (DFBGs) has proven itself as a promising technology. Apart from
gasication, dual uidized bed (DFB) technology has also been utilized for CO2 capture-chemical looping
combustion (CLC), calcium looping (CaL) and adsorption enhanced reforming (AER). Although pilot
plants applying these technologies are available, still need improvement to be commercially viable.
Fundamentally, the performance of the reactor depends upon the uid dynamics within the reactor. So
cold ow models (CFMs) are widely used in order to study the process fundamentals such as: pressure
drop, solid fraction and solid circulation rate, to improve the operation and tackle the problem by
troubleshooting. This paper outlines the application of scaling relationships to realize the hydrodynamic
similarity among the industrial scale plant, the laboratory scale and CFMs of dual uidized bed (DFB).
Moreover, the occurring uidization regimes and the stable operating regions in the cold model of DFB
have been explored by reviewing the existing data in the literature. The pressure proles, solid fraction
proles and the solid circulation rate obtained from the existing studies are presented and discussed
together with the effect of the parameters inuencing their behavior.
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Dual uidized bed gasiers
Dual uidized bed
Calcium looping combustion
Chemical looping combustion
Adsorption enhanced reforming
Cold ow models
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Application of scaling laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fluidization regimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operational map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure prole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solid fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solid circulation rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.
Effect of gas velocity in riser, inventory and particle property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2.
Effect of air staging in riser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3.
Effect of gas velocity in loop-seal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.
Effect of gas velocity in BFB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Acknowledgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Introduction
The energy demand has been growing gradually due to the
increase of population and the rapid development of the advanced
technology. In response, contemporary world is looking for a
n
sustainable alternative resources to fulll the energy demandsupply cycle [1,2]. A few decades ago, the world was solely
dependent on fossil fuels. However, rising problems like global
warming and dearth of the natural energy resources have aroused
scientists attention to realize the incorporation of some accrual
Corresponding author. Tel.: 60 3 79676896; fax: 60 3 79675319.

E-mail addresses: shresthasid@gmail.com (S. Shrestha), brahim@um.edu.my (B.S. Ali), mahar.diana@um.edu.my (M.D. Binti Hamid).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.034
1364-0321/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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S. Shrestha et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53 (2016) 15291548
Notations
A
Ar
Cs
Cv
D

dp
dp
De
Fl
Fr, FrD
g
G
H
h/l
Iv
Le
M
_
m
P
Q
Re
S/T
t
T
U
u*
V
V*
w
z
area (m2)
Archimedes number (dimensionless)
dimensionless solid loading (dimensionless)
volume concentration of circulating solids (dimensionless)
diameter (m)
dimensionless particle size (dimensionless)
particle diameter (m)
ratios of solid to uid densities (dimensionless)
ow number (dimensionless)
Froude number (dimensionless)
acceleration of gravity (m/s2)
solid circulation rate (kg/(m2 s))
height (m)
height/base line ratio (dimensionless)
total inventory, total particle mass load (kg)
length ratio (dimensionless)
dimensionless mass turnover (dimensionless)
mass ow, (kg/s)
pressure, (Pa)
volumetric ow rate, (m3/h)
Reynolds number (dimensionless)
ratio of secondary to total air ow (dimensionless)
time (s)
temperature (C)
velocity (m/s)
dimensionless gas velocity (dimensionless)
Volume ow rate (m3/h)
dimensionless volumetric ow rate (dimensionless)
opening width of the riser exit (m)
height of accumulated material (m)
Greek letter
P x
s;core
pressure drop through component x (Pa)

voidage (dimensionless)
radially averaged solids fraction in the core of the riser
closer to the riser exit
density (kg/m3)
viscosity (Pa s)
sphericity (dimensionless)
aerodynamic factor
Subscripts
alternative resources that could overcome the said problems [35].

A great deal of effort has been made to achieve this goal. These
investigations introduced biomass as the most suitable substitute
for fossil fuels [4,68]. It can also be used as additional raw
material mainly generating heat and electricity [7,911]. Moreover,
Biomass gasication can be one of the solutions for the existing
pollution problems and the increasing need of energy [12].
Gasication is a thermo-chemical conversion of any solid fuels,
such as, coal, petroleum, coke, plastics, biomass and solid wastes
transforming into a valuable gas through partial oxidation at elevated temperatures with the help of a gasifying agent [13].
Depending on the gasication medium, the syngas caloric value
ranges from 4 MJ/N m3 for air gasication to 16 MJ/N m3 for steam
gasication [1417]. On the basis of uid dynamics, gasiers can
AR
b
bot
con
cyc
dc
FR
g
gas
ILS
LLS/lls
ls
mf
p
pri
t
T
s
sc
sec
r, ris
rc
th
top
tr
ULS
v
air reactor
bulk
bottom
connection
cyclone
down-comer
fuel reactor
gas
gasier
internal loop-seal
lower loop-seal
loop-seal
minimum uidization
particle
primary gas injection
terminal (applied to velocity),
total
solids
supply chamber
secondary gas injection
riser
recycle chamber
thermal
top
transport (applied to velocity)
upper loop-seal
vertical
Abbreviations
AER
AR
ASR
BFB
CaL
CFB
CFMs
CHP
CLC
DCFB
DFB
DFBG
FCC
FR
ICFB
PSD
SER
adsorption enhanced reforming

air reactor
air staging ratio
bubbling uidized bed
calcium looping
circulating uidized bed
cold ow models
combined heat and power
calcium looping combustion
dual circulating uidized bed
dual uidized bed
dual uidized bed gasiers
uid catalytic cracking
fuel reactor
internally circulating uidized bed
particle size distribution
sorbent enhanced reforming
be categorized as: uidized bed, xed or moving bed and

entrained ow bed. Fluidized bed offers relatively high mixing and
high reaction rates. Furthermore, uidized bed is capable of being
scaled up to medium and large-scale, overcoming limitations of
small-scale, xed-bed designs [1820]. Recently, dual uidized ded
gasiers (DFBGs) have gained interest of researchers due to their
capability of producing high quality syngas. DFBGs, using steam as
the gasifying agent, produce a syngas of high content H2 and CO
with a caloric values ranging from 12 to 20 MJ/m3 nearly free
from N2. In addition, the quality of syngas in DFBGs can be
improved by optimized design and operation of gasiers along
with the use of catalytic bed materials, including internal
reforming of tars and methane, and eventually a downstream
cleaning process [16]. Additional advantage of this technology is

fuel exibility [2123].
The basic concept of the DFBGs is to divide the uidized bed
into two zones: a gasication zone and a combustion zone as
shown in Fig. 1. The reactor arrangements can be any of the following types: (i) two bubbling uidized bed (BFB), (ii) two risers,
(iii) internally circulating uidized bed (ICFB), (iv) circulating
uidized bed (CFB) (riser, combustor) with a BFB (gasier), (v) riser
(gasier) with a BFB (combustor). Among the ve types, CFB riser
(combustor) with a BFB (gasier) is the most efcient arrangement
in terms of particle circulation, fuel conversion and tar production
[24]. In a typical DFBGs as shown in Fig. 2 [25], gasication of
biomass with superheated steam performed in BFB produces a
valuable gas that ows out from the cyclone and can be used as
gaseous fuel. The char and bed materials are transferred to riser
via chute. The chute separates the two bed systems, ensuring only
the solids (sand, un-reacted biomass and by-products of the
gasication process, such as tar and char) can ow to the combustion zone restricting and preventing the mixing of gases from
the gasier to the riser and vice versa. In addition, it is suggested
that the use of non-mechanical valves like loop seal or L-valve
instead of chute enhances the regulation of the solid transfer and
ensures better gas seal thereby preventing the mixing of BFB
produce gas with the CFB ue gas [26]. The char is combusted in
CFB riser in the presence of the bed materials to produce heat and
ue gas, primarily N2, CO2, excess O2 and H2O. The heated bed
materials from the CFB ow into the gassolid separators like
cyclones and are circulated to BFB via non-mechanical valve in
order to supply the essential heat required for the endothermic
gasication process. Moreover, the bed material can be used to
achieve catalytic activity, CO2 capture, oxygen transportation, etc.
Another promising dual uidized bed (DFB) technology is
chemical looping combustion (CLC) which offers efcient and lowcost CO2 capture [27]. The CLC is also composed of two interconnected uidized beds where one of the reactor is fuel reactor
(FR) and the other being air reactor (AR). The metal is oxidized in
the air reactor (Eq. (1)) and transported to the fuel reactor. In fuel
reactor, bed materials (metal oxide/oxygen carrier) oxidize the
gaseous fuel to produce CO2 and water vapor (Eq. (2)). The CO2
thus formed can be readily separated by condensing water vapor
thereby minimizing CO2 separation cost. Moreover, formation of
NOx is also lessened. The reduced metal oxide is transferred back
to the air reactor where it is re-oxidized and again circulated back
to fuel reactor [28]. CLC can also be incorporated in DFBG to perform partial combustion of the fuel to reduce the tar and methane
content [16].
Mex Oy 1 1=2O2 -Mex Oy
2n mMex Oy Cn H2m -2n mMex Oy 1 mH2 O nCO2
DFB, aiming to produce high hydrogen content in product gas

