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Lecture Outline

Circulatory System
Origin and Phylogeny

Components of the Vertebrate Circulatory System

Blood
Blood vessels
Heart
Embryonic Origin of the Circulatory System
Patterns of Circulation
Phylogeny of the Heart
Phylogeny of the Aortic Arches
Phylogeny of the Venous System
Lymphatic System

Components of the Circulatory System

Blood

Components
Blood, Blood Vessels, Heart

Plasma
Corpuscles

Blood
vessels
Pumping
organ: heart

Components of the Blood

Blood Plasma
Water
Dissolved
substances

Blood Corpuscles
RBC/erythrocytes
WBC/leukocytes
Platelets /
thrombocytes

Blood Vessels
Large
Artery
Vein

Small
Arteriole
Venule

Capillary

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Organization of Blood Vessels

Histology of Artery

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

Histology of Vein

Preventing Backflow in Veins

Histology of Capillary

Histology of the Heart

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Development of the Heart

Embryonic Origin
Blood, Blood Vessels, Heart

Angiogenic
cells
emerge from the
thickened splanchnic
mesoderm.
Angiogenic cells form
the two endocardial
tubes.
Endocardial
tubes
will fuse to form the
heart.

Angiogenesis and Hemopoiesis

Angiogenesis and Hemopoiesis

Patterns of Circulation

Patterns of Circulation

Single Circuit Circulation

Blood passes in the heart once
Observed in fishes
Double Circuit Circulation
Blood passes in the heart twice
Observed in birds and mammals
Intermediate Circulation
Observed in lungfishes,
amphibians, and reptiles

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Basic Plan of the Vertebrate Heart

Phylogeny of the Heart

Cyclostomes: Hagfishes

Branchial Heart
Cardinal Heart
Portal Heart
Caudal Heart

Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes

Four chambers
Three valves

Cyclostomes: Lampreys

With nervous innervations

Three chambers
Bulbus arteriosus lined by smooth muscle
SA, AV, conal valves or semilunar valves

Sarcopterygians: Lungfishes
Four chambers
Partial interatrial
septum
Atrioventricular
plug
Partial
interventricular
septum
Spiral valve

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Amphibians

Sinus venosus
Two atria, one ventricle
AV, semilunar valves
Conus arteriosus with spiral valves
Trabeculae

Reptiles: Chelonians/Squamates
Sinus venosus
Two atria (atrioventricular valves)
Three chambered-ventricle

Air-breathing Crocodiles

Left and right ventricle

Blood flow systemic and pulmonary

Reptilian Blood Flow

Diving Crocodiles
Decreased pulmonary
flow

Birds and Mammals

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Birds and Mammals

Coronary Vessels of the Heart

Coronary Artery

Coronary Vein

From the hypobranchial

arteries in shark
From the carotids in frogs
From the aortic trunk
leading to the right fourth
arch, or from the
branchiocephalic in
reptiles
From the base of the
ascending aorta in
mammals

In frogs
Enters the left precava
and
Another empties into the
ventral abdominal vein
Several empty into the
coronary sinus or directly
into the right atrium in
reptiles and mammals
The coronary sinus lies on
the surface of the heart.

Basic Organization of Circulation

Ventral aorta emerging from the heart and passing forward beneath the pharynx
Dorsal aorta, which is paired above the pharynx only
Aortic arches, which connects the ventral aorta to the dorsal aorta (number varies depending
on the group)

Phylogeny of the Arterial Systems

Primitive Aortic Arch

Number of aortic arches
vary
In most fishes and
tetrapods, six pairs
appear during embryonic
development

Chondrichthyes

I is reduced but not lost

II-VI form small sprouts known as pre-trematic (anterior) and
post-trematic (posterior)

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Chondrichthyes

Actinopterigians

Sarcopterygians
Blood leaving the lungs enters the heart thru a separate pulmonary
vein.
The efferent vessel of the most posterior aortic arch (VI) give rise to
the pulmonary artery that maintains its connection the dorsal aorta
thru the short ductus arteriosus.
The 1st pharyngeal slit is reduced to a spiracle with no respiratory
function.

Amphibians

Four pairs of aortic arches (III-VI) arise from the ventral aorta.
They service the gills associated with five pharyngeal slits.
The 1st aortic arch is lost with the 1st slit.

Tetrapods
6 pairs of embryonic aortic arches
1st and 2nd arches are transitory
3rd arch and paired dorsal aorta
branch constitute the carotid arch
4th arch constitutes the systemic arch
5th arch are lost in amniotes except in
some limbless squamates
6th arch constitutes the pulmonary
arteries

Amphibians

The first two aortic arches (I and II) disappear.

