TITL

XPRIMNT 1: GLVNIC CLL

NM

FIQ ZUFR BIN MDZUKI (2014129923)

GROUP MMBRS

BDULLH SFRULLIL QYYUM (2014168891)

COURS COD

GROUP
LCTURRS NM
DT SUBMIT

CHM 555

S245 4D1

Sir Shril Fdli Mohmd Zmri

:

27TH MY 2016

OBJCTIVS
) to msur th rltiv rduction potntils for numbr of hlf cll (rdox) coupls in glvnic clls
b) to dvlop n undrstnding of th movmnt of lctrons, nions nd ctions in glvnic clls
c) to study th fctors ffcting cll potntils
d) to stimt th concntrtion of ions in solutions using th Nrnst qution

INTRODUCTION
Th primry msurmnt in lctrochmistry is th voltg (V) of n lctrochmicl cll. Th
voltg dscribs th rltiv nrgis of lctrons on diffrnt toms nd/or ions. Th nrgy diffrnc,
or potntil diffrnc, btwn two lctrons is msurd in volts (jouls/coulomb). Th lctrons my
b on two nds of wir, on two toms, or on th cthod nd nod of bttry hving potntil
diffrnc. n oxidtion-rduction or rdox rction is chmicl rction in which on or mor
lctrons from on molcul or tom r trnsfrrd to nothr. Thrmodynmics cn prdict if lctrons
would prfr to b trnsfrrd from on spcis to nothr bsd on th fr nrgy chng of th systm.
n lctrochmicl cll is producd whn rdox rction occurs. Th rsulting lctron trnsfr btwn
th rctions runs through n xtrnl wir. Th oxidtion nd rduction rctions r physiclly
sprtd from ch othr, so thy r clld hlf-cll rctions. hlf-cll cn b prprd with most
ny mtl in contct with solution of its ions. ch lmnt own uniqu lctron configurtion mns
tht ch lmnt hs diffrnt lctricl potntil, so diffrnt combintions of oxidtion nd rduction
hlf-clls rsult in diffrnt voltgs for th compltd lctrochmicl cll. Morovr, th min function
of th Nrnst qution is to clcult th ion's quilibrium potntil t givn concntrtion grdint. Th
quilibrium potntil is th thorticl intrcllulr lctricl potntil tht would b qul in mgnitud
but opposit in dirction to th concntrtion forc.

PROCDUR
. Glvnic Clls- Rduction Potntils of Svrl Rdox Coupls.
Thr smll bkrs r obtind nd filld thm with 0.1 M solution of Zn(NO 3)2 , Cu(NO3)2 nd
F(II)SO4-2 . Strips of coppr, zinc nd iron mtl ws polishd with dionizd wtr. This polishd mtl
ws usd s lctrods nd put in thir rspctiv bkrs. voltmtr ws chckd out with two
lctricl wirs ttchd to crocodil clips. Cu strip ws plcd in Cu(NO 3)2 nd zinc strip in Zn(NO3)2
solution. pic of filtr ppr ws flttn nd wt with 0.1 M KNO 3 solution nd mk s slt bridg.
On lctrod ws connctd to th ngtiv trminl of th voltmtr nd th othr to th positiv
trminl. nw slt bridg r prprd for ch glvnic cll. Th cll potntil ws dtrmind.
B. ffct of Concntrtion Chngs on Cll Potntil.
Th glvnic cll ws st up using 1 M CuSO 4 nd 0.001 M CuSO4 solutions. polishd coppr lctrod
ws immrsd in ch solution. slt bridg ws prprd to conncting th two rdox coupls. Th cll
potntil ws msurd. Thn 5 mL of 6 M NH 3 r ddd to th 0.001 M CuSO 4 solutions until formd
ny prcipitt rdissolvd. Obsrvd.
C. Th Nrnst qution nd n Unknown Concntrtion.
Solutions 1 through 4 ws prprd using 1ml pipt nd 100 ml volumtric flsk. Th pipt ws rinsd
with th mor concntrtd solutions bfor mking th trnsfrrd. Dionizd wtr usd for dilution to
th mrk in th volumtric flsk. Th molr concntrtion of ch solutions r clcultd. Th
xprimnt ws st up using smll bkr. Th Zn