as well as in situ CO2 capture known as-adsorption enhanced
reforming (AER) or sorbent enhanced reforming (SER) is also
under study [2932]. In this process, the bed materials are used to
capture CO2 apart from transferring heat. CO2 adsorbent bed
material captures CO2 in situ in the process of gasication
according to Eq. (3). This continuous removal of CO2 during gasication enhances the production of H2 (Eq. (4)) [31].
CaO CO2 -CaCO3
CO H2 O2CO2 H2
Along with these pre-combustion CO2 capture process, DFB has

also been employed in post-combustion CO2 capture known as
calcium looping (CaL) process [33,34]. In this process, one of the
reactors is carbonator and the other is regenerator. CaO is used as
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CO2-sorbent. The CO2 in the ue gas from the conventional power

plant is absorbed by moles of sorbent in carbonator (Eq. (3)), thus
CO2-lean ue gas exits the carbonator to the atmosphere. The
carbonated sorbent is transferred to the regenerator where it is
desorbed at a higher temperature to produce CO2 and steam
(reverse reaction of Eq. (3)). CO2 rich stream is obtained by the
condensation of water vapor which can be compressed and stored.
All these DFB processes discussed above are still in demonstration
stage and still need maturity to be commercially utilized.
A lot of research have been done to improve the performance of
such DFB reactors and are also available in the literature. Among
all of them, the study of hydrodynamics of the DFB technology is
one of the important and common aspects that have received huge
attention of researchers. In order to design an optimized reactor,
regardless of the process the DFB being operated, it is very crucial
to understand the reactor geometry, bed mass and solid residence
time, gassolid contact efciency, heat and mass transfer rate,
chemical reaction performance and gas leakage in these reactors.
Fundamentally, these parameters depend upon complexity behavior of the ow within the reactors. Signicantly, the understanding of hydrodynamics is the key to the successful modeling,
design and scale up of these reactors [3540]. Difculty in measurement of hydrodynamic parameters in an industrial scale plant
under hot operating conditions makes them more supercial
rather than actual. Hence, cold ow models (CFMs) under the
ambient conditions are widely applied to study the hydrodynamics and uid dynamics. Moreover, in the academic, a scaled
CFMs is built to resemble the hydrodynamics of a larger hot rig by
using scaling relationships whereas full-scale CFMs are built in the
case of industrial scale to better understand the inuence of the
design solutions and operation on the system performance, to test
process control and measurement methodologies [41]. In addition,
easy handling, minimal requirements on experimental equipment
and control techniques, and the possibility of visual observation in
the macroscopic ow structures make CFMs cheap, comfortable
and a reliable source to obtain important uid dynamic data [42].
This paper aims to report the ndings in the cold model DFB.
Beginning with the application of uidized bed scaling laws in DFB
design, the paper illustrates the uidization regimes and its
operational map in the cold model of DFB. In addition, the literature is reviewed to highlight the behavior pressure prole, solid
fraction prole and solid circulation rate in DFB. The information
on the inuencing parameters is extracted from the literature and
conclusions is made in the light of previous ndings. On the basis
of the ndings, recommendations for the future research are
presented.
2. Application of scaling laws

Although cold models are mainly constructed to improve the
performance of industrial scale plant, data obtained from them are
not applicable if relations between the two distinctive sized setups
are unknown since both setups operate under different operating
conditions. Therefore, the small-scale experiments based on the
principle of dynamic similarity are used to obtain information for
full-scale system [35]. A scaled-down cold model is designed with
the solicitation of uidized bed scaling laws for an industrial system operating at high temperatures to study the hydrodynamics
and signicantly improves the operation of an existing plant [42
47]. A number of sets of dimensionless scaling parameters have
been designed on the basis of the governing equations of conservations of mass and momentum of uid and particles to ensure
hydrodynamic similitude at different scales of reactors [4855].
Typical sets of dimensionless scaling parameters are listed in
Table 1 [56]. Apart from the bed geometry ratio, particle sphericity
1532
() and particle size distribution (PSD), the scaling parameters also

include the Froude number (Fr), the Reynolds number (Re), the
Archimedes number (Ar), the Flow number (Fl), the ratio of solid
to uid densities (De), dimensionless solid loading C s GUs g ,
p
which all describe the following eight variables: supercial gas
velocity (Ug), solid circulation rate (Gs), sauter mean particle diameter (dp), particle density (p), riser hydraulic diameter (D), gas
density (g), gas viscosity (g) and gravity (g). They are generally
sufcient to control the detailed hydrodynamics of gassolid ow
in risers [55], with an assumption that the restitution among
particles, the friction between particles and column wall, the
electrostatic forces and the cohesion should be neglected. To
obtain the hydrodynamic similarity between the cold model and
the full-scale plant, these scaling parameters should be matched
and veried.
Foscolo et al. [57] described the visual observations of solid
motion in an industrial uidized bed and a down-scaled model,
which demonstrated the dynamic similarity of the two ows, and
hence suggested that the four dimensionless scaling parameters
(Ar, De, Fl, Le L/dp) were sufcient to achieve dynamic similarity.
In their study, the scaled-up plant showed a uniform bed temperature, indicating a proper mixing of fuel as observed in the cold
model. Kronberger et al. [47] estimated the solid hold-up by
pressure measurements according to the different levels of the
riser height and compared them to the dimensionless specic
circulation rate in terms of Eq. (5). The results suggested the
analysis could be performed in the laboratory prototype.
Fig. 1. Concepts in DFB (extended from [16]).
1
Table 1
Typical sets of dimensionless scaling groups [56].
[55]
Dimensionless scaling groups

Five dimensionless groups
Four dimensionless groups
Gs U g
p U g ; U t ;
Three dimensionless groups
Gs U g
p U g ; U t ;
Two dimensionless groups
Gs U g
p U g ; U t ;
[52,48]
Full set
[54,49]
Simplied set
[53,50]
Gs U g
p U g ; U t ;
Viscous-limit set
Gs
p U g ;
Gs
p U g ;
U2
FrD gDg ; p ;
g
U 2g
g U g dp
g
FrD
p g gdp dp
;D
2g
U2
or
Ug
U mf ;
FrD gDg ; g
or
Ug
U mf ;
FrD gDg
Qi et al. [56] investigated the hydrodynamic similarity in the

fully developed zone of co-current upward gassolid two phase
ow systems under different operating conditions by measuring
the axial proles of the pressure gradient, the radial proles of
solid concentration and the particle velocity in two CFB risers of
15.1 m and 10.5 m high, with FCC and sand particles respectively.
Under such circumstances, the scaling parameter- GUs g was modp
U2
p U g dp
Gs
p U g ; g D
ied to FrD 0:3 GUs g to achieve a detailed hydrodynamic similitude of
U 2g
gD
FrD gDg ; g ; Ar
g D
m D
:
Iv U t
FrD gD; pg
2
p U g dp
Although these sets of dimensionless parameters have already

been used to scale the uidized beds for ages, researchers are still
committed to modifying these parameters to fulll functional and
operational conditions. For the CFB riser, Kehlenbeck et al. [46]
introduced the scaling parameter-the dimensionless mass turnover
(M), demonstrating solid circulation rate is a function of supercial
gas velocity in the riser and the total mass load in the system, rather
than- C s GUs g as is shown in Eq. (6). They argued that Cs is not a
p
parameter that allows the prediction of solid circulation rate served as
a function of the total mass load in the system, let alone for different
bed materials. This parameter can be used for predicting satisfactory
values
of solid circulation rates for a wide range of particle properties

170 r m r dp r 860 r m; 1480 kg=m3 r p r 8900 kg=m3 and
particle mass load. Finally, they concluded that solid circulation
depends on its particle-size distribution which is a scaling parameter
that should be matched between a cold model and an industrial
plant.
Fig. 2. Typical DFB conguration [25].
Ref.
Gs
U U t p
U2
the gassolid ow in the fully developed zone of the risers. Conclusions made were based on ambient conditions with air as the
uidization medium and it was emphasized that, the scaling
parameter should be conrmed under both high temperature and
pressure conditions with different gases.
Although research have been carried out to modify the scaling
parameters as discussed above, the scaling laws shown in Table 1
Table 2
Previous studies in cold model of DFB.
Ref.
Design and dimensions
Kreuzeder et. al.

