The sense of sight

The sense of sight enables us to identify our environment in a graphical manner,

ie, it informs us the size, brightness, volume, position, distance, color and shape of
what surrounds us and is in our 'field of vision '. The cerebral process that allows
us to interpret the light pulses we collect and converts them into images is still a
very unfamiliar process, and is one of the great mysteries of science today.

What we do know is that visual information through the vibration of light is collected
and travels from the (eye) eyeballs to the brain.
The eyes are very fragile organs, which are protected by the bony cavity of the
skull, called breast, and on the outside by eyelashes, eyelids and eyebrows, which
prevent sweat, dust and debris entering In the eyes. The lacrimal also located on
the outside, at the junction of the eyelids, and is a bag that has the function of
keeping the eye moist, clean and lubricate to flicker.
Basic anatomy of the eye:
The eye is a spherical symmetrical body about 2.5cm in diameter, and is
composed of two zones, the former which is the smallest and visible from the face
and the back, that is the area remaining in the inner orbit of the skull.

The eyeball is composed of:

Sclera or cornea is a very tough, white membrane consists of collagen, which also
has the function of protecting regulate the passage of light. Sclera in the muscles
that move the eyeball are inserted. The front of the sclera continues with the
cornea. The cornea is transparent and has an appropriate curvature to allow the
concentration of the light rays in a point for the rest of the eye can process a
focused and with appropriate light image.
Choroid: the dark and middle membrane that lies between the sclera and the
retina. Its function is to nourish the retina thanks to the amount of blood vessels.
The choroid has a hole in its front (visible) contains in the center the pupil and iris.
The pupil is a hole in the iris, which contracts or dilates to regulate the passage of
light to reach the retina. In the dark, our pupils will dilate, will open to get as much
light as possible, in a very bright environment the pupil contracts to keep out
excess light to the retina.
The iris is the colored aureole surrounding the pupil, and in turn is surrounded by
white sclera. It allows dilate the pupil (mydriasis) and contract (miosis). The iris is a
colored thanks to pigment cells called melanocytes and melanin
membrane. Depending on the concentration of these pigments is colored iris and
other, being fixed at 10 months of age.
Retina: The retina is the innermost membrane of the eyeball, covering the eyeball
and has the function of regulating the passage of light through its receptor
cells: rods (light
intensity)
and cones (color).
In the retina, passing through the back of the eyeball, there are two small
depressions two small holes, one is called the fovea, or yellow spot, which
contains the cones, and is where directly reaches the beam of the visual axis. The
other little hole is called blind spot, which leads to the optic nerve. It does not have
receivers, hence the name photo.
Aqueous Humor: transparent liquid is located between the cornea and the lens
covering the iris and pupil, ie is in the anterior eye, under the choroid. It maintains
the convex shape of the cornea, as it exerts pressure on the outwardly curved
maintained.
Lens or lens: Located behind the aqueous humor and pupil and iris. It is a kind of
transparent pad, like a magnifying glass, which is responsible for adjusting the
focus, adapting its shape making it more concave or convex and allow greater
sharpness. Get this change in shape thanks to the ciliary muscles that support it .
Vitreous: is dense and transparent liquid 'stuffed' much of the eyeball, keeping its
round shape.
Optic nerve: the nerve channel that transmits the information gathered by the eyes
to the brain where it is processed by the visual cortex, the hypothalamus and the
occipital lobe.
How do we perceive the images?

We are able to identify and distinguish images thanks to all its features that make
us form an image in our brains, as it were, we draw a figure following instructions
consist of many parts, like a mosaic. These characteristics are the shape, size,
closeness, volume, color, texture, position, context, etc ... The stimulus we need to
start the process is the light, which is transmitted by electromagnetic waves. The
eye is adjusted and modified to receive the appropriate stimulus light.
The light passes through the cornea, through the pupil, through the lens and
vitreous humor, to reach the retina where the inverted image arrives, because it
crosses zones with different densities and light rays 'bounce' Part top to bottom of
the retina. The retina arrives as an 'code', transmitted as-electrical chemical
impulses to the brain, where the image is interpreted and it 'decoded' and rotated
into position by a psycho-chemical process that is still being studied and which is
one of the great mysteries of science, although there are many theories.

Astigmatism
Astigmatism is considered a visual defect.
This problem is the distortion of the cornea or by altering the curvature of the
lens. Therefore we received image is distorted or blurred. This defect impairs
vision both near and far. It is a hereditary defect, but can also result from trauma,
diseases
or
complications
in
surgery.
Symptoms: headache, redness and pain or heaviness in the eyes, eyestrain.
Treatment: Glasses, contact lenses and refractive surgery or laser in adults and in
very important cases.

Squint or strabismus
Strabismus
is
considered
a
visual
problem.
This is the misalignment of one eye over another and are involved eye muscles. It
is
the
deviation
of
the
eye
symmetry.
Symptoms: Lack of parallelism in the eyes, loss of visual acuity, abnormal head
positions, deviations, tilt and torticollis, double vision, loss of binocular vision and
errors in the calculation of distances and the perception of relief. Early detection is
essential
for
treatment.
Treatment: Special glasses, sealing dominant eye alternately with the other and
visual training programs to enhance binocular vision and eye muscle surgery only
in the most severe cases.

Waterfall
Cataract is considered a visual disease.
It is the loss of lens transparency. This disease is usually present in older ages due
to the natural aging process of the eye.
Symptoms: blurred or cloudy vision, blurred or distorted vision, changes in color
vision, frequent increases in the rankings of glasses or contact lenses, poor night
vision (especially affected by headlights), progressive loss of vision , halos or glare
around lights, double vision, loss of contrast, and a white or "milky" spot on the
pupil
of
the
eye.
Treatment: Surgery called phacoemulsification.

Double vision
Diplopia is considered a visual problem.
As each eye will perceive the image differently, the brain can not fuse together,
resulting in double vision to have a different perception of a single object.
Symptoms: Loss
of
visual
acuity,
double
vision
of
objects.
Treatment: Special glasses, sealing dominant eye alternately with the other and
visual training programs to strengthen and surgery binocular vision.

Glaucoma
Glaucoma is considered a visual disease.
It is characterized by progressive loss of nerve fibers of the retina and the change
in appearance of the optic nerve. One of the main factors that can induce this
serious disease increased intraocular pressure.

Symptoms: Severe
vision
loss
Treatment: Drugs and / or surgery.

itself

is

not

treated

in

time.

Farsightedness
Hyperopia is considered a visual defect.
The visual image is focused behind the retina, does not focus directly on this. What
prevents the image from the nearest objects look sharp enough.
Symptoms: headaches, itchy eyes, eyestrain, difficulty focusing on objects clearly
and in some cases may appear strabismus.
Treatment: Glasses, contact lenses and refractive surgery or laser.

Myopia
Myopia is considered a visual defect.
It is an error caused by the visual approach and hinders the vision of distant
objects, but nearby objects are seen clearly. This is because the visual image is
focused in front of the retina rather than directly on it.
Symptoms: Headaches, squint, blurred vision of distant objects and eyestrain.
Treatment: Glasses, contact lenses and surgery in certain cases.
Presbyopia
Presbyopia is considered a visual problem.

It is the loss of elasticity of the eye tissues, is an eye disorder characterized in that
the person who has it, has difficulty focusing on close objects. Normally this
problem usually begins after age 45 and is similar to a farsightedness.
Symptoms: Problems to watch closely, blurred vision of objects that are closer,
headache,
eye
irritation,
eye
pain.
Treatment: Glasses, contact lenses and surgery.