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Effect of Electolytes On Chemical Equilibria PDF
Effect of Electolytes On Chemical Equilibria PDF
on Ionic Equilibria
Kw H2O
Ka HOAc
Ksp BaSO4
Example
Calculate the ionic strength of (a) a 0.1 M solution of KNO3 and (b) a 0.1 M
solution of Na2SO4.
What is the ionic strength of a solution that is 0.05 M in KNO3 and 0.1 M in
Na2SO4?
For solutions with ionic strengths of 0.1 M or less, the electrolyte effect is
independent of the kind of ions and dependent only on the ionic strength.
Note that this independence with respect to electrolyte species disappears
at high ionic strengths.
The Salt Effect
Results from the electrostatic attractive and repulsive forces between the
ions of an electrolyte (for example NaCl) and the ions involved in an
equilibrium.
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Activity Coefficient
The activity, or effective concentration, of species X depends on the ionic
strength of the medium and is defined by
X is a dimensionless quantity called the activity coefficient.
Application to equilibrium (eg Ksp) gives
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In solutions that are not too concentrated, the activity coefficient for a given
species is independent of the nature of the electrolyte and dependent only
on the ionic strength.
For a given ionic strength, the activity coefficient of an ion decreases more
dramatically from unity as the charge on the species increases.
The activity coefficient of an uncharged molecule is approximately unity,
no matter what the level of ionic strength.
At any given ionic strength, the activity coefficients of ions of the same
charge are approximately equal.
The small variations among ions of the same charge can be correlated with
the effective diameter of the hydrated ions.
The activity coefficient of a given ion describes its effective behavior in all
equilibria in which it participates. For example, the same activity
coefficient applies to any equilibrium reactions
The constants 0.51 and 3.3 are applicable to aqueous solutions at 25C.
Other values must be used at other temperatures.
X 0.3 nm for most singly charged ions
denominator 1 + .
Kiellband Values
Example
Find the relative error introduced by neglecting activities in calculating the
solubility of Ba(IO3)2 in a 0.033 M solution of Mg(IO3)2. The thermodynamic
solubility product for Ba(IO3)2 is 1.57 x 10-9
Solution
Lets calculate the activity coefficient, we ignore ions coming from Ba(IO3)2
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Example
Use activities to calculate the hydronium ion concentration in a 0.120 M
solution of HNO2 that is also 0.050 M in NaCl. What is the relative percent
error incurred by neglecting activity corrections?
Solution
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