[42]
Goo et al. [84]
ConFig.uration: CFB/BFB
CFB: H 2.2 m, D 0.175 m
Hpri 0.175 m, Hsec 0.250 m
BFB: H 1.3 m, D 0.55 m
Connection:
Upper: loop-seal
Lower: chute
Capacity: 30 kWth
CFB: H 6 m, D 0.075 m
BFB: H 2.1 m, D 0.2 m
Connection: 2 loop-seal
Hls 0.2 m Dls 0.12 m
Sung et al. [78]
Karmakar and
Datta [80]
CFB: D 0.07 H 5.18
BFB: 0.2 m wide 0.2 m
depth 2.95 m high
Typeb: 1. Below the bottom of the
gasier and distributor installed on
a slat wall.
2. On the side of the gasier which
is upper than the distributor is
installed on a slat wall.
CFB: H 5.95 m, D 0.050 m

Hsec 0.2
BFB: H 2.1 m, D 0.1 m
Standpipe: H 5 m, D 0.025
Connection: 2 L-valves
Scaling criteria
Ratioa
Gas leakage
Bronze
dp 180 m
p 8900 kg/m3
Medium: air for CFB

55:45 % He:air for BFB
Iv 115 kg
Glicksman [52]
One-fth scale cold model of a CFB

pilot plant.
N/A
Bronze
Medium: air@ ambient

conditions
g 1.28 kg/m3
S/T 0.150.5
Qr,bot 0.00550.016 m3/s
Qbfb 0.014 m3/s
Ur,sec 2.94.6 m/s
Iv 1-5130 kg
T 40 C
Glicksman [52]
The dimensions of the cold model

and properties of the used solid
were calculated by downscaling
industrial sized power plant
(8 MWth)
N/A
Glicksman [52]
Deviation:
Rep 1
Frp 1
p/g 0.83
Re 0.95
H/dp 0.99
D/dp 0.79
N/A
Gas density 3.62

Particle density 3
Particle diameter 0.24
Velocity 0.52
Volume ow 0.09
Solid ux 1.76
N/A
N/A
Gas bypassing from the loop-seal

connecting reactors is found to be
less than 0.2 %.
Medium: dried air for gasier/ N/A

CO2 for lower loop-seal
N/A
Concenration of CO2 was measured

in the gaser to measure the gas
leakage from lower loop-seal to
gasier. Gas bypassing fraction of
Type 1 was found to be less than
Type 2.
Medium: air
Qr,pri 35 m3/h
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
dp 119 m
p 8750 kg/m3
Bronze
Range 40280 m
dp 125 m
p 8730 kg/m3
b 5370 kg/m3
Ut 0.38 m/s
1
Silica sand
dp 260 m
p 2500 kg/m3
b 130 kg/m3
Umf 0.052 m/s
Ut 1.57 m/s
Utr 3.07 m/s
Silica sand
Group: B
dp 376.1 m
Medium: air
g 1.05 kg/m3
g 19.9 10 6 Pa s
QT 450 N m3/h
U 6.25 m/s
Gs 120 kg/m2 s
Ur 2.754 m/s
Ubfb 0.0520.156 m/s (13
Umf)
Uls 0.1350.362 m/s
(1.54 Umf)
b 1220 kg/m3
Umfc 0.12 m/s/0.1 m/s

Ut 1.3 m/s
Silica sand
Range 50300/75425, 106500,
150600 m
dp 147/211/334/416 m
p 2650 kg/m3
b 1696/1696/1710/1722 kg/m3
mf 0.46/0.44/0.41/0.40
Umf 0.018, 0.037, 0.091, 0.138 m/s
Ut 1.2/1.7/2.7/3.4 m/s
Ar 281/835/3292/6347
0.86
Silica sand
dp 250 m
Qr,sec 2550 m3/h

Qbfb 316 m3/h
Ur 3.54.25 m/s
Ubfb 00.27 m/s
1533
Seo et al. [86]
Operating conditions
DFBGs
Kehlenbeck et al. ConFig.uration: CFB/BFB
[46]
CFB: H 0.054 m
BFB: D 0.18 m
Standpipe: D 0.024 m
Connection:
Upper: loop-seal
Lower: chute
Kaiser et. al. [44] ConFig.uration: CFB/BFB
CFB: H 2 m, D 0.17 m
BFB: Dbot 0.25 m, Dtop 0.55 m
Connection:
Upper: loop-seal
Lower: chute
Particle properties
1534
Table 2 (continued )
Ref.
Scaling criteria
Ratioa
Gas leakage
N/A
N/A
N/A
Farrell [105]
g/p 1.08
Ar 0.92
Fl 1.14
Cs 0.22
Gas density 3.93

Particle density 3.576
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
dp 250 m
p 2466 kg/m3
b 1281 kg/m3
Umf 0.06 m/s
Ut 1.403 m/s
0.48
Medium
Compressed air
g 1.229 kg/m3
g 1.7 10 5 kg/m s
Ur 3.5/4 m/s
Ubfb 0.14 m/s
Uls,rc 00.18 m/s
Uls,sc 0.06 m/s
Uls,v 0.06 m/s
Iv 35 kg
Glass beads
T 25 C
Glicksman [52]
Mass 0.17
Gas tracing method using propoane

to measure gas leakage.
Gas leakage was found to be low
and mechanisms were explored.
Effective measure to reduce gas
leakage were suggested.
Particle properties
3
Nguyen et al.
[91]
CFB: (0.04 m 0.11 m 4.5 m high) p 2466 kg/m

b 1281 kg/m3
Umf 0.0603 m/s
BFB: (0.285 m 0.11 m 2.13 m
Ut 1.403 m/s
high)
Connection: loop-seal
Utr 2.5 m/s
(0.178 m 0.11 m 0.41 m high)
Silica sand
CFB: (0.04 m 0.11 m 4.5 m high)
CFB: H 2.6 m, Dbot 0.18 m,

Dtop 0.21 m
Manchasing
et al. [71]
Wang et al. [90]
Hsec 0.15 m , Hdiffuser 0.5 m

ConFig.uration: CFB/Downer
CFB: H 3 m, D 0.14 m
Downer: H 1.12, D 0.40 m
Connection: Screwfeeder
Gassolid separator : seperating
unit designed as a large empty
emty chamber at the top of riser.
Umf 0.0603 m/s

Ut 1.403 m/s
Copper
dp 138 m
p 8940 kg/m3
Umf 0.10 m/s
0.60
Silica sand
dp 370 m
p 2600 kg/m3
Silica sand
CFB 0.04 m 0.11 m 4.5 m high
BFB: 0.285 m 0.11 m 2.13 m

high
Connection:
Loop-seal:
0.178 m 0.11 m 0.41 m high
CLC
Kronberger et.
al. [47]
ConFig.uration: CFB(ARd Riser)/

BFB (FRe)
CFB: DAR 0.14 m, HAR 0.53 m
Prll et al. [58]
Driser 0.072 m, Hriser 1.85 m

BFB: DFR 0.25 m, HFR 0.34 m
Connection: two loop-seals
ConFig.uration: [DCFBf]
Range: 4080 m
dp 67 m
p 2550 kg/m3
1
Bronze
Uls,v 00.075 m/s

Uls,sc 00.075 m/s
Uls, rc 00.36 m/s
h/l (height/base line) 1.25
8.0
Iv 35 kg.
T 25 C, P 1 atm
Ur 3.54 m/s
Ubfb 0.12 m/s
Uls,v 0.06 m/s
Uls,sc 0.06 m/s
Uls, rc 0.00.18 m/s
h/l (height/base line) 2.5
Iv 35 kg.
g 1.18 kg/m3
g 18 10 6 Pa s
Qpri 3296 m3/h
Qsec 107320 m3/h
Qls 59 m3/h
Iv 610 kg
g 1.225 kg/m3
g 1.7984 10 5 kg/m s
Ur,pri 0.28882 m/s
Ur,sec 4.81194 m/s
Iv 10 kg
Medium: He/N2
Iv 1.12.2 kg
Ur,sec 410 Ut
Ur,pri 1.23 Ut
Ubfb 515 Umf
Uls 1.24 Umf
g 1.25 kg/m3
g 1.79 10 5 Pa s
UAR 4.25
UFR 1.21
QAR 30.3 N m3/h
QFR 10.1 N m3/h
Length 0.55
Area 0.552
Velocity 0.74
Volume ow 0.22
Solids ux 0.23
Glicksman [52]
Deviation (AR/FR)
Rep 0.50/0.52
Ar 0.36/0.43
Fr 1/1 p/g 1.39/
1.53
D/dp 1.01/0.99
Linear geometric scaling factor of

1:3
N/A
BFB: (0.285 m 0.11 m 2.13 m

high)
(0.178 m 0.11 m 0.41 m high)
Lim et al. [25,26] ConFig.uration: CFB/BFB
dp 250 m
p 2466 kg/m3
b 1281 kg/m3
CFB (AR)/CFB (FR)

DAR 0.050 m
DFR 0.054 m
Bischi et al. [97] ConFig.uration: CFB (AR)/CFB
CFB(FR)
AR: H 5 m, D 0.23
FR: H 5 m, D 0.144 m
Connection
Upper: loop-seals
Lower: bottom extraction lift and
Shuai et al. [106] ConFig.uration: CFB/BFB
dp 54 m
QLLS 1.5 N m3/h
p 8730 kg/m3
QULS 1.0 N m3/h
1
QFR,ILS 0.15 N m3/h
FeSi alloy (rounded irregular shape) Medium: air
dp 34 m
U 2.2 m/s
p 7000 kg/m3
Group A
Silica sand
CFB: H 1.9 m, D 0.19 m

