CE 6504 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

B E Civil Engg 3rd Year 5th Semester

Department of Civil Engineering VELAMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Lists
1* 1

Classifications Types Categories

Unit 1

List the Types / Categories / Classifications of MODE OF TRANSPORTATION

Type of Mode of Transportation

Details

Surface or
Land Transport
Surface or
Land Transport
Surface or
Land Transport

Walking, Roller Skating, Cycling, Carting,

Automobiles,
Trains, Trams,

B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R

ON SURFACE -- ROADWAYS
ON SURFACE -- RAILWAYS
ON SURFACE -- PIPEWAYS
PIPELINES

/ Liquids, Gases, Ores carried by Water

pressure
( Slurry form ) or Pneumatic
( Air ) Pressure
Underground Automobile or Train

Surface or
UNDERGROUND TUBE
Land Transport Tunnel Transport for Humans
Surface or
UNDERGROUND TUBE
Underground Routes for Unmanned Vehicles
Land Transport Tunnel Transport for Goods
for transporting Goods
Surface or
ELEVATED ( OVERHEAD )
Automobile or Train Transport
Land Transport
Surface or
ELEVATED ( OVERHEAD )
Ropeways Rope cars Suspended Train
Land Transport
Surface or
ELEVATED ( OVERHEAD )
Mono Rail
Land Transport
Surface or
ELEVATED ( OVERHEAD )
Conveyors
Land Transport
Waterways - INLAND
Rivers, Canals, Channels, Lakes, Dam Reservoirs, Buoys,
Waterways - COASTAL
Boats, Ships, Barges, Towed Vessels, Buoys,
Waterways- OCEANIC / INTERNATIONAL Boats, Ships, Cruises, Buoys,
Waterways - SUBSEA
Submarine
Airways
Baloons,
Airways
Helicopters, Planes, Jets,
Airways
Rockets, Space ships, Satellites,
Airways
Missiles, Launchers
Airways
Drones and other UAV ( Unmanned Aerial Vehicle )

1*2

List the FEATURES of ROAD TRANSPORTATION

FEATURE
OF
ROAD
TRANSPORTATION

Wide Geographical
Coverage

B
C
D
E

Suitable for any

terrain
Low Capital
Investment
Flexibility
Single Mode of Transport

DOOR to DOOR
POINT to POINT

F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M

Simpler Packaging
Personalised Service
Employment
Generation
Short Hauls
Safety
Environmental
Pollution AIR
Environmental
Pollution NOISE
Parking Problem

N
Easy Parking
Solutions
O
P
Q

Long Hauls
Energy Consumption
Disaster Reach Speed

R
Environmental Impact
S
T
U

Supportive and
Supplementary
Strategic Importance
Economic Growth

V
Frequency

Details
Any nook and corner of the country can be connected by road
Plain or Hilly or Marshy or Land with lots of lakes and waterbodies,
valleys, coastal or deep forest any kind of land can be made ready for
roads easily ( with or without additional elements like Bridges, )
low amounts of funds will be sufficient to lay a single lane paved or
unpaved road
As the traffic demand increases, and as the funds availability increases,
roads can easily be expanded and strengthened
Without changing to another mode of transport or to another vehicle,
humans or goods can transported point to point in a single transport mode
and in the same vehicle.
Goods Packaging is simpler; NO complicated packing; road mode vehicles
are available in a wide variety of forms, capacities to hold the goods
Whether one person, or one group; road transport can be easily personalized
with suitable vehicles and with any route
Laying roads leads to immediate development of the entire area along the
route and increased trade and commerce and town development all lead to
employment generation
For short distances, road transport is the best, convenient, safest and
cheapest mode
Compared to other modes, risk is the least in road transport in one sense
But in another sense, accidents are more frequent in road transport
Use of improper fuels and engines leads to emission of polluting gases
causing Air Pollution
Uncontrolled honking and poorly maintained engines and exhausts and
traffic very close to the neighbourhoods cause severe noise pollution
Unlimited purchase and possession of automobiles by individuals leads to
indiscriminate parking and thereby road congestion
Compared to other transportation modes, parking of road transport vehicles
is easier, cheaper, flexible, and requires minimum space.
The road vehicles can be parked in roads, streets, open plots, garage,
underground basements, stilt floors, terrace of buildings
For very long distances, road transport is costly but where rail lines are not
available, road transport is the best option
Compared to railways, road transport consumes more energy both for
human and cargo transport
In case of disasters, next to air transport, road transport is the fastest to
reach the affected area ( except in case of floods )
Compared to the other transportation modes, road transport can be BOTH
environmentally harmful and at the same time, if properly designed and laid
and operated can be the most eco-friendly form of transport
All other modes of transport, require the support of and supplementation by
road transport so that they are effective and successful
countrys safety & defence preparedness depends on existence of wide and
vast network of roads for quick movement of troops and supplies
The very basis of assured economic, trade and commercial growth depends
on road network
Road vehicles can be operated at short frequencies by running more number
of smaller vehicles at shorter time intervals; waiting time for passengers is
very less