2+

/ Zn rdox coupl is th rfrnc hlf-cll for this

prt of th xprimnt. Th two hlf- cll with nw slt bridg ws connctd. Th lctrods ws
connctd to th potntiomtr nd th potntil diffrnc, cll r rcordd. Solutions 3 nd 2 ws
rptd rspctivly. frshly prprd slt bridg is rquird for ch cll. Dt ws plottd.
Cu(NO3)2 solution with n unknown coppr ion concntrtion ws obtind nd st up glvnic cll.
Dtrmin cll nd th unknown coppr ion concntrtion in th solution.

DT ND RSULTS
. Glvnic Clls- Rduction Potntils of Svrl Rdox Coupls.
1) Obsrvtions from glvnic clls
Glvnic Cll

Msurd

nod

qution for nod

Cthod

qution for Cthod

Cu-Zn

Cll
1.125

Zn

Rction
Zn Zn2+ +2-

Cu

Rction
Cu2+ + 2- Cu

Cu-F
Zn-F

0.561
0.719

F
Zn

F F2+ +2Zn Zn2+ +2-

Cu
F

Cu2+ + 2- Cu
F2+ + 2- F

2) Ovrll qutions for th cll rction

Cu2+ + Zn Zn2+ + Cu
F + Cu2+ F2+ + Cu
Zn + F2+ Zn2+ + F
Rdox Coupl

Rdution Potntil (Msurd)

Rduction

Cu-Zn
Cu-F
Zn-F

1.125V
0.719V
0.561V

(Clcultd)
1.10V
0.79V
0.31V

cll = cthod - nod

Cu-Zn

cll = 0.34 (-0.76) = 1.10V

Cu-F

cll = 0.34 (-0.45) = 0.79V

Zn-F

cll = -0.45 (- 0.76) = 0.31V

Rduction Potntil (Clcultd)

Cu Zn

cll = 1.10 (0.0592/1) log (0.1/0.1) = 1.10V

Potntil

% rror
2.27%
-8.99%
80.98%

Cu F

cll = 0.79 (0.0592/1) log (0.1/0.1) = 0.79V

Zn F

cll = 0.31 (0.0592/1) log (0.1/0.1) = 0.31V

B. ffct of Concntrtion Chngs on Cll Potntil

1) Cll Potntil of concntrtion cll 0.046V
nod Rction

Cu Cu2+ +2-

Cthod Rction

Cu 2+ + 2- Cu

Why cll potntil is rcordd?

-

Cll potntil is rcordd bcus thr is diffrnc in th concntrtion of th solution usd in

this xprimnt. This cuss th production of smll mount of voltg in th lctrochmicl
cll.

2) Cll potntil from complx formtion = 0.486V

Obsrvtion of solution in hlf-cll
-

Th colour of solution 0.001 M CuSO4 chng from colourlss to light blu colour
xplin why th potntil chng with th ddition of NH 3

Th NH3 bind with Cu2+ ion to form th complx ion. This will ffct th rducing concntrtion
of Cu2+.

3) How would th cll potntil hv ffctd if th NH 3 hd bn ddd to th 1M CuSO4 solution

instd of th 0.001M CuSO4 solution of th cll? xplin
- Th cll potntil dcrss whn NH 3 ddd to 1M CuSO4 instd of 0.001M CuSO4 solution
bcus concntrtion of fr Cu2+ is lowr.