BFB: H 0.5 m, D 0.19 m
Markstrm and
Lyngfelt [107]
FeSi alloy with 80% iron
CFB(FR)
AR: H 5 m, D 0.23
FR: H 5 m, D 0.144 m
Connection
Upper: loop-seals
Lower: bottom extraction lift and
dp 34 m
p 7000 kg/m3
g 1.188 kg/m3
g 1.82 10 5 Ns/m2
UAR 2.4 m/s
UFR 2.4 m/s
Concept: CLC
ConFig.uration: CFB (AR)/CFB (FR)
with a Circulation Riser (CR) , Carbon Stripper (CS) and 4 loop-seals
Silca sand (GA39)

p 2650 kg/m3
dp 92 m
T 20 C
g 19.72 10 6 Pa s
UAR 600 (Ln/min)
0.75
CaL
Charitos et al.
[45]
Diego et al. [82]
Lisbona et al.
[81]
ConFig.uration: CFB(carbonator)/
BFB(calciner)
CFB: H 5.3 m, D 0.030 m
BFB D 0.049
Connection: upper double exit
loop seal and cone vale
Lower: loop-seal
N/A
Glicksman [54]
Scaled model of 30 Mw CLC pressurized system
Numerical simulation was formulated to predict the gas leakage.
Simulations indicated the leakage

falls as the total solid inventory
rises in the CLC reactor system.
Glicksman scaling
relationships
Deviation (AR/FR)
Fr 0.85/0.85
De 1.26/1.36
Gs 1.20/1.20
Uo/Umf 3.13/2.77
Geometric
similarity 0.30/
0.30
Glicksman [51]
UFR 348 (Ln/min)

UCR 50 (Ln/min)
UCS 99 (Ln/min)
ULS1 12 (Ln/min)
ULS2 13 (Ln/min)
ULS3 12 (Ln/min)
ULS4 12 (Ln/min)
ZrO2
g 1.188 kg/m3
Glicksman [52]
dp 142/230 m
p 5700 kg/m3
g 18 10 6 Pa s
and
dp 200 m
U 5 m/s
N/A
p 2000 kg/m3
N/A
Ur 2.35/2.17/2.68/2.04 m/s
Glicksman [108]
P x
p gD
[48]
1:1 cold model of 150 kWth
N/A
58% size model of 100 kW

Gas density 1
Length or diameter 0.577
Particle diameter 0.577
Velocity 0.759
Volume particle ux 0.759
Time 0.759
N/A
Downscaled by a factor of 2.33 from N/A

10 kWth CaL DFB system.
Gas density 3.02
Particle density 3.16
Gas viscosity 0.46
Mass 0.23
Length 0.42
Area 0.42
Velocity 0.65
Volume ow 0.22
Solids ux 2.05
N/A
N/A
Scaled down cold model from

350 kW pilot plant
N/A
Iv 7.18/8.18/4.192/3.972
Uls 0.087/0.088/0.067/
0.09 m/s
1535
ConFig.uration: CFB(Carbonator)/
CFB(Calciner)
H 35 m D 15.95 m
ConFig.uration: CFB (carbonator)/
CFB(calciner)
CFB: H 4 m, D1 0.17 m
D2 0.16 m
Standpipe: H 1.447 m D 0.08 m
Loop-seal: H 0.3 m, D 0.177 m
1:1 cold model of 150 kWth
Bischi et al. [41]
Pot-seal: H 0.15 m, D 0.14 m

Downcomers: D 0.04 m
ConFig.uration: CFB (AR)/CFB
dp 150 m
p 2600 kg/m3
T 20 C
g 1.188 kg/m3
g 1.82 10 6 Pa s
UAR 0.751.15 m/s
UFR 0.090.31 m/s
Uls 0.0650.097 m/s
Gs 26.062.5 kg/m2 s
Iv 9 kg
T 20 C
N/A
1536
Table 2 (continued )
Ref.
Particle properties
Cotton et al. [83] ConFig.uraiton: Entrained ow car- Limestone

bonator (EFC)/BFB calciner
EFC: H 4.2, D 0.1 m
Range 125250 m
CFB: H 6 m, D 0.041 m
BFB: H 2.0 m, D 0.13 m
Lower loopseal, D 0.041 m
Bidwe et al. [79] ConFig.uration: CFB/BFB

CFB: H 4 m, D 0.069 m
BFB: H 2.4 m, D 0.14 m
Ratioa
Gas leakage
Uefc 1.91 m/s
Glicksman [54]
(Carbonator/Calciner)
Ubfb 0.23 m/s
Deviation (Carbonator/Calcinier)
Re 0.31/0.23
Ar 0.1/0.07
FR 2/2.7
De 2.1/3.5
D/dp 1/1
Glicksman [53]
Gas density 2.10/2.79

Particle density 1/1
Particle diameter 1
Velocity 0.69/0.69
Area 1/1
Gas tracing method using N2 to

measure gas leakage. Greatest
amount of gas bypass may occur
from LLS to calciner at high loopseal velocities.
Geometric scaling ratio 1:2.5
N/A
Gas tracing method using He to

measure gas leakage.
Gas leakage was found from the
riser to the BFB reactor. The main
route for the gas to leak into the
BFB was via down-comer of the
primary cyclone. The amount of gas
leaking to the BFB was found to be
function of the pressure on the BFB
side.
Additionally, it was found that high
loop-seal aeration velocities help to
minimize the gas leakage from the
riser to the BFB side.
N/A
Iron oxide (Fe3O4)
T 20 C
Ragne 100200 m
Carbonator, medium air
dp 166 m
p 5170 kg/m3
g 1.18 kg/m3
Regenerator, medium Air/
CO2
g 1.26 kg/m3
Ur 2.54 m/s
Gs 1045 kg/m2 s
Iv 5.59 kg
Limestone
Range 2121180 m
dp 438 m
p 2870 kg/m3
b 1364 kg/m3
Umfg 0.15, 0.14, 0.11 m/s
Uth 2.52, 1.94, 1.02 m/s
Medium : compressed air

T 25/80/250 C
g 1.19/1/0.68 kg/m3
Ur 2.56.5 m/s
Ubfb 0.24 m/s
Uls 17 Umf
Iv 12 kg
Gs 25139 kg/m2 s
Glicksman [52]
N/A
Steel powder/Iron oxide (Fe3O4)

Range 70200 m
dp 110/119 m
Umf 0.03/0.02 m/s
p 7500/5100 kg/m3
T 20 C
CFB
Medium air
g 1.18 kg/m3
U 5.64 m/s
Gs 1320i kg/m2 s
BFB, medium Air He
g 0.9 kg/m3
U 0.260.52 m/s
Iv 813 kg
Glicksman [54]
Gasier and other components.

Geometric scaling ratio 1:2.5
Regeneratior
Geometric scaling ratio 1:3
Velocity 0.57
Solids ux 1.63
Cold model: hot model.

On the basis of way-out of solids from the gasier to the CFB riser connected by loop-seal.
c
For type1/type2, minimum uidization velocity can be inuenced by shape and size of the reactor and distributor.
d
AR air reactor.
e
FR fuel reactor.
f
DCFB dual circulating uidized bed.
g
For temperatures 25, 80, 250 C.
h
For temperatures 25, 80, 250 C.
i
Use of iron oxide particles for extrapolation of scaled performance of the regenerator.
b
SER/AER
Ramirez [85]
Scaling criteria
Uls 0.66 m/s

Iv 4.5 kg/6 kg
BFB: H 1.3, D 0.165 m

Bidwe et al. [87] ConFig.uration:CFB (Carbonator)/

CFB (Calciner)
Carbonator: H 4 m, D 0.092 m
with enlarged bottom section.
Calciner: H4 m, D 0.069
Loop-seals: double exit loop-seal
with one weir typ exit back into the
own riser while the second exit is a
cone valve mounted on the supply
side of the loop-seal
are widely accepted and used to scale and design the uidized
beds. Similarly, these scaling laws are also seemingly popular and
applied in the case of DFB. Table 2 lists several studies conducted
in the DFB, followed by their design and dimensions, particle
properties, operating conditions, scaling criteria, ratio and gas
leakage between the reactors. It can be seen that the scaling
relationships by Glicksman is popular and widely used. In Table 2,
along with the designed setups using the scaling relationships,
works with suit designs used to investigate the uidization performance in DFB are also shown, which are also equally valuable
and provide insights to the researchers. The particle and their
properties used in these two different setups are not alike, mostly
1537
bronze, glass beads, copper, ZrO2 and Fe3O4 have been used in the
scaled models whereas sand, dolomite dominates in the suit
designs. This difference arises since scaled models tend to match
the scaling parameters, and while fullling the dimensionless set,
the particles are chosen to meet the scaling ratio. For example, Lim
et al. [26] selected copper particles in his experiments. According
to the scaling relationship, Density ratio (De) in hot and cold
model should be same. As gas density of 0.3 kg/m3 is common in
an industrial gasier and sand has a density of 2500 kg/m3. Thus,
Dehot 0.00012. In order to maintain the same De for the cold
model operated at ambient temperature (with air density of
1.18 kg/m3), copper particles with the density of 8940 kg/m3 were
selected yielding Decold 0.00013. Hence Dehot EDecold. However,
in real-world it is not easy to match all the parameters in the
scaling relationships [58] and deviation is always observed. The
observed deviation in matching the dimensionless parameters
obtained from the studies reviewed in this paper is shown in
Table 2 (scaling criteria). One of the ways to minimize the deviation is to construct CFMs of similar size with hot rig and utilize the
particles with same properties [41,43]. In general, proper ratio of
reactor geometry, gas solid mixture and the operating conditions
are selected to fulll the scaling criteria.
Briey, the scaling laws are applied to achieve similar ow
behaviors in a laboratory scale cold model that is observed in the
hot plant; which is of great importance to perceive the uidization
regime encountered in the actual operating conditions.
3. Fluidization regimes
Fig. 3. Different regimes of uidization [61].
Fluidization is an operation in which ne solids are transformed into a uid like state through contact with gas or liquid
[59]. Fluidization occurs when the supplied gas or liquid exerts
sufcient force on the particles that exactly counter their weight.
Fluidization process involves the suspension of a very large
Fig. 4. Regime map (a) idealized ow regime map for gassolids transport [104] and (b) general ow regime diagram for vertical pneumatic conveying and uidized bed
systems [66].
1538
number of solid particles in an upward owing uid [60]. This