In larval salamanders, the next three aortic arches (III-VI)
carry external gills.
Short section of the dorsal aorta between aortic arches III and
IV, called the carotid duct or ductus caroticus, closes during
metamorphosis.

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Reptiles

Aortic arches III, IV and VI persist among reptiles.

Ductus arteriosus and carotid ducts are lost except in basal
lizards and limbless squamates.
The ventral aorta splits into three separate arteries: the left
aortic arch, the right aortic arch, and the pulmonary trunk.

Mammals
Carotid arteries, the pulmonary arch, and the systemic
arch.
The carotid arteries and pulmonary arch are assembled
from the same arch components of reptiles.
The systemic arch arises embryonically from the left
aortic arch (IV) and the left member of the dorsal aorta.

Somatic Branches of the Dorsal Aorta

Subclavian
From 3rd arch
(birds) or 4th
arch (mammals)
Branches

Birds
The right systemic artery becomes dominant.
The left systemic artery never fully develops.

Dorsal Aorta
Paired in embryos head and above the
pharynx
Paired in adult fishes and gill-breathing
amphibians
Paired in adults as the internal carotid
arteries
Unpaired in the trunk
Gives off a series of paired somatic
branches to body wall and
appendages
Series of paired and unpaired
visceral branches
Continues to the tail as the caudal artery

Somatic Branches of the Dorsal Aorta

Subclavian artery
Vertebral artery
Not well developed in birds and some reptiles
Forms the Circle of Willis

Axillary
Brachial
Vertebral

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Somatic Branches of the Dorsal Aorta

Visceral Branches of the Dorsal Aorta

Vertebromuscular
Epaxial muscles, skin and
vertebral column
Parietal arteries
Intercostal
Lumbar and sacral
Iliac arteries
Femoral arteries - thigh
Propliteal arteries - knee
Tibial arteries shank

Celiac artery
Cranial/superior
mesenteric artery
Caudal/inferior
mesenteric artery

Venous Stream

Vitelline veins
Cardinals
Anterior and posterior
Lateral abdominal veins
Hepatic sinuses
Hepatic portal system
Renal portal system
Caudal vein
Postcava
Pulmonary stream
Coronary veins

Phylogeny of the Venous Systems

Development of the Venous Stream

(a) Early in development, the anterior, posterior, and common cardinals become established.
(b) Intersegmental veins close to the pectoral limbs come to empty into the anterior cardinals.
Subcardinals empty in the posterior cardinals arise between the kidneys and pass forward to enter the
posterior cardinals.

Development of the Venous Stream

(c) Intercardinal anastomosis becomes established between the anterior cardinals. Returning blood from
the posterior body now includes a route through the liver because part of the right vitelline vein has been
incorporated within the right subcardinal. (d) The precava receives blood from left and right
brachiocephalic veins. Postcava drains the posterior portion of the body.

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Hepatic Portal System

Runs from the digestive

tract to the liver
Forms a direct to
transport absorbed end
products of digestion
immediately to the liver
Common in all
vertebrates
Develops from the
subintestinal vein

Renal Portal System

Drains blood from the
caudal vein
Develops from the
subcardinal vein
Absent in
cyclostomes and
mammals

Pulmonary Stream

Fish Venous Stream

Amphibian Venous Stream

Tetrapod Venous Stream

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Mammal Venous Stream

Evolution of Circulation

Most fishes

Sarcopterygians

Specialized teleost

Amphibians

Evolution of Circulation

Lizards, snakes

Crocodiles

Birds

Mammals

Components of the Lymphatic System

Lymphatic System
Components and Functions

Lymph
Lymph vessels
Lymph capillaries
Lymph heart
Lymphatic tissue
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic
cisterns/sacs
Lymphoid mass

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Lymph Vessels
Jugular lymphatics
head and neck
Subclavian lymphatics
anterior appendage
Lumbar lymphatics
posterior appendage
Thoracic lymphatics
trunk, viscera of body
cavity
tail

Lymphatic Tissues
Lymph Node
Lymph Node Structure

Lymph Hearts
Made up of striated muscles
in their walls
Receive innervations but still
pulsates when the
innervations is severed.
Found in the tail and empty
into the caudal vein of teleost
Also present in amphibians,
reptiles, and embryonic birds.
With One-way valves that
help ensure the return of
lymph to the cardiovascular
system

Lymphoid Mass
Spleen is the largest
lymphoid mass.
Other lymphoid masses
Thymus (absent in fishes)
Bursa of Fabricius of
very young birds
Solitary nodules or
aggrerates of nodules
(Peyers patches) in the
wall of the small intestine
of amniotes
Mammalian tonsils and
adenoids

Lymphoid Mass

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