1* 3

OUTCOMES OF JAYAKAR COMMITTEE

Note : Jayakar Committee was formed in 1927 before Independence,
Actual Name of the Committee :: ROAD DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
Later came to be called as Jayakar Committee, by the name of its Chairman M R Jayakar
#
Jayakar Committee
OUTCOME
RECOMMENDATION
as a result of the
A Road development to be taken up on a
Jayakar Committee Recommendation
B

C
D

List the RECOMMENDATIONS AND

massive scale by Central Government

An extra tax / cess to be charged on
petrol and diesel fuels and that cess
money to be used for Road
Development
A Technical Advisory Board to be
formed to act as a nodal agency for all
technical development
A research and development institution
to be formed

CRF Central Road Fund

1929

CRO Central Road Organsiation

1930

C
D

IRC Indian Roads Congress

Transport Advisory Committee

1934
1935

Motor Vehicle Act passed in

Parliament
CRRI Central Road Research Institute

1939

1950

1*4

List the various historical stages and types in the development of Roads

Historical Development

Details

A
B
C

Walking on 2 legs
Nomadic Migration
Domestication
and
Usage of Animals for
carrying goods& men
( Beasts of Burden)
Forming Pathways and
Tracks
Invention of Wheel

Evolution of humans from apes

Humans moving around in groups in search of food and water
Using Cattle, Horses, Donkeys, Camels, Mules, Dogs, Elephants for
carrying goods and humans and for hauling carts

D
E
F

Just by removing bushes and vegetation and by removing thorns and stones,
a safe natural pathway or track is formed
Carts and chariots were developed and for rolling of these wheels, proper
rammed soil tracks were formed free from stones and thorns and vegetation
Invention of AXLE to
- DO - ( paths and tracks were improved to be harder
join 2 or more Wheels and stronger so that rolling of wheels was ensured to be smoother without
grooves and sinking )
Hard Durable tracks with stone paving were laid so that they remained firm
STONE TRACKS
and plane under wheel rolling and remained firm under rains and surface
run-off
Stone slabs set in Clay Island of Crete in Europe
Gypsum Mortar

Babylon City Royal 1 km long; 10 to 20 m wide; STONE SLABS supported by few layers of
Procession Road
-- bricks joined by Bitumen ( 2000 BC )
Layered Road

GREEK
Roads

ROMAN
Roads

Roman Road
Cross Sectional View

As high as 900 mm in total thickness

Big Boulders at the base, sides and at the top surface and small stones in between

FRENCH Road
Similar to ROMNA Road
But Boulders NOT USED
at the Top rolling surface

Kerb
Stone at
Edges

M TRESAGUET Road
N TELFORD

Pavement
(
Base
Ground

SUBGRADE is flat )

MACADAM
Pavement
Base Ground
( SUBGRADE )
itself was sloped so that
all the layers are of
UNIFORM thickness
KERB Stones Not Used
and NO BOULDERS at
the base
Soil Subgrade Strength Importance was ealised

Cross section of ROMAN Road

The Evolution of Roads in terms of THICKNESS

TRESAGUET Road

TELFORD Road

MACADAM Road

1*5

List the various TWENTY YEAR ROAD PLANS for the Road Development in India

Twenty Year Road Plan No.

A
B
C

FIRST
20 Yr Plan
SECOND 20 Yr Plan
THIRD 20 Yr Plan

Name of Period
the Plan

NAGPUR Plan
BOMBAY Plan
NAGPUR Plan

1941 61
1961 81
1981 2001

List the classifications of

Type of

Details

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
A

List the classifications of

Type of

Details

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
A

#
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K

List the classifications of

Type of

Details

Salient Features

L
M
N
A

List the classifications of

Type of

Details

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
A

List the classifications of

Type of

Details

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N

List the classifications of URBAN ROADS

Type of Urban Road

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K

Expressways
Elevated Roads
Toll Roads
Arterial Streets
Sub- Arterial Streets
Collector Streets
Local Streets
Main Roads
Avenues
Lanes
Service Roads / Service Lanes