interaction between the solid bed material and the uidization gas
governs the ow behavior of the bed. Correspondingly, the performance of a uidized bed gasier drops signicantly when the
operation deviates from the designed uidization regime. Thus, a
good understanding of the gassolid motion in the furnace or
reactor of a uidized bed unit is very important [59]. Fig. 3 [61]
shows different regimes of uidization with the effect of the
increasing supercial gas velocity. As the velocity increases the
uidization regimes transits from a xed bed to bubbling, slugging, turbulent, fast uidization and to pneumatic conveying
regime, transporting the bed material out of the reactor. Characterization of these regimes along with ow regime map and
methods to identify the transition velocities can be found in the
literature [60,6269]. Fig. 4 shows two different regime maps that
are helpful for designers.
(1) Ar as the abscissa axis and V ,
where
"
#1=3 "
#
2g
Gs
U
V
p 1
g g p g
(2) Ar as the abscissa axis and (modied Reynolds number) Re

where

Re Re 1
Cv
1 1 C v

8
where C v Vs Vs V f , V being the volume ow rate.

In the case of the DFB composed of CFBBFB having contrasting
ow behavior in each reactor, the CFB riser operates in the fast
uidization regime whereas gasier operates in the bubbling
regime. The latter provides good solid gas mixing, uniform temperatures and high reaction rates as compared to those of xed
bed gasication. BFB has greater tolerance to the range of particle
size and is safer in operation due to its good temperature control,
in addition, tar cracking and reforming catalysts can also be added
to the bed inventory [57]. The fast uidization exists between the
dilute and dense pneumatic transport regimes, and uidization
velocity is kept well above the transport velocity (Utr) of the largest bed material [70]. High slip velocity between the gas and
solid, formation and disintegration of particle agglomerates and
excellent mixing and transport mechanisms are the major characteristics of this regime [35,37,56,59]. DFBG with conguration
riser-downer has also been reported [71]. Different uidization
regimes were observed in their study which showed bubbling and
slugging ow patterns in the riser section with calculated solid
volume fraction. Furthermore, in the case of DFB for CLC applications, BFB as FR can be problematic since there is the possibility of
unconverted fuel in the bubble phase, which is expected to
increase by high uidization numbers and small particle sizes. So,
CFB as FR is advantageous for CLC applications [58]. As can be seen
in Table 2, almost all studies for CLC utilize two interconnected
CFB as AR and FR respectively. Similarly for CaL, DFB conguration
(carbonator-regenerator/calciner) as CFBBFB, CFBCFB and also
entrained ow-BFB is available whereas for AER, CFBBFB persists.
According to the conguration and operational conditions, the
uidization regimes varies, so it is important to identify the uidization regimes in which the reactor is to be operated. Moreover,
within CFB operated in fast uidization, different ow regimes
exists. Lofer et al. [72] studied the uid dynamics in a riser with
three gas injections and a diffuser. Regime map for riser was
derived according to Bi and Grace [73,74] as shown in Fig. 5, which
manifests the uidized bed is in bubbling regime below the
Fig. 5. Regime map of the riser [72].
primary air injection. Adding the primary air, a turbulent uidized

bed was formed while the solid entrainment velocity was exceeded above the secondary air. Above the diffuser, the gas velocity
was reduced again and had almost the same value as the primary
air injection. Similarly, Monazam et al. [65] characterized the ow
regimes of CFB with respect to the time required to empty the
solid out of the riser at different gas velocities. Three regions were
observed when the emptying time was plotted against the gas
velocity; the dense phase turbulent ow, fast uidization ow and
pneumatic conveying regime respectively. After the uidization
regimes have been identied, it is necessary for designers to learn
the stability of the operational conditions. Consequently, an
operational map is of practical signicance.
4. Operational map
Fluidization process is inherently a complex process and its
operation is relatively complicated. DFB technology utilizes two
uidized bed simultaneously making it more difcult in its
operation. Taking these into consideration, accordingly, numerous
researches in DFB have been conducted to report the operational
stability under various operating conditions. Charitos et al. [45]
used a 10 kWth DFB system for CaL, with a riser carbonator and a
BFB regenerator to present the operational regions of the cold
model. They dened the operating behavior of the riser with
respect to the gas velocity, riser pressure drop and total solid
inventory. A region of stable operation bordering with the maximum and minimum velocity was identied. At a given total solid
inventory, slugging occurred below the minimum riser velocity,
while unstable operation was observed above the maximum
velocity resulting from the variation of the riser pressure drop and
solid looping rate with respect to different periods of time.
Recently loop-seals have been incorporated as a non-mechanical
valve and widely used in the uidized bed systems since they tend
to provide effective control of solids ow [75]. These loop-seals
build necessary pressure drop in a solid circulation loop to convey
particles from low pressure zone to high pressure zone without
undesirable inverse gas ow [76,77]. With the application of the
loop-seal to improve solid transfer, to prevent gas mixing and
obtain gas seal, the operation of DFB becomes further intricate and
needs better operational understanding. Sung et al. [78] presented
a map of possible operation condition of the lower loop seal and
riser for DFB. A boundary of stable region for a set of velocities in
the riser and loop-seal was obtained. Moreover, three unstable
regions were observed:1. Due to low velocity in the lower loop-seal, no smooth solid
circulation and sluggish motion in gasier.
2. Due to high riser velocity, low solid holdup exists in the riser.
Fig. 6. Operational map at loop-seal air ow 8 m3/h [25].
3. Due to low riser velocity, low solid is transferred from the riser
to the cyclone.
To minimize the unstable region 1, loop-seal velocity can be
adjusted to achieve smooth solid circulation rate whereas unstable
region 2 and 3 need a proper handling of riser velocity. The total
gas velocity in the riser should be such that the solid would be
carried out from the riser to ensure the proper gassolid mixing
but cannot be so high that the solid elutriated could be accumulated in the standpipe but not recirculated, which results in the
drop of solid density in the riser. Consequently, the failure of the
system either by overloading of the loop-seal or by the uctuation
of pressure drop could occur leading to unsteady solid ow. In
addition, the loop-seal airow should also not be too high to
deplete solid from the loop seal resulting in the bypass of gas from
the BFB. Lim et al. [25] developed an operational map on a cold
model of a circulating uidized bed based on ow visualizations
using solid mass ow rate and pressure drop measurements to
differentiate between uidization regimes. A stable operating
region F where solid moved freely up and out of the riser, down
through the cyclone into the standpipe and back into the riser via
the loop-seal bounded by six unstable regions was developed as
shown in Fig. 6. Likewise, maximum operating limits for primary
air, secondary air and inventory were obtained. Furthermore, Lim
[26] presented an operational boundaries for the steady state
operation of the DFB as a function of the primary airow rate in
the CFB riser and the BFB airow rate. A stable and an unstable
operating region were identied as shown in Fig. 7. Moreover, he
determined that chute pressure drop must be sufciently high to
prevent chute airow bypass from CFB to the BFB. Likewise, BFB
airow and chute airow should also be sufciently high so that
chute becomes adequately lled with solid for stable operation.
Region F in Figs. 5 and 6 is also suggested to be a stable region, but
due to experimental limitations, it was dened as hypothetical
stable region. The operational maps discussed above hold true for
any DFB process to be utilized with the conguration used to
determine the operational map. But to improve the operation and
achieve the required performance, various designs have been put
forward (refer Table 2). The operational maps might not be
applicable to the congurations which employ double exit loopseal, cone valves, riser with wider bottom, etc., and setups
operated under different operational conditions like dissimilar
particle properties, uidization velocities, inventory, etc. Nevertheless, the results showed that it might be helpful in determining
the operational map or region of the stability in any setup
listed in Table 2 with some improvement mainly for the CFB
which is common regardless of the process DFB is operated.
Moreover operational stability was achieved when the global solid
1539
Fig. 7. Operational Map for dual uidized bed (Qsec 324 m3/h, Qls 5 m3/h,
Qch 5 m3/h) [26].
ow rate1 was steady and the total pressure drop in both the
reactors remained constant over the operating-period [79]. While
operating the DFB, after achieving the dynamic balance, it is
essential to know its hydrodynamic characteristics like pressure
drop, solid fraction and solid circulation rate and their variation
under different operational conditions.
5. Pressure prole
In an atmospheric DFB as shown in Fig. 2, two pressure balance
loops exist, Eqs. (9) and (10) [44]. Eq. (9) shows the overall pressure
balance loop of the DFB whereas Eq. (10) represents the pressure
balance loop along the cyclone, down-comer and loop-seal.
P Out;ris P Out;gas P gas P con P ris P cyc
P Out;ris P Out;gas P dc P ls
9
10
Eqs. (9) and (10) are not valid for all the congurations of DFB
listed in Table 2 and it depends upon the loop implemented for the
process. However, in DFB mostly two pressure loops exist within
the system, one representing the overall balance which includes
both reactors and the lower connection between them and the
other also representing the connection between the two reactors
at the upper section which includes CFB (combustor) pressure
drop for DFBG, AR for CLC and regenerator for CaL along with
cyclones pressure drop. Pressure balance is also used while
empirical modeling of DFB as boundary conditions [44,45,8082].
Likewise, the obtained pressure drops are used to interpret other
hydrodynamic properties such as solid holdup, inventory, etc.
[45,58,79]. Furthermore, pressure proles helps to evaluate modications done in cold model and conrm their usability [83].
Overall pressure proles observed in previous studies on DFB for
various purposes are shown in Fig. 8.,2 In the closed loop-system,
increasing the solid circulation rate in the riser pushes the solids to
the BFB, consequently increases the solid inventory in BFB, thereby
pressure drop and results in a decrease in riser pressure drop
which can also be understood from Eq. (8) [44]. Goo et al. [84]
observed pressure prole to be nearly same except in the lower
region of the riser and lower seal-pot when solid circulation rate
was varied in the range of 30.543.5 kg/m2 s by aeration rate into
the lower loop-seal (Fig. 8a). Similarly, Ramirez [85] observed
higher pressure drop across the riser, especially at the bottom
when the solid circulation ux was increased while pressure drop
across the riser declined progressively, with riser velocity
1
Global solid ow rate: solid circulation rate between the two reactors.
Not all datas has been presented and reader are urged to see the references if
needed.
2
1540
Fig. 8. (a) Pressure prole for DFBGs. (b) Pressure prole for CLC. (c) Pressure prole for CaL. (d) Pressure prole for AER/SER.
increasing (Fig. 8d3). Similar effect of riser velocity has also been
observed by Seo et al. [86] (Fig. 8a) and Charitos et al. [45].
Increase in riser velocity decreases pressure drop in the riser as
solid entrainment is increased. Similarly, increase in primary air in
the riser decreases the pressure drop in dense zone as solids are
transported to transport zone. This leads to an increase in pressure
drop in transport zone as solids get redistributed, resulting in
frictional losses from the inter-particle and particle-wall interactions [25]. Apart from the solid circulation rate and riser velocity,
other parameters like inventory, BFB freeboard absolute pressure
drop, and double exit loop-seal aeration have been found to
increase pressure drop in the riser, since the increase in all these
3
(PPref) The pressure at every section of the loop is plotted against the height
from riser distributor, with the pressure at the outlet of secondary cyclone as the
reference pressure (Pref).
parameters lead to increase in the inventory of the riser whereas