C. Th Nrnst qution nd n Unknown Concntrtion.

Solution Numbr

Concntrtion

of

Log Cu2+

cll (msurd)

cll ( clcultd)

Cu(NO3)2
0.1 mol/L
0.001 mol/L
0.00001 mol/L
0.0000001 mol/L

1
2
3
4

-1
-3
-5
-7

1.15V
1.10V
1.08V
1.06V

1.1592V
1.0408V
0.9224V
0.8040V

Rduction Potntil (Clcultd)

cll = cll (0.0592/n) log Q
Solution 1: cll = 1.10 (0.0592/1) log (0.01/0.1) = 1.1592V
Solution 2 : cll = 1.10 (0.0592/1) log (0.01/0.001) = 1.0408V
Solution 3 : cll = 1.10 (0.0592/1) log ( 0.01/ 0.00001) = 0.9224V
Solution 4 : cll = 1.10 (0.0592/1) log (0.01/ 0.0000001) = 0.8040V

DISCUSSION
Bsd on th xprimnt, glvnic cll is spontnous chmicl rction which gnrts
lctricl nrgy (chmicl nrgy- lctricl nrgy). Du th movmnt of thos lctrons, potntil
diffrnc is formd btwn th solution nd th zinc lctrod. Bsd on th Zn- Cu rction, zinc mtl

givs up lctrons nd slowly dissolvs. Thr is 'push' on th lctrons from th Zn sid of th cll to
th Cu sid .Th lctron r tkn up by th Cu 2+ ions in th solution, nd gt dpositd s coppr. In th
procss, zinc gts oxidizd whil th Cu

2+

ions gt rducd. Zn + Cu2+

Zn2+ + Cu. In th rction, zinc

supplis lctron to Cu 2+ ions. Hnc, zinc is rducing gnt. Whil Cu 2+ ions ccpt lctrons from th
zinc. Hnc, th Cu2+ ions is oxidizing gnt. slt bridg kps chrgs from ccumulting on on sid
or th othr, thus mintining chrg nutrlity. It sys tht th coppr strip will gt hvir s coppr ions
r rducd nd dpositd on its surfc nd th zinc strip will b gtting lightr s zinc toms r
oxidizd nd lv th surfc nd ntr th nd this concpt pply to th othrs rction Cu-F nd ZnF. Prcntg rror of Zn-F is 80.98% which is highr thn Cu-F nd Cu-Zn, this is bcus of th
concntrtion is not prprd wll nd th lctrod do not polishd proprly.
Nxt is th ffct of concntrtion chngs on cll potntil, th lctron flow in th dirction tht tnds to
quliz concntrtion. Bkr tht contining 0.001 M Cu 2+ lctron trnsfr will produc mor Cu 2+ nd
consum Cu2+ to form Cu in th 1M bkr. Th cll potntil of concntrtion cll is 0.046V whil ftr
ddd NH3 th cll potntil r incrsd in complx formtion is 0.486 V nd thr is prcipitt
rdissolvd in th 1M CuSO4 solution of th lctrod.
Lstly is th Nrnst qution nd unknown concntrtion, ions of opposit chrg tnd to ssocit into
loosly-bound ion pirs in mor concntrtd solutions, thus rducing th numbr of ions tht r fr to
dont or ccpt lctrons t n lctrod. For this rson, th Nrnst qution cnnot ccurtly prdict
hlf-cll potntils for solutions in which th totl ionic concntrtion xcds bout 10 -3 M. Bsd on th
grph it shows tht concntrtion is dirctly proportionl to th cll msurd.
s for sfty prcution, sfty goggls must b worn in th lb t ll tims. ny skin contct with
chmicls should b wshd immditly.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, w cn conclud tht Zn sily oxidizd nd Cu is rduction. n oxidtion-rduction or
rdox rction is chmicl rction in which on or mor lctrons from on molcul or tom r
trnsfrrd to nothr.

RFRNCS
1.http://www.chm1.com/cd/wbtxt/lchm/c4.html
2. http://chmcollctiv.org/chm/lctrochm/stp4_non.php
3.http://mploys.onont.du/viningwj/moduls/CI_concntrtion_dpndnc_of_cll_potntil_21_0
7.html
4. http://www.chm1.com/cd/wbtxt/lchm/c4.html