Details

L
M
N

One Way Roads

Freeways
Access Controlled Roads

List the classifications of RURAL ROADS

Type of RURAL Road

A
B
C
D
E
F
F1
F2
G

Details

Expressways
Bye pass Roads
Toll Roads
National Highways
State Highways
District Roads
MDR -- Major District Roads
ODR -- Other District Roads
Village Roads

List the types of TERRAIN

Type of TERRAIN

Percentage Cross slope of Country

A
B
C
D

Level or PLAIN Terrain

Rolling Terrain
Hilly / Mountainous Terrain
Steep Terrain

0 to 10 %
10 to 25 %
25 to 60 %
Greater than 60%

List the classifications of Behaviour of Drivers / passengers / Pedestrians / Road Users

# Behaviour Type
Details
A
Physiological
Based on Body conditions
A1
Vision
A2
Hearing
A3
Body Stamina
B
Psychological Based on Mind / Brain
Conditions
B1
Perception
B2
Intellection
B3
Emotion
B4
Volition

List the types / classifications of PASSENGER CAR UNITS PCU

Type of PCU PCU Equivalency

Passenger Car, Tempo,
Auto-rickshaw, Pick-up Van

A
B

PCU
Factor
1.0

Cycle, Motor Cycle or Scooter

C

D
E
F
G
H
I
J

0.5
Cycle
Agricultural Tractor and LCV Light Commercial Vehicle
1.5
Cycle Rickshaw
Truck Bus
3.0
Hand Cart
Horse Drawn Vehicle
Truck Trailer
Agricultural Tractor Trailer
4.5
Bullock Cart ---- Smaller

0.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0

Details
The
reference
benchmark vehicle

Bullock Cart ---- Bigger

#
A
B
C

List the types / classifications of CAMBER

Type of CAMBER

Details

Triangular / Straight
Parabolic
Combined Triangular and Parabolic

#
A
B
C
8

#
A
B
C

List the types / classifications of

Type of Rotating the pavement to attain Super elevation Attaining

Rotating about the CENTRE LINE
Rotating about the INNER Edge
Rotating about the OUTER Edge
List the types of TRANSITION CURVES
Type of TRANSITION CURVES
Details
SPIRAL Transition Curve
CUBIC PARABOLA Transition Curve
LEMNISCATE Transition Curve

#
A
B

List the PARTS of the EXTRA WIDENING at CURVES

Components of Extra Widening

a
b
c
d

Details

Extra Widening for MECHANICAL Factors

Extra Widening for PSYCHOLOGICAL
Factors

10

8.0

List of Types of GRADIENTS

Road GRADIENT

Details

RULING
Gradient
LIMITING
Gradient
EXCEPTIONAL
Gradient
MINIMUM
Gradient

11

Terrain Rolling Limiting Exceptional

Plain
/ 3.3
Rolling
Hilly
5.0

5.0

6.7

6.0

7.0

Steep

7.0

8.0

6.0

List of Types of VERICAL Curves in Highways

Vertical Curve Type

SUMMIT Curve

Details
Convexity UPWARDS

a1
Ascending followed by Ascending
a2
Ascending followed by LEVEL
a3 Ascending followed by DESCENDING
a4 Descending followed by Descending

SAG
or
VALLEY Convexity DOWNWARDS
Curve
b1 Descending followed by Descending
b2 Descending followed by Ascending
b3 Descending followed by LEVEL
b4 LEVEL followed by Ascending

12

List of types of SIGHT DISTANCES -- SD

Short
Form

Sight Distance Type

Alternate Name

Details

a
b
c
d
e

SSD
OSD
ISD
ISD
ISD

STOPPING Sight Distance

OVERTAKING Sight Distance
INTERMEDIATE Sight Distance
INTERSECTION Sight Distance
ILLUMINATION Sight Distance

Absolute Minimum SD

PASSING SD

Least of all the SDs

Longest of all the SDs
= 2 * SSD

HEAD LIGHT SD

Usually shorter than SSD if vehicle

head light beam reach is short

F
G
H

DSD
HC SD
VC SD

Decision Sight Decision

Sight Distance on HORIZONTAL Curves
Sight Distance on VERTICAL Curves

13

List of types of KERB / CURB

KERB or CURB Type

a
b

Mountable Kerb
Vertical Face kerb
To Prevent vehicles from riding on the
Non Mountable Kerb / Barrier Kerb / kerb
Insurmountable Kerb
Integral Curb
Constructed monolithic with the
CONCRETE Pavement
Combined Curb
Curb and Gutter both cast together in
concrete as a single piece
Submerged Curb
In flush level with the pavement

c
d
e

Details

Type of Kerbs

Types of KERBs / CURBs