the increase in the mean particle size accumulates the inventory at
the lower region of riser due to the increased inertia of the coarser
particles, consequently larger pressure gradients are noted in the
dense and lower part of the lean core annulus region compared to
that of the upper lean core annulus region and exit region [45].
Fig. 8b shows pressure proles obtained from studies on cold
model related to CLC. Since studies on CLC utilizes CFBCFB conguration, two exponential pressure proles of the two reactors
can be observed different than pressure proles seen in other
congurations with CFBBFB. Differences in pressure prole due to
the change in conguration can also be noticed in Fig. 8c, where
Cotton et al. [83] used entrained ow carbonator with BFB gasier
for CaL. In addition, Fig. 8c also shows the pressure prole of the
conguration in which cone valve has been employed to control
the solid looping rate [45,87]. Along with the reactor conguration, connection and the non-mechanical valves employed in
1541
Fig. 9. (a) Solid fraction prole for riser in case of ASR. (b) Solid fraction prole for riser with varying riser velocity. (c) Solid fraction prole for riser with varying solid
circulation rate.
between them also considerably inuences the pressure prole.

From Fig. 8 it can be seen that the highest pressure drop observed
is around the non-mechanical valves and connection applied; it is
obvious since these valves are operated under higher pressure
drop to acquire better gas-seal as well as to avoid inverse gas ow.
Inuence on pressure drop in these components due to the change
in operations is vital. Only a few studies were conducted in DFB for
these purposes [80,8688].
6. Solid fraction
The solid fraction is the measure of fraction of volume occupied
by the solid in a gassolid suspension and also termed as solid
holdups. In uidized bed reactors solid holdups are generally
determined with the measurement of differential pressure drop in
the reactors and using the properties of gas and solid phases in
accordance to Eq. (11) [75]. Differential pressure drop is
1542
proportional to the solid concentration if the friction loss between

the particles and the column wall effects are neglected, since the
pressure gradient acts as a hydrostatic pressure gradient.
dP
gp 1 s z g s z
dz
11
For gassolid systems with, p c g , then Eq. (11) becomes
s z 1
1 dP
g p dz
12
With the knowledge of particle density and pressure gradient,

the average solid holdup (s) along the height of the riser can be
determined from Eq. (12). For some cases, other available measurement techniques might be needed to be used, refer to [75].
Since the evolved heat from combustion in CFB has to be absorbed
by the heat carriers, a good gassolid interaction in the CFB-riser is
needed, reecting the importance of solid volume fraction in the
riser. Moreover, solid fraction provides information on the ow
regime under different operating conditions as well as denes
parameters such as mixing, heat and mass transfer and reaction
performance [85]. On the basis of solid fraction prole, the riser is
divided into three zones: dense zone, lean core-annulus zone and
sometimes an exit zone in the cases of constricted exits. Higher
amount of solid fraction is present in dense zone, whereas solid
fraction decays exponentially along the height in the core-annulus
zone. And the solids density tends to increase in the exit region
compared to that at the top of the lean region if the exit is abrupt
due to the solid back mixing, resulting in the traditional C shaped
[89] axial solid fraction prole.
Solid fraction prole in the risers of the DFB obtained in previous studies is shown in Fig. 9. Although, the prole shows
similar trend that has been obtained in the CFB for combustion
purposes, the results obtained in DFB differs in various ways.
Lfer et al. [72] used the diffuser to enhance solids recirculation
within the CFB. In their investigation, higher solid density was
observed at that region where diffuser was applied. Moreover,
with the decrease in B/T ratio and increase in S/T ratio, the solid
density increased in the dense zone followed by steeper decrease
in solids concentration as gas velocity was lower in this part of the
riser (Fig. 9a). Similar results were also obtained for solid fraction
prole when air was staged in CFB by Bidwe et al. [79]. Solid
fraction prole with and without air staging is shown for regenerator of CaL (Fig. 9a). With the help of air staging as well as diffuser, it might be possible to adjust the solid fraction if needed for
a particular area, however, in general air staging is neglected and a
single riser velocity is employed. Under these circumstances, with
the increase in riser velocity solid holdup in the riser decreased
due to the increase in particle entrainment [84,85,90,91]. As the
velocity increases, the solid fraction decreases along the height,
consequently decreasing the height of the dense zone. Further
increase in the velocity can cause the transition from fast uidization to pneumatic where the dense zone disappears (Fig. 9b). At
the similar riser velocity, the axial distribution in the whole riser
became uniform when operated under the low Gs while at the
higher Gs three distinct regions were observed leading to increment in the solid density along the height of the riser. Furthermore, profound exit effect has been observed with an increase in
Gs (Fig. 9c) [78,84,85]. Similar results were also obtained when
riser velocity was varied, that is solid fraction increased as Gs
increased, but the uidization regime the riser being operated
might be different leading to dissimilar solid fraction [92].
Other parameters have also been found to inuence solid
fraction. Increase in inventory, BFB freeboard absolute pressure
drop and double exit loop-seal aeration increased solid fraction,
since increase in all these parameters led to increase in inventory
of riser [45]. Moreover, solid fraction was also found to increase in
Fig. 10. Axial voidage prole in DFB [80].
the bottom dense region and lower part of core-annulus region

whereas it decreased in the upper core-annulus region and exit
region when particle diameter was increased [45]. This was also
proven by Karmakar and Datta [80]. They found that solids density
at the bottom zone was more for larger particles than that of the
smaller particles. Both smaller and larger particles were present at
the bottom zone but ner particles were embedded in the larger
diameter particles which increased the solid fraction. Above secondary air injection, the solid fraction decreased to 0.002 and in
the fully-developed zone, solid fraction was more for smaller
particle compared that of particles with larger diameter. Data on
solid fraction along with all the components of the DFB is scarce.
Fig. 10 shows the axial voidage of DFB using sand particles of
dp 0.334 mm and riser velocity of 5.380 m/s. And the voidage
along the riser has been indicated from point-1 to point-4. The
voidage in down-comer, L-valve to bubbling bed, the bubbling bed,
connector and the L-valve to fast bed riser are shown from point-7
to point-16 [80].
7. Solid circulation rate

In the DFB process, the bed materials adapted are circulated
within both reactors and expressed as solid circulation rate which
is a vital hydrodynamic parameter. In DFBGs as shown in Fig. 2, the
solid circulation rate between the gasier and combustor provides
the necessary heat for the gasication reaction whereas in CLC,
solid circulation rate marks the rate of supply of metal oxide
between reactors and the supply of bed materials in CaL as well as
in AER. In DFBGs, at higher solid circulation rate, temperature
difference between the two reactors is lowered, and higher solid
ux conveys more char from gasier to combustor, thereby it
reduces the amount of additional fuel [44].
Dietrich et al. [93] discussed four different methods for measuring solid circulation rate in the scaled cold ow model of CFB,
among which the rst method have been mostly used because of
its simplicity. In this method, uidization in non-mechanical valve
is abruptly turned off. Consequently, the bed material gets amassed in the down-comer and is no longer transported and concurrently the height of the accumulated material along with the
time is measured. With the known values of bulk density of the
xed bed and the cross-sectional area, a rough approximation of
the mass ux can be determined in accordance with Eq. (13):
m
U
z
m
b Adc and Gs
Ar
t
13
1543
Fig. 11. Specic solids circulation rate design chart of conFig.uration A. Parameters:
total solid inventory (TSI) and bed mass distribution, riser velocity, air/fuel ratio. Gs,
min gives the required solid ow from mass and energy balance [47].
Fig. 13. Effect of inventory.
Fig. 12. Effect of riser velocity for varying particle size and inventory.
Although solid circulation rate is an important parameter, little

information is available in the open literature. Researches to
investigate the behavior of solid circulation rate in DFB with
operating variables such as gas velocity in DFB components,
inventory and particle properties would guide researches in optimizing and implementing practical control methods.
7.1. Effect of gas velocity in riser, inventory and particle property
It is an utmost requirement to know the inuence of gas
velocity, inventory and the particle properties on solid circulation
rate. Since, these are the basic parameters that are known and
their impact on the solid circulation rate bears huge signicance.
Kronberger et al. [47] presented a solid circulation rate design
chart shown in Fig. 11 for CLC with experimental setup summarized in Table 2. Fig. 11 shows that the solid inventory and the
velocity in the riser affect strongly the specic solid circulation
rate. Also, a wide range of solid circulation rate was obtained. In
their conguration, the highest achievable solid circulation rate
was 90 kg/m2 s. However, in their study uidization velocity in the
fuel reactor and particle locks did not inuence solid circulation
rate as overow type particle return system was used in fuel
reactor. Effect of gas velocity in the riser of DFB for varying particle
size and inventory is shown in Fig. 12. Karmakar and Datta [80]
analyzed cold model of DFB system by using L-valve incorporated
between the coupled reactors. They found that solid circulation
rate increases with aeration ow and the supercial velocity

increasing. For the equal supercial air ow, solid circulation was
higher for lower particle size. The increasing particle size subsequently increased the aeration requirement in L-valve. Investigation regarding the effect of particle size in aeration requirement in
non-mechanical valve of CFB loop has also reported the similar
trends. Conclusively, the aeration required to obtain the same solid
ux increases while increasing particle size [92,94,95] and the
maximum obtainable solid ow rate is higher for particles with
higher density [95]. Moreover, attempts to correlate the solid circulation with other operating parameters and variables of the riser
have also been carried out. Although it might be of little use if
applied to experimental setups other than the setups in which
correlation was determined as it is highly empirical, it aids in
understanding the parameters and consequently leads to a better
and applicable correlation. Charitos et al. [45] implemented a
double exit loop-seal and a cone valve to control the sorbent
looping rate between the two beds and correlated the riser
entrainment with the riser velocity for each mean particle size and
also with riser exit pressure drop as shown in Eqs. (14)(16).
Signicantly, in their study, negligible effect of inventory was
observed on solid circulation rate. However in the open literature,
it has been found that at a given Ur, Gs increases with reactor total
mass load increasing. Fig. 13 shows the effect of inventory.
; R2 0:84 for dp 142 m
Gs entrainment 0:15 U 4:96
r
14
; R2 0:85 for dp 230 m

Gs entrainment 0:29 U 4:21
r
15
2
Gs entrainment 2:65P 0:87
exit region ; R 0:82
16
7.2. Effect of air staging in riser

Fluidization velocity in the riser is usually divided into primary
and secondary airow as shown in Fig. 2. Primary air supplied to
the CFB riser is normally above the minimum uidization velocity
and below the terminal velocity of the single particle. In DFBGs,
with the reduction in primary air ow, the by-pass of primary air
into the BFB via the chute is avoided [72]. Furthermore, limiting
the primary airow creates a sub-stoichiometric region below the
secondary air injectors, which reduces NOx emissions [96]. The
secondary air ow aids the upward transport of solids into the
1544
Fig. 14. Effect of primary air for different inventory and secondary air ow rates
[25].
Fig. 15. Effect of primary air percentage and secondary air ratio to total
uidization air.
cyclone, it thus reduces the required primary airow. The secondary air is placed at some height above the distributor and
usually above the transport velocity. With two airow inlet, it is
obvious that solid circulation rate is inuenced to a certain extent.
Lim et al. [25] observed that solid circulation increases with the
increase of the primary air and the secondary air ow rates and
solid inventory of the plant in a cold model of a CFB as shown in
Fig. 14. Based on the geometry of the outlet and solids inertia, a
semi-empirical model including aerodynamic factor (d) was
developed to estimate the ratio of solid exiting the CFB riser to
solid recirculating back as shown in Eqs. (17) and (18). Moreover,
they identied primary and secondary air as key operational
variables.
w
17
m
ms d
D core

D
1 exp as;core 1
18
d
w
The coefcient a took at a value of 3668 which gives R2 a value
of 0.8327.
Although primary air and secondary air both signicantly
inuence the solid circulation rate, studies suggested uidization
air at bottom or primary level should be more effective
[42,58,79,97]. The solid mass ux per area decreases while the
ratio of secondary air in the total uidization air is increasing;
meanwhile, an increase in the bottom air ow as well as primary
air would increase the circulation rate. However, primary air ow
must be limited as high primary air may lead to gas leakage and
pressure uctuations leading to unstable operation. Fig. 15 shows
the effect of primary air percentage on left y-axis, whereas effect of
secondary air to the total uidization air ratio for different bottom
air is given on right y-axis.
7.3. Effect of gas velocity in loop-seal
Accompanied by riser gas velocity, the loop-seal in DFB plays a vital
role in governing the solid circulation rate. Moreover, solid circulation
rate is controlled by gas velocities of the riser and non-mechanical
valve [84,98,99]. The available literature data on the effect of gas
velocity on the loop-seal in DFB are presented in Fig. 16 (left-axis). Goo
et al. [84] designed and constructed a cold model of DFB gasier to
determine hydrodynamic properties. They reported that solid circulation rate could be controlled by gas velocities to the lower loop-seal
Fig. 16. Effect of gas velocity to the loo-seal for different riser velocities.
and the riser. Maximum Gs (90 kg/m2 s) was obtained at riser velocity
of 4 m/s and loop-seal aeration at 4 Umf. The amount of circulating ux
increased sharply with the increase of Uls up to 2.53 Umf to reach the
maximum capacity of the loop-seal as a function of gas velocities to the
loop-seal and the riser. Also, Gs values were correlated with dimensionless terms initially proposed by Kehlenbeck et al. [46] and Monazam et al. [99] as shown in Eq. (19).
ms D
U 2r
8:88 X 10 5
Iv U t
gD
!0:529
U ls 0:459
Ut
19
1545
Fig. 18. Effect of Effect of volumetric ow rate in BFB.

Fig. 17. Effect of loop-seal aeration.
The increase in solid circulation rate with the riser velocity and
loop-seal aeration increasing was also reported by Ramirez [85].
Moreover, solid circulation rate depends on the amount and the
location of the aeration supplied to the loop-seal. Yang et al. [100]
concluded that aeration location inuenced the threshold aeration
rate in loop-seal and air injection to the supply chamber was more
effective for adjustment of solid circulation rate as shown in Fig. 17.
Moreover, solid circulation rate increases with the aeration rate, total
solid inventory and uidizing gas velocity in the riser increasing. An
empirical equation was proposed to correlate solid circulating rate
with the operating parameters as presented in Eq. (20).
Gs 9:6877 U 0:575
Q 1:020
Iv0:543
sc
r
20
Although supply chamber aeration rate has proven to affect the

solid circulation rate, it might not useful in achieving the desired
value [86,101]. To start the solid ow, the aeration in the recycle
chamber should pass a critical value [92]. Increasing aeration,
consequently, enhances the solid ow rate up to a certain limit.
After reaching this limit solid ow rate remains constant. For a
stable operation, the aeration in the recycle chamber should be
operated above Umf of the largest particle [86,92,102,103].
Seo et al. [86] investigated solid circulation rate and solid ow
characteristics in the loop-seal of a dual circulating uidized bed
reactor. They concluded that the recycle chamber aeration rate
could provide a high and broad range of solid circulation rates. The
experimental setups were rectangular in shape. The uidization
air was injected at three points in the loop-seal supply chamber,
recycle chamber and vertical aeration. Their results showed that
when there was no aeration in recycle chamber of the loop seal,
the increasing riser supercial velocity did not affect the solid
circulation rate and remained constant at 20 kg/m2 s as shown in
Fig. 16 (right y-axis). The increase in solid circulation rate due to
the increase in the riser gas velocity and the recycle chamber
aeration rate is shown in Figs. 16 and 17. Maximum value of solid
circulation was observed when vertical aeration and aeration in
supply chamber were maintained at the minimum uidization.
The optimum vertical aeration position of the loop-seal was found
to be a height/base line (h/l) ratio 2.5. Nguyen et al. [91] investigated the effect of the gas velocity in the riser and in the recycle
chamber of the loop-seal on the solid circulation rate. Increase in

the solid circulation rate with respect to loop-seal aeration was
higher for riser velocity of 4 m/s than that for riser velocity of
3.5 m/s as shown in Fig. 17.,4
7.4. Effect of gas velocity in BFB
Studies discussing the effect of gas velocity in BFB on solid
circulation rate are rare. The literature suggested that the solid
circulation rate in DFB did not depend on the volumetric ow rate
in the BFB at relative higher volumetric ow rate [46,58], which is
illustrate in Fig. 18.,5 In addition, modication in conguration in
the way-out of solids from gasier was also found to inuence the
solid circulation rate. BFB gas velocity above 2 Umf resulted in
either increase or decrease in the solid circulation rate according
to the type of way-out [78]. Moreover, the stable solid circulation
could be achieved with BFB uidizing air velocity 11.5 Umf [86].
8. Recommendations
Using modied scaling parameters for the CFB might help in
minimizing the deviation while matching the scaling parameter.

Therefore, these parameters should be veried and matched to
check their suitability while developing a scale-down cold
model. The obtained conclusion can aid in obtaining better
similarity in uidization performance between the lab-scale
model and an industrial scale plant.
The development of a specied regime maps facilitates the
selection of the uidization regime. In DFB, although developed
regimes illustrate regimes of uidization in these reactors, further research is needed to clarify the regimes of uidization
within these reactors.
4
For, Nguyen et al. hydraulic diameter used to calculate the volumetric ow
rate of recycle chamber (4A/P).
5
For, Seo et al. hydraulic diameter used to calculate the volumetric ow rate of
BFB (4A/P).
1546
Operational map for the system represents the region of stable
operations and assists in achieving smooth operation. It also

indicates the ranges of the operating variables. Operational
maps developed are limited to the ranges of only few parameters. Operational maps relating dimension parameters like
height and diameter, uidization velocities, loop-seal aeration,
BFB conguration, particle properties etc. are apparently
necessary.
Understanding the impact of operating variables on the hydrodynamic parameters like pressure drop, solid fraction and solid
circulating rate enhances the possibility of regulating the reactor
according to the operational requirements. Although, this paper
summarizes the published results to show the effect of uidization
velocities, inventory, particle properties on hydrodynamic parameters. Most of the experiments are conducted in batch. Experiments conducted in continuous system are necessary so that the
ranges and results could be explored in order to achieve the generality in optimizing the solid circulation rate.
9. Conclusion
DFB technology is developing for processes like gasication,
CLC, CaL and AER which primarily involve to remove CO2. Generally, CFMs are employed to study the hydrodynamics which aid
toward the optimization of the industrial scale plant. Mostly, the
scaling laws consisting a set of dimensionless parameters are used
to construct the CFMs to govern the dynamic similarity between
CFMs and industrial scale plant. Moreover, the regime maps
developed aid designers in selecting the uidization regime for the
applied conditions. In DFB, the CFB riser operates in fast uidization regime whereas gasier in bubbling regime. Smooth solid
circulation rate is difcult to achieve. Fluidization velocities are
found to be the key operational variables governing the stability of
the system. To achieve the stability in the system, the loop-seal
must be sufciently uidized. Operational map can assist in the
identication of the stable and unstable regions in the system.
Pressure balance, solid fraction and solid circulation rate are the
three important hydrodynamic parameters.
Pressure balance in the DFB helps in empirical modeling,
identifying suitability and modications needed to be done in
CFMs. Increasing the solid circulation rate increases the pressure at
the bottom region of the riser and then progressively declines
along the height whereas increasing riser velocity subsequently
decreases the pressure drop. The non-mechanical valves and
connection applied are operated under higher pressure drop to
acquire better gas-seal as well as to avoid inverse gas ow. Besides,
pressure balance, solid fraction in riser is another vital hydrodynamic parameter. Solid fraction prole of the riser indicates a
dense zone followed by a core-annulus zone and an exit zone for
riser with a constricted exit. Solid fraction was found to increase
with increase of solid circulation rate whereas to decrease with the
riser velocity increasing.
Gas velocity in the riser and the loop-seal are two primary
variables inuencing the solid circulation rate. Solid circulation
rate increases while increasing the gas velocity and the total solid
inventory in the riser. The aeration required in the loop-seal
increases with the solid circulation rate and particle size increasing. Further increment in the aeration enhances the solid circulation until it reaches optimum capacity of loop-seal. Moreover,
aeration in the recycle chamber of the loop-seal plays a key role in
regulating the solid circulation rate. Although, the gas velocity to
the BFB has negligible inuence in the solid circulation rate,
proper uidization is required for smooth solid circulation.
Acknowledgment
This research is nancially supported by University of Malaya,
Ministry of Higher Education High Impact Research (UM.C/HIR/
MOHE/ENG/30).
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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53 (2016) 15291548

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Cold ow model of dual uidized bed: A review

Corresponding author. Tel.: 60 3 79676896; fax: 60 3 79675319.

S. Shrestha et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53 (2016) 15291548

pressure drop through component x (Pa)

alternative resources that could overcome the said problems [35].

adsorption enhanced reforming

be categorized as: uidized bed, xed or moving bed and

S. Shrestha et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53 (2016) 15291548

cleaning process [16]. Additional advantage of this technology is

2n mMex Oy Cn H2m -2n mMex Oy 1 mH2 O nCO2

DFB, aiming to produce high hydrogen content in product gas

Along with these pre-combustion CO2 capture process, DFB has

CO2-sorbent. The CO2 in the ue gas from the conventional power

2. Application of scaling laws

S. Shrestha et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53 (2016) 15291548

() and particle size distribution (PSD), the scaling parameters also

Fig. 1. Concepts in DFB (extended from [16]).

Dimensionless scaling groups

Three dimensionless groups

Two dimensionless groups

Qi et al. [56] investigated the hydrodynamic similarity in the

ied to FrD 0:3 GUs g to achieve a detailed hydrodynamic similitude of

Although these sets of dimensionless parameters have already

Fig. 2. Typical DFB conguration [25].

Design and dimensions

Kreuzeder et. al.

Goo et al. [84]

Sung et al. [78]

CFB: H 5.95 m, D 0.050 m

Medium: air for CFB

One-fth scale cold model of a CFB

Medium: air@ ambient

The dimensions of the cold model

Gas density 3.62

Gas bypassing from the loop-seal

Medium: dried air for gasier/ N/A

Concenration of CO2 was measured

Umfc 0.12 m/s/0.1 m/s

Qr,sec 2550 m3/h

Seo et al. [86]

S. Shrestha et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53 (2016) 15291548

Design and dimensions

Gas density 3.93

Gas tracing method using propoane

CFB: (0.04 m 0.11 m 4.5 m high) p 2466 kg/m

CFB: H 2.6 m, Dbot 0.18 m,

Wang et al. [90]

Hsec 0.15 m , Hdiffuser 0.5 m

Umf 0.0603 m/s

CFB 0.04 m 0.11 m 4.5 m high

BFB: 0.285 m 0.11 m 2.13 m

ConFig.uration: CFB(ARd Riser)/

Prll et al. [58]

Driser 0.072 m, Hriser 1.85 m

Uls,v 00.075 m/s

Linear geometric scaling factor of

S. Shrestha et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53 (2016) 15291548

BFB: (0.285 m 0.11 m 2.13 m

CFB (AR)/CFB (FR)

CFB: H 1.9 m, D 0.19 m

FeSi alloy with 80% iron

Using modied scaling parameters for the CFB might help in

Operational map for the system represents the region of stable